MEDICAL FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTION FOR ORAL PART OF EXAM MEDICAL STUDENTS GENERAL PART (1 question) 1. Health and disease as a dynamic process 2. Stages of the disease development 3. Etiology and pathogenesis of diseases 4. Mechanism of inflammatory reaction and the role of mediators 5. General changes in the host during inflammation 6. Fever - mechanism, types and pathophysiological significance 7. Disorders of barriers and functions of phagocytes 8. Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency 9. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency 10. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease 11. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases 12. Type I hypersensitivity reaction (immediate hypersensitivity reactions) 13. Type II hypersensitivity reaction (cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions) 14. Type III hypersensitivity reaction (immune-complex reactions) 15. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (delayed hypersensitivity reactions, cell-mediated immunity) 16. Transplant immunology 17. Hereditary diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities 18. Hereditary disorders caused by gene mutations 19. Autosomal dominant and recessive disorders 20. Disorders of the sex chromosomes 21. Growth and development disorders 22. Pathophysiology of aging 23. Disturbance of energy balance - malnutrition 24. Disturbance of energy balance - obesity 25. Pathophysiology of hypervitaminosis and hypovitaminosis 26. The role of enzymes in pathogenesis of the disease and clinical diagnostics 27. Disturbances of total proteins and albumines in the serum 28. Disturbances associated with decrease of globulin fraction of serum proteins 29. Disturbances associated with increase of globulin fraction of serum proteins 30. Disorders of plasma fibrinogen concentration 31. Disorders of amino acids, urea, and nucleic acid metabolism 32. Disorders of the synthesis, structure and oxygenation of hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies 33. Disorders of heme synthesis - porphyria 34. Pathological pathways of glucose metabolism 35. Etiology, pathogenesis and stages of of development of diabetes mellitus 36. General pathophysiological disturbances in diabetes mellitus 37. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus 38. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus 39. Hypoglicemia and consequences 40. Glicogenosis and renal glycosuria 41. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
42. Secondary hyperlipoproteinemia 43. Hypolipoproteinemia and dislipoproteinemias 44. Pathogenesis and consequences of atherosclerosis 45. Dehydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic) 46. Hyperhydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic) 47. Isotonic dehydration and hyperhydration 48. Hyperkalemia 49. Hypokalemia 50. Disorders of acid-base balance - acidosis 51. Disorders of acid-base balance - alkalosis 52. Pathophysiological effects of disturbances of acid-base balance 53. General and local effects of heat on the human body 54. General and local effects of cold on the human body 55. Mechanical factors as the cause of the disease: General Adaptation Syndrome, traumatic shock syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction 56. Effect of reduced atmospheric pressure on the human body - acute and chronic altitude disease 57. Effect of increased atmospheric pressure on the human body - decompression disease 58. Effect of acceleration, vibration, sound, ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation on the human body 59. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body: radiation sources, deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation 60. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body - mechanism of action 61. Acute and chronic radiation syndrome 62. Effect of electricity on the human body 63. Effect of chemical factors on the human body 64. Etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors 65. General characteristics of malignant cells, the relationship between tumor and host 66. Diagnosis of malignant neoplasia - laboratory tests 67. Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic syndromes CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (1 question) 1. Etiology, pathogenesis and classification of heart failure 2. Cardiomyopathy as a cause of heart failure 3. Workload as a cause of heart failure 4. Left heart failure 5. Right heart failure 6. Acquired heart valve disorder- general pathophysiology of heart valve disorder 7. Pathophysiological disturbances in the mitral and tricuspid valve disorders 8. Pathophysiological disturbances of the aortic valve disorders 9. Congenital heart valve disorders 10. Heart rhythm disorders - etiology and pathogenesis 11. Disturbances in creating excitation in the myocardium 12. Disturbances in conduction of excitation in the myocardium 13. Myocardial and pericardial diseases 14. General pathophysiology of arterial blood pressure 15. Essential hypertension 16. Secondary hypertension
