The Effects of Decorticted Sunflower Mel s Sustitute for Groundnut Mel in Broiler Diet Mohmed E. Ahmed, Nivin M. Elfki nd Tlh E. As Astrct An experiment involving 160, one dy old unsexed Hurd roiler chicks ws conducted to investigte the possiility of replcing ground nut mel (GNM) with decorticted sunflower seed mel (DSFM) in roiler diets. The GNM in strter (24%) nd finisher (15%) diets ws replced with DSFM t 0 (control), 25, 50, 75% nd 100%. All diets were formulted to e isonitrogenous nd isocloric. The experiment ws conducted in completely rndomized design (CRD). Birds on 50% replcement consumed significntly (p<0.05) higher feed thn those fed on control nd 100% replcement. 75% replcement significntly (p<0.05) incresed LBW nd BWG compred to 25% nd totl replcement. FCR t 25%, 75% nd 100% were not significntly (p 0.05) different compred to control. Birds on 100% replcement expressed significntly (p<0.05) etter PER thn control, 25% nd 50% replcements. Thus DSFM used in this tril could prtilly or completely replce GNM without ny negtive effect on performnce. Keywords Broiler, Decorticted sunflower mel, performnce. I. INTRODUCTION OULTRY feed ccounts for out 65-70% of the totl Pproduction cost. Conventionl protein supplements in the tropics re the y-products of the oil seed industry; these include groundnut, sesme nd cotton seed mels. However, rpid growth of humn nd livestock popultion which hs creted incresed needs for feed nd food hs encourged serch for lterntive good qulity protein sources. One of such proteins supplements is sunflower seed mel (SFM). In recent yers there hs een incresed interest in growing sunflower for edile vegetle oil production in prt of the world [1]. After processing sunflower seed mel (SFM) reminded in surplus mount t competitive price s source of protein for livestock feeding compred with niml yproduct [2]. In Sudn, sunflower mel is ville t lower price thn other oil seed mels. Sunflower grin output incresed shrply y 71.4% to rech 12 thousnd tons in 2004/05 sesons [3]. Sunflower seed (Helintus nnus) contins 45 percent oil nd good source of protein nd B-group vitmins. In ddition, it cn e hrvested two or three times yer in tropicl res, eing good lterntive for oil producers nd for the feed mill Mohmed E. Ahmed, Nivin M. Elfki nd Tlh E. As re with Deprtment of Animl Production, Fculty of Agriculturl Technology nd Fish Science, Alneelin University, Sudn; P.O. Box 12702, Postl code 11121, Fx 0024983776338. Moile. 00249912903328. Emil: moh_555@hotmil.com. sector [4]. However, the use of SFM in poultry diets is limited y vritions in its chemicl composition nd the two min components pprently restricting its use re high fier/low energy nd low lysine contents [5]. Unlike most other oilseed mels, SFM does not contin high concentrtions of ntinutritive fctors [6]. This feed ingredient is good source of protein with mino cid vililities similr to those of soyen mel (SBM), nd much higher thn those in cottonseed mels. Its lysine content is reltively low ut this cn e resolved with supplementl lysine. The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effect of grded replcement of ground nut mel y decorticted sunflower mel (DSFM) on performnce of roiler chicks. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS A. The experimentl site nd irds This experiment ws crried out t the experimentl poultry frm (open-house system) of fculty of griculturl technology nd fish sciences, university of Elneelin, Jel-Awli, Khrtoum south. The previling temperture ws rnging from 23 c (minimum) to 37 c (mximum) t experimentl period (six weeks). One dy old unsexed commercil Hurd roiler chicks were purchsed from Ommt poultry reeder s compny. One hundred sixty chicks were selected for on the sis of uniform initil live ody weight (42.89±1.94). The chicks were ssigned rndomly into 20 pens (1mx1mx1m) in groups of 8 chicks in pen. The chicks were divided into five dietry tretments; ech group ws replicted four times. B. Mngement The irds in ech pen hve continuous ccess to one metllic wter drinker nd tuulr feeder. The experimentl diets were fed d-liitum. Continuous light ws provided throughout the experimentl period y comintion of nturl dy light nd rtificil one. Before lloction of chicks, the house ws crefully clened nd disinfected. All chicks were vccinted with mix vccine (IB+Newcstle clone) t 5 dys of ge, nd were vccinted ginst infections ursl disese (Gumoro) t two weeks of ge, nd replicted the doze of (Gumoro) t three weeks of ge. Finlly the chicks were vccinted ginst Newcstle (Lsot) t four weeks of ge. Vitmins were offered vi drinking wter t first three dys efore nd fter vccintion. 97
