Renaissance Biology Midterm Study Guide Answers

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1 Renaissance Biology Midterm Study Guide Answers LEARNING TARGET 1: List the characteristics of life Made of one or more cells Organization cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms Growth and Development Reproduction Response to Stimuli Adaptation/Evolution over time Requires energy - Metabolism (using energy) Maintains Homeostasis [List the 6 kingdoms, cell type, # of cells, and mode of nutrition] YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THIS FOR THE MIDTERM! Define the following modes of nutrition: autotroph, heterotroph Autotroph an organism that can make its own food Heterotroph an organism that relies on other organisms for nutrition Define cell Cell: the basic unit of life Define the following types of cells: prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell a cell without a nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic cell a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Give an example of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell PROKARYOTIC: Bacteria EUKARYOTIC: Plant or animal cell Define the following types of cellular transport: active transport, passive transport, diffusion, osmosis Active transport movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration [against the gradient] which requires energy Passive transport movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration without energy (Ex. Diffusion or Osmosis) Diffusion- The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does not require energy. Osmosis diffusion of water Draw a diagram for each of the following: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Hypertonic cell shrivels [higher concentration of solute outside cell water moves out] Hypotonic cell swells [high concentration of solute inside cell water moves in] Isotonic cell size stays the same [equal concentration in & out] IN ANIMAL CELLS

2 IN PLANT CELLS: Fill in the table, and fill in each column with the functions and whether it is in a P, A, or both Cell Organelle Plant/Animal/Both? Function Cell Membrane Support Protection Controls movement of materials in/out of cell Barrier between cell and its environment Maintains homeostasis Cell Wall PLANT Support (grow tall) Protection Allows H 2 O, O 2, CO 2 to diffuse in & out of cell Chloroplast PLANT Uses energy from sun to make food (glucose) for the plant Process called photosynthesis Release oxygen Chromatin Genetic material (DNA) that holds instructions for all functions of the cell Cytoplasm Supports and protects cell organelles

3 Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Nucleus Centriole ANIMAL ANIMAL Carries materials through cell Aids in making proteins Modify proteins made by the cells Package & export proteins Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules Digests old cell parts Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy Site of aerobic cellular respiration Controls cell activities Contains the hereditary material of the cell (DNA) Separate chromosome pairs during mitosis (cell division) Nucleolus Creates ribosomes Ribosome Synthesizes proteins Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes Vacuole Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants Central Vacuole Stores water in plant cells. PLANT Helps give plant cells their rigid shape List the 4 main elements that make up all living things Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen List the properties of water Adhesion, Cohesion, Surface Tension, Capillary Action, Polarity Be able to label the following: prokaryotic cell, plant cell, animal cell ANIMAL CELL

4 PLANT CELL: PROKARYOTIC CELL:

5 LEARNING TARGET 2: Define homeostasis and the two types of feedback loops HOMEOSTASIS: The ability for an organism to maintain internal stability POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS: A process that encourages a biological process or increases the action of a system. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS: A biological process that happens when your systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is happening. Give an example for each of the three processes listed above HOMEOSTASIS: Regulating blood sugar; healing a wound; Having a fever to kill a pathogen POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP: Blood clotting NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP: Body temperature regulation Make a table with 3 columns like the one below and fill in the chart for each of the body systems (See topic list on first page of study guide) Body System Form [What organs/structures make it up?] Function [What is its purpose?] Digestive See digestive notes Converting food into usable chemical energy for the body s cells; to remove unusable waste from the body Respiratory See respiratory notes Gas exchange: take in O2 and release CO2 and water; exchange

6 in the lungs/alveoli by diffusion with the capillaries Circulatory See circulatory notes Move blood containing nutrients, waste, hormones and other substances around the body Muscular See muscular notes Stability, movement, generating heat. Skeletal See skeletal notes Structure; generation of blood cells; connecting muscles to tissues; movement Nervous See nervous notes Sending and receiving electrical signals to/from the brain and to/from the body s cells for SHORT term response Endocrine See endocrine notes Sending and receiving chemical signals (hormones) to/from the brain and to/from the body s cells or LONG term response Excretory See excretory notes Removal of metabolic waste from the body s cells (water, amino acids, urea, etc.) LEARNING TARGET 3: Define metabolism Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions in the body Define the following types of metabolism: anabolic, catabolic Anabolic building up of molecules Catabolic breaking down of molecules Define ATP and draw a diagram of ATP ATP : Adenosine Triphosphate. The energy source for cells. Contains 2 sugar molecules, 1 Carbon molecule and 3 phosphate groups. Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis Write out the chemical equation for respiration

7 Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are connected [You can use a diagram] Label photosynthesis and cellular respiration as either anabolic or catabolic and explain why (see definitions) Photosynthesis: Anabolic - carbon dioxide + water + ATP glucose + oxygen Respiration: Catabolic - glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP Make a table like the one below with the 4 macromolecules and fill in each column Macromolecules, Biomolecules, Organic Compunds Subunits Monomers, Building Blocks Functions: Why are they important? Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are built by combining monosaccharide s (simple sugars) *Short-term energy storage *Quick-release energy Lipids: Fats Fatty Acids *Insulation: store body heat *Protection: cell membranes *Long-term energy storage Examples: Where can we find them? *Starch *Glycogen (liver) *Sugars glucose, fructose, sucrose *Celluose plant cell walls Fats Oils Waxes Steroids Cholesterol

8 Nucleic Acids Proteins Nucleotides made of: 1) Nitrogen base 2) Sugar compound 3) Phosphate group Amino Acids *Joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain (protein) Store and transmit genetic information *Change the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) *regulate cell processes *Give bodies structure *Transport materials into and out of the cell Ex: oxygen (hemoglobin) DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid Sugar: deoxyribose RNA Ribonucleicacid Sugar: ribose *Enzymes End in ase *Hemoglobin What 3 letters do carbohydrates (complex sugars) usually end in? Give an example. OSE. Glucose, sucrose, lactose, etc. Define the following terms: enzyme, optimum temperature, denaturation Enzyme speeds up the rate of a chemical reactions Optimum temperature the temp at which an enzyme works best Denaturation when the temp increases past optimum temp & the active site changes shape enzyme can no longer function What 3 letters do enzymes usually end in? ASE Draw a graph of enzyme activity with Temperature on the x-axis and Rate of Enzyme Action on the y-axis. Label speeding up chemical rxn, optimum temperature, and denaturation on the graph.

9 Be able to describe how food is digested and converted into chemical energy in our digestive organs and cells. LABELED BODY SYSTEMS: See handouts and guided notes LEARNING TARGET 4: LAB Equipment: See Handouts Function Mean: Add all numbers and divide by the number of items Mode: The number that is most frequent Median: Order numbers from least to greatest, cross out from left/right to center; middle number is the median if there are 2 medians, you find their mean. Lab safety rules: See Contract in binder Independent Variable: The variable that is changed by the scientist. Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured by the scientist changes depend on the independent variable Control: The part of the experiment that does not CHANGE! MICROSCOPE DIGRAM:

10 WRITING IN SCIENCE: ORGANIZATION topic sentence, evidence and details, conclusion IDEAS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE give evidence and detail, use examples, be clear with your writing!!!!