Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1
Anatomy Study of the body Structure what something looks like where something is located how big or small it is Ex- what the heart looks like Gross Anatomy structures that are visible to the naked eye. Systemic anatomy structures that work together for a specific purpose 2
Microscopic Anatomy Structures too small for the naked eye Cytology study of the cells of the body Histology study of the tissue of an area Embryology development and changes occurring before birth 3
Physiology Study of the body Function how something works why something happens Ex how heart pumps blood 4
Pathophysiology Improper functioning that causes disease Ex- What happens during a heart attack 5
Principle of Complimentarity of Structure and Function Anatomy & Physiology are human perceptions of the body The body makes no distinction between structure and function. Structure allows function. Function occurs due to structure.
Body s levels of Organization J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of Nursing 7
Integumentary System Skin and related structures (hair, nails) Functions as a covering for the body, regulates temperature and contains structures necessary for sensation 8
Skeletal System Basic framework of the body Bones, joints, cartilage Functions in protection and support of body organs 9
Muscular System Three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac Movement of the skeleton (Primary) 10
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Functions in processing information from periphery to Brain and Spinal Cord and from Brain and Spinal Cord to periphery (primary) 11
Endocrine System Glands that secrete hormones Regulates body activities such as growth, reproduction and water balance 12
Circulatory System Heart and blood vessels Transportation of blood and nutrients to the tissues and removal of waste from the cells 13
Lymphatic/Immune System Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsil, spleen Functions in defense against pathogens and other foreign material 14
Respiratory System Lungs and structures that carry air to and from lungs. Oxygen is carried into the blood and Carbon Dioxide is removed and exhaled 15
Digestive System Organs involved in ingesting food, and breaking it into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Stomach, intestines Accessory organs: Liver, Gall Bladder 16
Urinary System Kidneys and other structures involved in excreting waste products from the body through urine. Kidneys involved in water and electrolyte balance of the body 17
Reproductive System Organs and structures involved in reproduction of human organism 18
Homeostasis Staying the same staying in balance Imbalance = disease or disorder body s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment Usually maintained by three mechanisms: Sensor (receptor)- monitoring mechanism Control- determines the set point Effector- provides the means of feedback 19
Feedback Systems Negative Results in a slowing or stopping of a mechanism when the output is sensed. Most systems in the body work by this mechanism. Homeostasis is achieved by preventing something from occurring too much. Positive Enhances a mechanism when the output is sensed Results in amplification of something Usually occurs in special circumstances J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of Nursing 20
Anatomical Position Body is standing erect facing forward arms at side toes and palms directed forward. J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of Nursing 21
Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Ventral dorsal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Central - Peripheral J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of Nursing 22
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Planes and Sections of the Body Sagittal Plane right and left portions Frontal Plane front and back also called coronal plane Transverse Plane divides the body horizontally 25
Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity brain Spinal/vertebral cavity spinal cord 26
Ventral Cavities Thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm lungs and mediastinum. Abdominopelvic cavity is below the diaphragm. abdominal cavity stomach, most of the intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys. pelvic cavity reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the intestines. 27
Four Quadrants 28
Nine Regions J.L. Stewart, PhD GALEN College of Nursing 29