METHODOLOGY FOR DISSERTATION

METHODOLOGY FOR DISSERTATION

In order to expose the methods of scientific work, it is necessary to briefly clarify the terms of methodology, methods and scientific methods. The methodology comes from the greek "methodos" = path, mode + "logos" = word, speech, science on methods of scientific work, research. In short, methodology is science about methods of scientific research and scientific discipline that critically examine and explicitly expose various general and special scientific methods. The method, in general, indicates a planned procedure of examining and investigating a particular occurrence or a way of working to achieve a goal. The method in science means the way of research and presentation of subjects that science researches. The scientific method is a set of different procedures used by science in scientific research to explore and expose the results of scientific research. The scientific method also refers to every method of scientific research that ensures safe, arranged, systematic and accurate knowledge. After a short definition of the necessary terms in this chapter, more detailed explanations will be given of the scientific methods used to research and discover scientific discoveries. The basic characteristics of these methods are: 1) Objectivity 2) Reliability 3) Precision 4) Systematics 5) Generality Objectivity implies an unbiased, realistic, neutral and just attitude towards the object, appearance, or the subject being investigated. Permanent information is a prerequisite for objectivity in the research. The researcher must be fully informed of all relevant facts of the subject matter. That is why he must be familiar with all previous knowledge of a particular problem.

Objectivity implies information, because only an informed researcher can be objective. Otherwise the investigator cannot be objective if he wants it even the most. The objectivity of a scientific work can only be assessed after the work has been subjected to public scrutiny and critical consideration. The reliability of the case retains the arguments of the judgements. This implies that every judgement and position must be thoroughly explained, argued and proven by appropriate logical procedures. Precision is the principle that scientists in the field of natural and technical sciences are justified. It is in close connection with the principles of objectivity and reliability, and is reflected in the precise definition of a scientific problem. Complete precision is expected in all phases of scientific research work or project. It is necessary to precisely define: a scientific problem, to collect, coordinate and structure data and information, determine the structure of work, cite a stranger, style-language and terminological work, and so on. Systemativeness means the link between all the judgements presented. All the elements: things, phenomena, concepts and relationships in nature and society that the investigator treats must be mutually and functionally linked to one system. The validity of the research results will largely depend on the degree of logical and functional interconnection of the system elements. Generality in scientific research involves the possibility of discovering, researching and studying the general characteristics of the phenomenon, relationships, common and essential features of certain phenomena and relationships that are repeated and are directed to the discovery of some legitimacy and scientific knowledge. Some of the scientific methods used in scientific research are: 1) inductive and deductive; 2) method of analysis and synthesis; 3) the method of abstraction and concretization; 4) the method of generalization and specialization; 5) proofs and objections; 6) classification method;

7) descriptive method; 8) compilation method; 9) comparative method; 10) statistical method; 11) mathematical method; 12) modeling method; 13) cybernetic method; 14) experimental method; 15) dialectical method; 16) historical method; 17) genetic method; 18) system theory as a method; 19) axioms method; 20) the ideal type method; 21) empirical method; 22) method of case study; 23) survey method; 24) interview method; 25) method of observation; 26) method of counting; 27) method of measurement; 28) mosaic method and so on. An inductive method implies that a conclusion to the general court is based on specific or individual facts that are covered by a consistent and systematic application of the inductive mode of conclusion. It starts from being studied to the unobtrusive, i.e. from a number of individual phenomena there are generalizations. In short, the inductive method is based on a conclusion from one to the general. The value of the inductive conclusion depends directly on four factors: 1) the value of the inductive finding increases with the increase in the number of investigated facts 2) the facts representative of a given occurrence have a greater meaning than the random irrelevant facts 3) the value of the inductive conclusion increases if its meaning is verified and verified 4) the value of the inductive conclusion increases, on the general principles of scientific methodology. When selecting a unit of the basic set - sample (known facts, occurrence), it should be ensured that they are representative. The possibility of being selected as a sample must have all units of the basic assembly, each known fact. The inductive method detects the causal relationships between the occurrence and the occurrence that follows. It relies on other methods, which are considered as auxiliary induction methods such as observation, experiment, counting, and measurement. The inductive method was largely used in the initial stages of science, and when science formed initial concepts and legality and transformed them into the system of legality, the deductive method was also applied. The deductive method is based on the deduction,

i.e. the conclusion from the general courts to individual or other general courts. It serves science in particular to explain facts and laws, then anticipating future events, discovering new facts and laws, verifying hypothesis, and scientific exposition. The deductive method of conclusion is fully systematically and consistently applied in the deductive method. To apply the deductive method, knowledge of general attitudes, knowledge based on which it is taken individually, is assumed. From the deductive method, as its more developed form, the axiomatic method was derived. It is based on facts or principles (axioms) that do not require proof because they are directly apparent. The inductive-deductive method is used to explain the established ones and to discover new insights and new legitimacy to prove the set of theses, to test hypotheses and scientific research. Collecting facts by observations and experiments, followed by the creation of a work hypothesis or the theory that explains these facts are the first two phases of the inductive-deductive method. The final two phases refer to the conclusion based on observation results or experiments and on verification or verification that involves deduction or conclusion by new observations or new experiments. Only when deduction verifies the hypothesis is accepted. Induction and deduction must be combined in scientific work. One without the other method is not possible or is inefficient as well as their results if used separately. These methods complement each other, and their mutual differences are as follows: 1) induction is initial, and deduction is the final process in scientific knowledge 2) induction and deduction are the opposite methods of knowledge by their particular objects and goals. Methodology of analysis and synthesis - The analysis of complex concepts, judgments and conclusions on their simpler components and the study of each part for themselves and in relation to other parts is a method of scientific research called the method of analysis. There are different definitions of analysis given by various philosophers and scientists, so the analysis is: 1) the process of thinking in motion from special to general 2) the method of performing the theorem of the axioms according

to the established rules 3) the process of reducing unequal to an even greater equality 4) progress from complex to simple 5) the process of clarifying concepts 6) dissecting a complex, or a whole, into its elementary parts. According to the scientific field in which they are applied, the analysis can be: economic, historical, mathematical, mechanical, traffic technology, and so on. Understand the process of analysis, the process of scientific research by merging parts or elements as a whole, composing simple thought structures in complex and complex more complex is called a synthesis method. Dialectical analysis is always an analysis of the subjects themselves (process phenomena), not just their thoughts. The dialectical synthesis is a thought of the synthesis of the subject matter itself, but it should be borne in mind that objects of thought are not just natural and social phenomena but also psychic realities. The analytical-synthetic method of knowledge consists of two dialectically opposite but unique methodological procedures. Analysis and synthesis have a common subject of research and are assumed to be mutual. Analysis and synthesis translate into one another, they are contained in one another.

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