C. Ingredients nd experimentl diets The nutrients composition of decorticted sunflower mel (DSFM) ws crried out y Provimi B.V. l, the Netherlnds. Five isocloric nd isonitrogenous strter nd finisher diets were formulted ccording to nutrient specifictions recommended y Ntionl Reserch Council [7]. The five dietry tretments where DSFM replced 0, 25, 50, 75 nd 100% of GNM in strter nd finisher diets were presented in Tle I. nd Tle II., respectively. the end of experiment, irds were fsted from feed for n overnight nd then weighed. For the first 3 weeks, the chicks were fed pre-strter nd strter diets nd then they were llocted to finisher experimentl diets. E. Sttisticl nlyses The experiment ws rrnged in completely rndomized design. The production Dt were sujected to one wy nlyses of vrince (ANOVA) using the generl liner model (GLM) procedure of SAS [8]. Men vlues ± stndrd devition (SD) were reported. The tretment mens with significnt differences were compred using the Duncn s multiple rnge tests [9]. D. Experimentl procedure Feed intke ws determined weekly y weighing feed t the eginning nd t the end of ech week. Chicks were weighed weekly to clculte ody weight gin. Mortlity ws recorded on dily sis. Feed conversion rtio (FCR) ws clculted s feed intke per weight gin. While protein efficiency rtio (PER) ws clculted s weight gin per protein consumed. At TABLE I COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER STARTER DIETS CONTAINING GRADED REPLACEMENT OF GROUND NUT MEAL BY DECORTICATED SUNFLOWER MEAL. Dietry tretments with grded replcement Ingredients, % 0% (A) 25%(B) 50% (C) 75% (D) 100%(E) Sorghum 64.87 64.90 64.93 65.01 65.01 Ground nut mel 24.00 18.00 12.00 6.00 0.00 Decorticted sunflower mel 0.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 Whet rn 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Super concentrtes * 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Lime stone 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.99 Diclcium phosphte 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Enzymes 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Lysine 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.10 Methionine 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.00 Choline 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Vegetle oil 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Mycotoxin inder 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Clculted nlysis ME (kcl/kg) 3167.61 3167.24 3166.87 3168.15 3166.80 CP% 22.90 22.33 21.77 21.21 20.64 Crude fier% 4.18 4.13 4.09 4.04 3.99 C% 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.90 Aville phosphorous% 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 Lysine% 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.11 1.11 Methionine% 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.51 Methionine + Cystine% 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.71 * Cp 38%, ME 2010 kcl/kg, C.fier 2.01%, EE 1.5%, Ash 35%, C 6.52%, Av. P 4.8%, Lysine 10%, Methionine 3.7%, Methionine+Cystine 4.05%. Vitmin A 250000 IU/Kg, Vitmin D3 50000 IU/Kg, Vitmin E 500Mg/Kg, Vitmin K3 60 Mg/Kg, Vitmin B1/ Thimin 20 Mg/Kg, Vitmin B2/ Rioflvin 100 Mg/Kg, Nicin Vitmin PP 600 Mg/Kg, Pntothenic cid/ Vitmin B3 160 Mg/Kg, Vitmin B6/ Pyridoxine 40 Mg/Kg, Vitmin B12 300 Mcg/Kg, Biotin/ Vitmin H 2000 Mcg/Kg, Choline 10000 Mg/Kg, Vitmin C 4000 Mg/Kg, Folic Acid 98
TABLE II COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL BROILER FINISHER DIETS CONTAINING GRADED REPLACEMENT OF GROUND NUT MEAL BY DECORTICATED SUNFLOWER MEAL. Dietry tretments with grded replcement Sorghum Ingredients, % 0 %(A) 25%(B) 50%(C) 75% (D) 100%(E) 72.40 72.40 72.30 72.25 72.20 Ground nut mel 15.00 11.25 7.50 3.75 0.00 Decorticted sunflower mel 0.00 3.75 7.50 11.25 15.00 Whet rn 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 Super concentrtes * 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Lime stone 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.15 Diclcium phosphte 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Enzymes 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Lysine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Methionine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Choline 