17. Pulmonary hypertension: etiology, acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension 18. Arterial hypotension 19. Etiology and pathogenesis of shock 20. Etiology and pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency 21. Angina pectoris, etiology and consequences 22. Myocardial infarction - hemodynamic, biochemical and general disorders and consequences 23. Local disorders of peripheral limb blood flow 24. Abnormal breathing patterns 25. Cough, expectoration, respiratory bleeding, respiratory pain and cyanosis 26. Disorders of ventilation - hypo-and hyperventilation, obstructive ventilatory disorder 27. Bronchial asthma 28. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 29. Restrictive ventilatory disorders 30. Pneumothorax, pleural effusion, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis 31. Disorders of ventilation - perfusion lung ratio 32. Disorders of pulmonary diffusion 33. Disorders of pulmonary perfusion 34. Acute respiratory distress syndrome 35. Pathophysiology of chronic respiratory failure 36. Pathophysiological consequences of respiratory failure 37. Pathophysiology of tissue hypoxia 38. Pathophysiological consequences of tissue hypoxia and reserve adaptive mechanisms GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, LIVER AND KIDNEYS (1 question) 1. Etiopathogenesis of nausea and vomiting 2. Etiopathogenesis of abdominal pain 3. Etiopathogenesis of gastrointestinal bleeding 4. Hunger and eating disorders 5. Motility disorders of the esophagus and stomach 6. Pathophysiology of diarrhea 7. Pathophysiology of constipation 8. Pathophysiology of ileus 9. Disturbances of oral and gastric secretion 10. Etiology and pathogenesis of ulcer disease 11. Disorders of pancreatic secretion, acute and chronic pancreatitis 12. Malabsorption syndrome 13. Etiology and pathophysiology of tumors in the digestive organs 14. Etiopathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the digestive organs 15. Etiopathogenesis of the liver failure 16. Pathophysiological consequences of liver failure 17. Disorders of bilirubin metabolism in the liver failure 18. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 19. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 20. Differential diagnosis of jaundice 21. Disorders of bloodstream in the liver failure 22. Neuropsychic disturbances in hepatic failure, hepatic coma
23. Metabolism of water, minerals and endocrine disorders in liver failure 24. Hematological and disorders of hemostasis in liver failure 25. Biological and biochemical disorders in liver disease: functional testing of liver 26. Etiopathogenesis and consequences of cholelithiasis 27. Alterations of urine quantity in renal diseases 28. Disturbances of concentrating of the urine in renal diseases 29. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute renal failure 30. Pathophysiological consequences of acute renal failure 31. Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic renal failure 32. Pathophysiological consequences of chronic renal failure 33. Pathophysiology of uremic syndrome 34. Pathophysiology of glomerular kidney disease 35. Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome 36. Pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial kidney disease 37. Selective disorders of tubular function 38. Renal hypertension 39. Pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis 40. Postrenal disorders of kidney function ENDOCRINOLOGY, BLOOD, LOCOMOTOR AND NERVOUS SYSTEM (1 question) 1. Disturbances of neural regulation, neurosis, functional and psychosomatic illness 2. Disturbances of humoral regulation 3. Mechanisms and consequences of endocrine dysregulation 4. Disorders of the hypothalamus 5. Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary (hyperpituitarism) 6. Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary (hypopituitarism) 7. The role of the pituitary in the general adaptation syndrome and the development of psychosomatic diseases 8. Disorders of the neurohypophysis 9. Iodine metabolism, synthesis of thyroid hormones and their effects in cells 10. Hyperthyroidism 11. Hypothyroidism and goiter 12. Hyperparathyroidism 13. Hypoparathyroidism 14. Disorders of calcium homeostasis: hyper - and hypocalcemia 15. Metabolic bone disease 16. Hyperaldosteronism 17. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex 18. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex 19. Hypersecretion of the adrenal gland (medulla) 20. Disorders of female gonadal endocrine function 21. Disorders of endocrine functions of male sex glands 22. Etiopathogenesis and classification of anemia 23. Anemia due to hematopoetic stem cells disturbances 24. Etiology and pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia 25. Megaloblastic anemia
26. Anemia due to complex mechanism of development and disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis 27. Pathophysiology of hemolytic anemia 28. Post-hemorrhagic anemia. Pathophysiological disturbances caused by acute and chronic blood lose. 29. Polycythemia: absolute and relative 30. Quantitative disturbances of leukocytes 31. Qualitative disturbances of granulocytes 32. Malignant disease of white blood cells 33. Neoplasms of lymphoid system 34. Diseases of the plasma cells 35. Pathophysiology of hemostatic system 36. Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic syndrome 37. Hereditary disorders of blood coagulation 38. Acquired disorders of blood coagulation 39. The pathophysiology of thromboembolic disease 40. Pathophysiology of muscle 41. Degenerative diseases of the locomotor system 42. Pathophysiology of connective tissue 43. Disorders of motor function of the nervous system 44. Disorders of the somatosensory system 45. Pathophysiology of pain 46. Disturbances of cerebrovascular bloodstream 47. Epilepsy 48. Disorders of consciousness 49. Etiopathogenesis of coma