Reporting Category 4: Biological Processes and Systems (11questions) Major topics include: 1) Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration (energy and matter) 2) Role of enzymes 3) Animal systems* 4) Plant systems* 5) Levels of organization of biological systems 6) Internal feedback/homeostasis * Means you will definitely see several questions over these topics on the test!
Comparison of Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Chemosynthesis Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Food Broken Down Energy from Glucose Released Carbon Dioxide given off Oxygen taken in Produces Carbon Dioxide and Water Does not require Light Occurs in ALL Living Cells Organisms often called Heterotrophs Food Synthesized Energy from Sun stored in Glucose Carbon Dioxide taken in Oxygen given off Produces Sugars (Glucose) from PGAL Requires Light Occurs only in presence of Chlorophyll Organisms called Autotrophs Food Synthesized Energy from Methane or Inorganic Material (ex: H gas or Hydrogen sulfide) Organisms often called chemotrophs Organisms called extremophiles Live in environments without oxygen Anaerobic Bacteria Habitats: hydrothermal vents
Animal Systems System Function Parts Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretory Immune Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Transports nutrients, fluids, gases Breaks down food into essential nutrients Controls body functions through hormones Removes cellular wastes from the blood Protects the body against invading organisms Protects the body by forming the body s outer layer Moves the body with the help of the skeletal system Supports the body internally Coordinates sensory input with motor output Provides a means of producing offspring Controls the exchange of gases Heart, veins, arteries Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines Glands which secrete hormones Bladder, kidneys, urethra White blood cells Skin, hair, nails Muscles Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Brain, spinal cord, sense organs Testes (male), ovaries and uterus (female) Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Reproduction, Growth, Development Reproduction production of offspring by an organism; a characteristic of all living things (can be sexual or asexual); exists for the continuation of the species, not the individual Growth increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things; ex: getting bigger, growing muscle, longer bones, etc. Development all the changes that take place during the life of an organism; a characteristic of all living things; ex: infancy, youth, puberty, adulthood, death
Plants PLANT TROPISM: Growth responses that result in curvature of plant organs towards or away from stimuli due to different rates of elongation Geotropism response to gravity; roots have positive geotropism; stems have negative geotropism Phototropism response to light (leaves) Hydrotropism response to water (roots) Thigmotropism response to touch (venus flytrap) Chemotropism response to chemicals
Class Practice Question #9 Hemoglobin carries oxygen to body cells. Which body system contains hemoglobin? A Circulatory system B Respiratory system C Endocrine system D Nervous system Blood carries everything, Exchanges gases, not carrying it Slow communication within or between systems Information sensing, storage and response
Practice Question #9 (on your student sheet) In the process of deamination, the liver converts amino acids to compounds that can be used in energy metabolism. The liver removes the amino acids to produce urea. Then the urea is removed from the body as urine. During this process, the liver works in conjunction with which body system? Actual EOC Question! Do you understand why? A Endocrine B Excretory C Nervous D Respiratory
Practice Question #10 (on your student sheet) The diagram shows part of one of the many feedback loops required to maintain homeostasis in the human body Actual EOC Question! This diagram suggests that which of the following could cause a low red blood cell count? A The growth of new bone tissue B Chronic kidney disease C Decreased levels of metabolic waste D An increased breathing rate Do you understand why?