Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs von Werner Kahle, Michael Frotscher 1. Auflage Thieme 2010 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: www.beck.de ISBN 978 3 13 533506 3 Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG
IX The Nervous System... 1 Introduction... 1 The Nervous System An Overall View... 2 Development and Subdivision... 2 Functional Circuits... 2 Position of the Nervous System in the Body... 4 Development and Structure of the Brain... 6 Development of the Brain... 6 Anatomy of the Brain... 8 Evolution of the Brain... 14 Basic Elements of the Nervous System... 17 The Nerve Cell... 18 Methods in Neuroanatomy... 20 Ultrastructure of the Nerve Cell... 22 The Synapse... 24 Localization... 24 Structure... 24 Function... 24 Types of Synapses... 26 Neurotransmitters... 26 Axonal Transport... 28 Transmitter Receptors... 30 Synaptic Transmission... 30 Neuronal Systems... 32 Neuronal Circuits... 34 The Nerve Fiber... 36 Ultrastructure of the Myelin Sheath... 36 Development of the Myelin Sheath inthepns... 38 Development of Unmyelinated NerveFibers... 38 Structure of the Myelin Sheath in thecns... 38 Peripheral Nerve... 40 Neuroglia... 42 Blood Vessels... 44 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves... 47 Overview... 48 The Spinal Cord... 50 Structure... 50 Reflex Arcs... 50 Gray Substance and Intrinsic System... 52 Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord.. 54 Ascending Pathways... 56 Descending Pathways... 58 Visualization of Pathways... 58 Blood Vessels of the Spinal Cord... 60 Spinal Ganglion and Posterior Root... 62 Spinal Meninges... 64 Segmental Innervation... 66 Spinal Cord Syndromes... 68
X Peripheral Nerves... 70 Nerve Plexusus... 70 Cervical Plexus (C1 C4)... 72 Posterior Branches (C1 C8)... 72 Brachial Plexus (C5 T1)... 74 Supraclavicular Part... 74 Infraclavicular Part... 74 Nerves of the Trunk... 84 Posterior Branches... 84 Anterior Branches... 84 Lumbosacral Plexus... 86 Lumbar Plexus... 86 Sacral Plexus... 90 Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves... 99 Overview... 100 Longitudinal Organization... 102 Cranial Nerves... 102 Base of the Skull... 104 Cranial Nerve Nuclei... 106 Medulla Oblongata... 108 Hypoglossal Nerve... 108 Vagus Nerve... 108 Pons... 110 Genu of the Facial Nerve... 110 Trigeminal Nerve... 110 Cranial Nerves (V, VII XII)... 112 Hypoglossal Nerve... 112 Accessory Nerve... 112 Vagus Nerve... 114 Glossopharyngeal Nerve... 118 Vestibulocochlear Nerve... 120 Facial Nerve... 122 Trigeminal Nerve... 124 Parasympathetic Ganglia... 128 Ciliary Ganglion... 128 Pterygopalatine Ganglion... 128 Otic Ganglion... 130 Submandibular Ganglion... 130 Midbrain... 132 Structure... 132 Cross Section Through the Inferior Colliculi of the Midbrain... 132 Cross Section Through the Superior Colliculi of the Midbrain... 134 Cross Section Through the Pretectal Region of the Midbrain... 134 Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra. 136 Eye-Muscle Nerves (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI)... 138 Abducens Nerve... 138 Trochlear Nerve... 138 Oculomotor Nerve... 138 Long Pathways... 140 Corticospinal Tract and Corticonuclear Fibers... 140 Medial Lemniscus... 140 Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus... 142 Internuclear Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei... 142 Central Tegmental Tract... 144 Posterior Longitudinal Fasciculus.. 144 Reticular Formation... 146 Histochemistry of the Brain Stem.. 148
XI Cerebellum... 151 Structure... 152 Subdivision... 152 Cerebellar Peduncles and Nuclei.. 154 Cerebellar Cortex... 156 Neuronal Circuits... 160 Functional Organization... 162 Fiber Projection... 162 Results of Experimental Stimulation... 162 Pathways... 164 Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body)... 164 Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis)... 166 Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium conjunctivum)... 166 Diencephalon... 169 Development of the Prosencephalon... 170 Telodiencephalic Boundary... 170 Structure... 172 Subdivision... 172 Frontal Section at the Level of the Optic Chasm... 172 Frontal Section through the Tuber Cinereum... 174 Frontal Section at the Level of the Mamillary Bodies... 174 Epithalamus... 176 Habenula... 176 Pineal Gland... 176 Dorsal Thalamus... 178 Specific Thalamic Nuclei... 178 Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei... 180 Anterior Nuclear Group... 182 Medial Nuclear Group... 182 Centromedian Nucleus... 182 Lateral Nuclear Group... 184 Ventral Nuclear Group... 184 Lateral Geniculate Body... 186 Medial Geniculate Body... 186 Pulvinar... 186 Frontal Section Through the Rostral Thalamus... 188 Frontal Section Through the Caudal Thalamus... 190 Subthalamus... 192 Subdivision... 192 Responses to Stimulation of the Subthalamus... 192 Hypothalamus... 194 Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus. 194 Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus. 194 Vascular Supply... 196 Fiber Connections of the Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus... 196 Fiber Connections of the Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus... 196 Functional Topography of the Hypothalamus... 198 Hypothalamus and Hypophysis... 200 Development and Subdivision of the Hypophysis... 200 Infundibulum... 200 Blood Vessels of the Hypophysis.. 200 Neuroendocrine System... 202
XII Telencephalon... 207 Overview... 208 Subdivision of the Hemisphere... 208 Rotation of the Hemisphere... 208 Evolution... 210 Development of the Layers of the CerebralCortex... 212 CerebralLobes... 214 Sections Through the Telencephalon... 216 Frontal Sections... 216 Horizontal Sections... 222 Paleocortex and Amygdaloid Body. 226 Paleocortex... 226 Amygdaloid Body... 228 Fiber Connections... 230 Archicortex... 232 Subdivision and Functional Significance... 232 Ammon s Horn... 234 Fiber Connections... 234 Hippocampal Cortex... 236 Neostriatum... 238 Insula... 240 Neocortex... 242 Cortical Layers... 242 Vertical Columns... 242 Cell Types of the Neocortex... 244 The Module Concept... 244 Cortical Areas... 246 FrontalLobe... 248 Parietal Lobe... 252 TemporalLobe... 254 Occipital Lobe... 256 FiberTracts... 260 Hemispheric Asymmetry... 264 Imaging Procedures... 266 Contrast Radiography... 266 Computed Tomography... 266 Magnetic Resonance Imaging... 268 PET and SPECT... 268 Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems... 271 Cerebrovascular System... 272 Arteries... 272 Internal Carotid Artery... 274 Areas of Blood Supply... 276 Veins... 278 Superficial Cerebral Veins... 278 Deep Cerebral Veins... 280 Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces... 282 Overview... 282 Choroid Plexus... 284 Ependyma... 286 Circumventricular Organs... 288 Meninges... 290 DuraMater... 290 Arachnoid Mater... 290 PiaMater... 290
XIII Autonomic Nervous System... 293 Overview... 294 Central Autonomic System... 294 Peripheral Autonomic System... 296 Adrenergic and Cholinergic Systems... 296 Neuronal Circuit... 298 Sympathetic Trunk... 298 Cervical and Upper Thoracic Segments... 298 Lower Thoracic and Abdominal Segments... 300 Innervation of the Skin... 300 Autonomic Periphery... 302 EfferentFibers... 302 AfferentFibers... 302 Intramural Plexus... 302 Autonomic Neurons... 304 Functional Systems... 307 Brain Function... 308 Motor Systems... 310 Corticospinal Tract... 310 Extrapyramidal Motor System... 312 Functional Connections in the Extrapyramidal Motor System... 314 Motor End Plate... 316 Tendon Organ... 316 Muscle Spindle... 318 Common Terminal Motor Pathway... 320 Sensory Systems... 322 Cutaneous Sensory Organs... 322 Pathway of the Epicritic Sensibility... 326 Pathway of the Protopathic Sensibility... 328 GustatoryOrgan... 330 OlfactoryOrgan... 334 Limbic System... 336 Overview... 336 Cingulate Gyrus... 338 SeptalArea... 338 Sensory Organs... 341 The Eye... 341 Structure... 342 Eyelids, Lacrimal Apparatus, and Orbital Cavity... 342 Muscles of the Eyeball... 344 The Eyeball... 346 Anterior Part of the Eye... 348 Vascular Supply... 350 Fundus of the Eye... 350 Retina... 352 OpticNerve... 354 Photoreceptors... 356 Visual Pathway and Ocular Reflexes... 358 Visual Pathway... 358 Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway... 360 Ocular Reflexes... 362
XIV The Ear... 365 Structure... 366 Overview... 366 OuterEar... 366 Middle Ear... 368 Inner Ear... 372 Cochlea... 374 OrganofCorti... 376 Vestibular Apparatus... 378 Vestibular Sensory Cells... 380 Auditory Pathway and Vestibular Pathways... 382 Auditory Pathway... 382 Vestibular Pathways... 386 Further Reading... 388 Index... 394