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Vegetle oil 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 Mycotoxin inder 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Clculted nlysis ME (kcl/kg) 3199.90 3199.05 3194.90 3192.40 3189.90 CP% 19.72 19.36 18.99 18.63 18.26 Crude fier% 3.82 3.79 3.76 3.72 3.69 C% 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 Aville phosphorous% 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 Lysine% 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 Methionine% 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.44 Methionine + Cystine% 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.62 * s shown in Tle I. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The men proximte composition, clcium, phosphorus, lysine nd methionine of decorticted sunflower mel re presented in Tle III. It reveled high content of CP (41.6%) nd EE (14.7%) nd moderte mount of methionine (0.96%). Erlier reports of [10] hve indicted comprle composition. Results of feed intke, live ody weight, Body weight gin, feed conversion rtio (FCR) nd protein efficiency rtio (PER) s influenced y grded sustitution of Ground nut mel (GNM) y decorticted sunflower mel (DSFM) re shown in Tle IV. Moreover Fig. I. Shows the growth curve of roiler chicks s ffected y the dietry tretments. The grded sustitution of GNM hd significnt (p 0.05) effect on feed intke, live ody weight, Body weight gin, feed conversion rtio (FCR) nd protein efficiency rtio (PER). Feed intke of ird fed 50% DSFM replcement ws significntly (p 0.05) higher thn those fed diets contining 0 nd 100% replcement. However the differences were not sttisticlly significnt (p 0.05) when compred groups fed 25 nd 75% with other tretments. These findings re disgreed with [11], who reported reduced feed intke with the inclusion of sunflower mel in the strter phse nd totl period. Feeding diet contining 75% replcement significntly (p 0.05) improved live ody weight nd weight gin compred to 25 nd 100% replcement. Similrly, [12] demonstrted tht 75% of SBM could e replced with solvent-extrcted SFM without dverse effects on ody weight gin or growth rte. Similr findings were reported y [13], who dded 0%, 4%, 8%, or 12% of sunflower mel in roiler chicken diets nd didn t oserve chnges in weight gin nd feed intke from 3 to 42 dys of ge. Higher (p 0.05) FCR vlue ws oserved for 50% replcement versus control, which indicted low feed efficiency. On the other hnd, FCR of irds fed on the other DSFM replcements ws not significntly (p 0.05) different when compred to either control or 50% replcement. Moreover, irds fed on 100% replcement expressed significntly (p<0.05) etter PER thn control, 25% nd 50% replcements. These results re consistent with the findings of [11], who found improved in FCR y dding sunflower mel to roiler diets in ll feeding phses Similrly, [14] concluded 99
P ±34.98 P ±34.91 P ±57.75 P6T Mens P ±49.01 P ±48.07 P ±69.22 P ±26.76 2nd Interntionl Conference on Environment, Agriculture nd Food Sciences (ICEAFS'2013) My 6-7, 2013 Kul Lumpur (Mlysi) tht decorticted sunflower cke cn replce up to 100% of groundnut mel in roiler chicks strter nd finisher diets. TABLE III CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DECORTICATED SUNFLOWER MEAL. Nutrients Composition% Crude protein 41.60 Crude ft 14.70 Crude fier 8.9 Crude sh 7.10 methionine 0.96 cysteine 0.45 lysine 1.57 TABLE IV OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS FED ON DIETS CONTAINING GRADED REPLACEMENT OF GROUND NUT MEAL BY DECORTICATED SUNFLOWER MEAL. Dietry tretments with grded replcement% Prmeter 0 25 50 75 100 + SEM Feed intke (g/ird) 3291.25 ±130.40 3358.33 ±82.10 3499.72 ±12.02 3454.41 ±122.7 3298.22 ±154.26 56.01 Live ody weight 1946.69P 1909.08P P±57.18 1954.69P 2013.44P P±71.11 1918.09P P±28.76 25.28 gin (g/ird) Body weight gin 1904.484P 1865.382P 1911.669P 1970.144P 1874.834P 24.87 (g/ird) FCR (g feed /g Bwt 1.723P P±0.04 1.80P P±0.03 1.83P P±0.05 1.75P P±0.07 1.76P P±0.09 0.03 gin) PER (Bwt c c c 2.79P P±0.07 2.73P P±0.05 2.75P P±0.07 2.92P P±0.11 2.98P P±0.14 0.05 gin/protein consumed) Vlues re mens of 4 replictes per tretment (8 irds/ replicte). 6T P SEM: Stndrd error of the mens from ANOVA d.f 15. c with different superscripts in the sme row were significntly different (P 0.05). 100
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