Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person has learned Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person's future performance; the capacity to learn bell curve Standardized tests results typically form a normal distribution, a bell shaped pattern of scores that forms the normal curve. Clever Hans experiment Clever Hans was an Orlov Trotter horse that was claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. After a formal investigation in 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reaction of his human observers. Pfungst discovered this artifact in the research methodology, wherein the horse was responding directly to involuntary cues in the body language of the human trainer, who had the faculties to solve each problem. The trainer was entirely unaware that he was providing such cues. In honor of Pfungst's study, the anomalous artifact has since been referred to as the Clever Hans effect and has continued to be important knowledge in the observer-expectancy effect and later studies in animal cognition. Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)
Creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas Criterion related validity the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity. The measure of the extent to which a test's results correlate with other accepted measures of what is being tested. crystallized intelligence One's accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests-increases with age. Accumulated knowledge and skills. Daniel Goleman on emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth. Down Syndrome a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
empathy the ability to understand the emotional make-up of other people. A skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions. Hallmarks include responding with concern or care to soften the negative emotions or experiences of others, expertise in building and retaining relationships, cross-cultural sensitivity eugenics the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating) This has a negative connotation and can be seen as racism. Factor Analysis a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score Flynn Effect the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years Frances Galton's research He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence, and introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for collecting data on human communities He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". His book Hereditary Genius (1869) was the first social scientific attempt to study genius and greatness. In 1875 Francis Galton was the first to study twins as a test of the relative strength of heredity and environment. Galton issued several hundred questionnaires to parents of twins, with the aim of establishing how far the similarities and differences between twins were affected by their life experiences. As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology and the lexical hypothesis of personality. He devised a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. Fun Fact: Galton was Charles Darwin's cousin)
Gardner's eight intelligneces word smarts, number smarts, music smarts, spatial smarts, body smarts, self smarts, people smarts, and nature smarts. Goleman - Five components of emotional intelligence Self-awareness, self regulation, internal motivation, empathy, social skills Howard Gardner on multiple intelligence We do not have an intelligence, bu have have multiple intelligences, each relatively independent of the others: verbal and mathematics, musical, spatial analysis, mastering movement, insightful understanding of self and others,and environment. Intelligence mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, it =ma/ca*100) on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Intelligence Test a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores internal consistency reliability Reliability assessed with data collected at one point in time with multiple measures of a psychological construct. A measure is reliable when the multiple measures provide similar results. internal motivation a passion to work for internal reasons that go beyond money and status which are external rewards, such as an inner view of what is important in life, a joy in doing something, curiosity in learning, a flow that comes from being immersed in an acitivity. Pursuing goals with energy and persistence. Hallmarks include strong desire to achieve, optimism even in the face of failure, and organizational commitment. Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8 year old is said to have this of 8. Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes Predictive Validity the success with which a test predicts the behaviors it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity) Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting Savant Syndrome (Intelligence) a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. Islands of brilliance. self-awareness the ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, as well as their impact on others. Hallmarks include selfconfidence, realistic self assessment, and self-depracating humor.
self-regulation The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods, and the propensity to suspend judgment and think before acting. Hallmarks include trustworthiness and integrity, comfort with ambiguity, and openness to change social skills Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks, and an ability to find common ground and build rapport. Hallmarks include effectiveness in leading, persuasiveness, building and leading teams. Spearman G-Factor General Intelligence a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
Stereotype Threat a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to (see also content validity and predictive validity) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests