Testing and Intelligence. What We Will Cover in This Section. Psychological Testing. Intelligence. Reliability Validity Types of tests.
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1 Testing and Intelligence 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 1 What We Will Cover in This Section Psychological Testing Reliability Validity Types of tests. Intelligence Overview Models Summary 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 2 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 3 1
2 Key Concepts Reliability The stability or consistency of a measurement tool. Validity Are we measuring what we say we are measuring. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 4 1. Test-Retest Reliability Index of the stability of scores over time. Administer Test A Wait Re-administer Test A 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 5 Test Retest Reliability Scatterplot Time Time 1 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 6 2
3 2. Alternate Forms Reliability Index of the consistency of scores for several versions of the same test. Administer Version A No significant wait Administer Version B 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 7 Alternate Forms Scatterplot Test B Test A 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 8 3. Internal Consistency Techniques for determining if the individual test items are measuring the same thing, in the same way. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 9 3
4 Sweeney s Test of Verbal Fluency Use each of the following words correctly in a sentence. 1. Cat 2. House 3. Automobile 4. Phrenologize 5. Coat 6. Marble 7. Dog-flogger 8. Variance 9. Beetle 10.Crayon 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 10 Internal Consistency Techniques The extent to which the items in a test all measure the same thing. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt Split Half Reliability 1. Divide the test in half into two equal sub-tests. 2. Correlate the scores on the subtests. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 12 4
5 4. Interrater (Scorer) Reliability 1. Do different scorers give the same evaluation of the same test? 2. Does the same scorer give the same evaluation to the same test? 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 13 Important! Reliability estimates let you know how much error you have in a test score but does not let you know if you are measuring the right thing. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 14 What is It? Are you measuring what you say you are measuring. A test may be valid for one application but invalid for an another. A test s validity is limited by its reliability. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 15 5
6 Types We Will Discuss 1. Face validity 2. Content validity 3. Criterion related validity 4. Construct validity 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 16 Type 1. Face Validity The extent to which a test looks like it measures what it says it measures. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt Superficial. Issues 2. Because it looks good doesn t mean it is good. 3. Because it looks weird doesn t mean it is weird. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 18 6
7 Type 2. Content Validity Showing that the behaviors sampled by the test are a representative sample of the attribute being measured. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 19 Content Domain to be assessed. Content Domain of the test. Basic concepts of reliability as they apply to test evaluation and interpretation of test scores. Individual test items. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 20 Model Domain Test Deficiency Contamination Relevance 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 21 7
8 What Good Is It? Does the test cover a representative sample of the skills, abilities, knowledge, and/or behaviors relevant to the construct being measured? 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 22 Type 3. Criterion Related Validity Criterion Predictor A measure of the accuracy of a decision or prediction. An assessment tool used to estimate a person s behavior. Validity Coefficient The correlation between test scores (predictor) and the criterion. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 23 Performance (Criterion) Selection Test (Predictor) 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 24 8
9 Standardization How consistently a test is scored and administered. Administer under identical conditions. Use standard scoring rules. Use objective scoring rules. Reference group against which scores are compared. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 25 Issue. The question as to how good a score is cannot be answered. Have to know, compared to what? 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 26 Types of Tests Test Format 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 27 9
10 Individual vs. Group Individual Test is administered one-on-one. Examples. Employment interview. Medical examination. Some intelligence tests. Group Test is administered to many people at once. Example. SAT test. College quizzes. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 28 Speed vs. Power Speed Test has many simple items There is a very short time to complete them. 90% of the people cannot complete all of the items in the allocated time. Power Test has few items. The items become progressively more difficult. 90% of the people cannot complete the most difficult items. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 29 Paper and Pencil vs. Performance Paper and pencil. Test is administered on paper. Examples. Most college testing. Case studies. Performance. Person is asked to demonstrate some skill. Example Audition. Athletic evaluation. Driving. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 30 10
11 Objective vs. Subjective Scoring Objective scoring. Anyone with an answer key can evaluate the answer. Clear right or wrong answer. Examples. Multiple choice questions. Mathematics tests. Subjective scoring. The evaluation is done by an expert. There are no standard right or wrong answers. Examples. Essays. Figure skating. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 31 Projective vs. Objective Items Projective Items are ambiguous stimuli that the person is asked to interpret. Examples. Rorschach ink blot test. Thematic Apperception Test. Objective. Items are clearly stated. Examples. True-False items. Multiple choice items. Performance activities. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 32 Typical Ink Blot Item 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 33 11
12 Types of Tests Test Content 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 34 Ability Tests Tests designed to assess basic intellectual capacity. Aptitude test. A person s capacity to accomplish intellectual tasks. Examples. Intelligence tests. Creativity Tests. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 35 Knowledge Tests Tests designed to assess what information a person has acquired. Achievement test. The information the person has acquired. Examples. What you have endured in school. Graduate Record Examination. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 36 12
13 Personality Tests Tests designed to assess an individual s typical behavior or cognitive style. Examples. Extroversion Dependability Honesty 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 37 Interests Tests Tests designed to assess a person s occupational preferences. Used for vocational guidance and job placement. Examples. Self-Directed Search. Strong Vocational Interests Blank. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 38 Intelligence 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 39 13
14 Historical Overview Sir Francis Galton British psychologist. Alfred Binet Developed the concept of Mental Age. Louis Terman Translated Binet s test into English. Developed the concept of INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 40 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Mental Age IQ = 100 Chronological Age x Mental Age: 14 Chronological Age: 12 Mental Age: 14 Chronological Age: IQ = x 100 = IQ = x 100 = /19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 41 Distribution of IQ Scores Retarded Borderline Dull Normal Normal Bright Superior Very Superior Below /19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 42 14
15 What is it? Capacity to deal with new and complex situations. A construct, not a thing. Not defined in terms of one type of behavior. Should be related to success in a variety of cognitively demanding activities. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 43 Early Theories of Intelligence General Intelligence vs. Specific Abilities 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 44 Spearman s Two Factor Theory General Intelligence (g) Specific Factors (s) Specific Factors (s) Specific Factors (s) 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 45 15
16 Thurstone s Primary Mental Abilities 1. Verbal Comprehension 2. Word Fluency 3. Numbers 4. Space Visualization 5. Associative Memory 6. Reasoning 7. Perceptual Speed 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 46 Vernon s Hierarchical Model General (g) Verbal Educational Practical Verbal Number Mechanical Spatial 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 47 Contemporary Theories 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 48 16
17 Sternberg Information Processing Intelligence is not the things you process, but how you process the things. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 49 Sternberg s Intelligences 1. COMPONENTIAL INTELLIGENCE The mental processes that underlie thinking and problem solving. 2. EXPERIENTIAL INTELLIGENCE The capacity to deal with new and routine problems. 3. CONTEXTUAL INTELLIGENCE Practical problem solving. Street Smarts or common sense. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 50 Gardner s Multiple Intelligences Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and/or to create products which are valued in one or more cultural contexts. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 51 17
18 Gardner s Multiple Intelligences 1. Linguistic 2. Logical- Mathematical 3. Spatial 4. Naturalist 5. Musical 6. Bodily Kinesthetic 7. Intrapersonal 8. Interpersonal 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 52 Types of Intelligence Tests Individual vs. Group Speed vs. Power Child vs. Adult Broad vs. Limited 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 53 Intelligence Issues and Concerns 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 54 18
19 Where Does Intelligence Come From? Heritability These arguments state that intelligence comes from genetic factors. Environment These arguments state that intelligence is influenced by environmental factors. B = f(p::e) 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 55 Heritability and Intelligence IQ Correlations Identical Twins Fraternal Twins Siblings Unrelated children Raised Together Raised Apart 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 56 IQ Correlations for identical twins by age IQ Correlations to 6 7 to to to 20 adult mid 60s 80 + Age 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 57 19
20 The Environment and IQ The best predictor of a child s IQ is family socioeconomic status and mother s IQ. Prenatal conditions. Fetal Alcohol syndrome. Drugs. Diet. Head Start IQ increased during initial enrollment. IQ gains reduced after leaving the program. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 58 Issues What are we measuring? Race, culture, and IQ. 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 59 10/19/2002 Testing and Intelligence.ppt 60 20
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