Educational Research
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1 Educational Research
2 What is experimental research in education Started in educational psychology Issues of Transfer Thorndike Woodworth Used in each of the educational paradigms behaviorism cognitivism objectivism instructivism
3 Qualitative and Quantitative Designs Quantitative research paradigm hypothesis confirming physical science experimental model analyze components of the phenomena Objective instruments of measurements static and positivistic all things are equal (on/off, right/wrong) we can test it attempts to objectify human events presumes lawful behavior
4 Qualitative and Quantitative Designs Qualitative research paradigm hypothesis seeking anthropological naturalistic-inquiry model analyze phenomena holistically Subjective instruments of data collection descriptive rather than causal dynamic presumes that social reality constantly changes and is therefore unlawful
5 Qualitative Analysis Analytical Framework constitutive ethnography - within totality of meaning for the group [emic insiders; etic outsiders] symbolic interactionism - reality known as social production - people define their own definitions of situations, they interact with others,
6 More Qualitative Analysis situations are negotiated, unpredictable, involve the manipulation of symbols, roles and meanings of the objects Types of data collected naturalistic observations interviews - formal and informal narratives surveys historical documents unobtrusive forms of data collection
7 More Qualitative Analysis Search for cultural themes semantic patterns - terms, expressions, idioms important factors as viewed by the culture hegemonic (power) issues use of artifacts (tools) The power of this research is to richly describe the environment so one can generalize from one setting to another
8 Qualitative Analysis Interchangeable with naturalistic ethnographic subjective postpositiviistic
9 Qualitative Analysis developing an understanding of human systems conducted in natural setting without manipulation rich descriptions research questions evolve
10 Qualitative methods methods fit the questions to be addressed questions change over time observations interviews document and artifact analysis
11 Qualitative methods Participant observation Nonparticipant Observation Interviews structured nonstrucutred schedule, protocols Document Analysis Content analysis
12 More on methods Issues scope biases observers roles what to record sampling multiple observers
13 Analysis Methods Data reduction interpretists do not reduce data but scan for patterns Constant comparison - coding data - data collection ceases when no new categories are found Field notes Video/audio logs Data Management
14 Grounded Theory type of qualitative method general methodology for developing theory that is grounded in data systematically gathered and analyzed develop a theory through an iterative process data analysis theoretical analysis verification of hypothesis
15 Grounded Theory Open minded collection looking for patterns patterns build theory continue collecting data until patterns repeat or new ones emerge hence grounded
16 Ethical Issues Preventing harm to subject Protecting anonymity and privacy Not deceiving subjects Informed consent Does pursuit of science justify this? What s public and what s private Researchers immunity? Paid research?
17 Evaluation of Qualitative Research Expressions of subjectivity and biases Multiple observers, repeated interviews Constant refinement and testing Making the world real tot he reader - to recognize the authenticity of the study
18 Other Criteria Participant observers are less like to err free access to broad range of activities intense observations over a long time use of both Qs Triangulation Unobtrusive measures
19 Validity and Relevance Validity - truth of the study findings reasonable ethnographer s judgement nature of phenomena circumstances of research characteristics of researcher Relevance Public value evenhanded policy related, interdisciplinary
20 Quantitative Analysis Descriptive Frequencies, graphical representation Central tendency - mean, median, mode, Variability - standard deviation 68% lies within 1 SD (16% in each wing) Correlation measures - use of scatter diagram Regression analysis - Knowing "x" can predict "y correlation does not mean causation!
21 More Quantitative Analysis Inferential Sampling distribution - random sampling Hypothesis testing hypothesis formed sample drawn accept hypothesis if outcomes are different from expected Generalizing from the results to other samples
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24 Types of Design True Experiments Repeated Measures Quasi-experimental Time Series Design Ex Post Facto Design
25 Comparing The Two Qs Some suggest diametrically opposite positivistic vs naturalistic nature of reality relationship of researcher to subject generalizability discussions of causality role of values
26 Positivism posing hypothesis manipulation active observation testing of hypothesis
positivist phenomenological
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