CELLS/TISSUE/ORGANS/ORGAN SYSTEM CELLS ARE THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE TISSUES ARE MADE OF CELLS ORGANS ARE MADE OF TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE MADE OF ORGANS THESE WORK TOGETHER TO HELP TO PROVIDE ALL CELLS WITH NUTRIENTS, OXYGEN, AND WASTE REMOVAL.
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS EACH SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF ORGANS AND TISSUES WHICH PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS THESE SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO KEEP THE BODY ALIVE AND HEALTHY CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
THE SKIN SKIN THE LARGEST ORGAN OF THE BODY THAT COVERS AND PROTECTS THE BODY FROM INJURY, INFECTION, AND WATER LOSS. PROTECTING THE BODY FORMS A BARRIER TO KEEP DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS AND HARMFUL SUBSTANCES OUT AND KEEPS WATER IN. MAINTAINING TEMPERATURE SKIN IS COMPOSED OF MANY BLOOD VESSELS THAT CAN EXPAND TO ALLOW MORE BLOOD FLOW. SKIN ALSO CONTAINS SWEAT GLANDS, WHICH PRODUCE PERSPIRATION TO COOL YOUR SKIN. ELIMINATING WASTES PERSPIRATION ALSO CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTES FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS.
SKIN IS MADE UP OF TWO LAYERS OF TISSUE: THE EPIDERMIS THIN, OUTER LAYER OF SKIN, WHICH DOES NOT CONTAIN NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS OUTER MOST CELLS ARE DEAD CELLS PRODUCE MELANIN, WHICH IS A PIGMENT THAT GIVES SKIN COLOR. THE DERMIS INNER LAYER OF SKIN BETWEEN EPIDERMIS AND FAT THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS CONTAINS SWEAT GLANDS, HAIRS AND OIL GLANDS PERSPIRATION LEAVES SKIN THROUGH PORES AND STRANDS OF HAIR GROWN IN FOLLICLES
SKIN IS ABLE TO PRODUCE NEW CELLS AND REPAIR ITSELF WHEN INJURED SCABS FORM TO PREVENT BACTERIA FROM ENTERING SKIN CELLS BENEATH SCAB MULTIPLY TO FILL IN GAP OF THE TORN SKIN SKIN GRAFTS, PIECES OF SKIN USED FROM ONE PART OF BODY TO REPAIR ANOTHER IN THE CASE OF SEVERE SKIN DAMAGE.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM MUSCLE AN ORGAN THAT CAN RELAX AND CONTRACT, PROVIDING THE FORCE TO MOVE YOUR BODY VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MUSCLES YOU ARE ABLE TO CONTROL INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE MUSCLES YOU CANNOT CONTROL
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE: SKELETAL MUSCLE ATTACHED TO BONES OF SKELETON; HAVE TENDONS, OR STRONG CONNECTIVE TISSUE ATTACHING MUSCLE TO BONE; CLASSIFIED AS VOLUNTARY. SMOOTH MUSCLE FOUND IN INTERNAL ORGANS; INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES THAT REACT MORE SLOWLY AND TIRE MORE SLOWLY. CARDIAC MUSCLE FOUND ONLY IN THE HEART; INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE THAT DOES NOT GET TIRED; CONTRACTS REPEATEDLY CONTRACTIONS ARE YOUR HEARTBEATS. Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
BECAUSE MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY CONTRACT, NOT EXTEND, SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK IN PAIRS. WHILE ONE MUSCLE CONTRACTS, THE OTHER MUSCLE IN THE PAIR RELAXES TO ITS ORIGINAL LENGTH. MUSCLE TISSUE IS MADE UP OF FIBERS, OR FUSED MUSCLE CELLS. EACH FIBER IS MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS CALLED MYOFIBRILS, WHICH ARE MADE UP OF EVEN SMALLER PROTEIN FILAMENTS CALLED MYOSIN (THICK) AND ACTIN (THIN).
SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETON MADE UP OF ALL THE BONES IN YOUR BODY; HAS FIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS GIVES SHAPE AND SUPPORT TO YOUR BODY BONES PROTECT YOUR INTERNAL ORGANS MAJOR MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO YOUR BONES BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED IN RED MARROW AT CENTER OF BONES CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ARE STORED FOR LATER USE BY THE BODY
BONE STRUCTURE BONES ARE ALIVE, THEREFORE THEY GROW AND DEVELOP PERIOSTEUM TOUGH MEMBRANE COVERING BONES SURFACE COMPACT BONE HARD, STRONG LAYER UNDER PERIOSTEUM SPONGY BONE FOUND TOWARDS ENDS OF LONG BONES; WITH MANY SMALL SPACES WITHIN IT MARROW SOFT, CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOUND WITHIN SPACES, TWO TYPES RED AND YELLOW RED PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS, YELLOW STORES FAT AS ENERGY RESERVE. CARTILAGE RUBBERY LAYER OF TISSUE FOUND AT THE ENDS OF BONES WHERE THEY FORM JOINTS.
JOINTS ANY PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES COME TOGETHER, HELD IN PLACE BY TOUGH BAND OF TISSUE LIGAMENT THE DIFFERENT JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT THEY ALLOW IMMOVEABLE JOINTS ALLOWS LITTLE OR NO MOVEMENT PIVOT JOINT ONE BONE ROTATES AROUND ANOTHER BALL AND SOCKET ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FITS INTO CUP-LIKE STRUCTURE OF ANOTHER HINGE JOINTS BACK AND FORTH MOVEMENT GLIDING JOINT ONE PART OF BONE SLIDES OVER ANOTHER
NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO DIVISIONS THAT WORK TOGETHER: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD AND IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY. BRAIN LOCATED IN THE SKULL HAS 3 MAIN REGIONS: CEREBRUM LARGEST PART, CONTROLS MOVEMENT, THE SENSES, SPEECH AND ABSTRACT THOUGHT CEREBELLUM COORDINATES ACTIONS OF MUSCLES AND HELPS MAINTAIN BALANCE BRAIN STEM CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING AND HEART RATE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) CONSISTS OF A NETWORK OF NERVES THAT BRANCH OUT FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONNECT IT TO THE REST OF THE BODY.
REFLEX AUTOMATIC RESPONSE THAT OCCURS VERY RAPIDLY AND WITHOUT CONSCIOUS CONTROL; HELPS TO PROTECT THE BODY. THE BODY HAS 5 SENSES: VISION LIGHT ENTERS YOUR EYES AND STIMULATES THE RODS AND CONES, OR CELLS FOUND IN YOUR RETINA THEY SEND IMPULSES TO THE OPTIC NERVE, THE BRAIN INTERPRETS THE IMAGE YOU SEE HEARING EARS PICK UP SOUND WAVES CAUSED BY VIBRATIONS THAT YOUR BRAIN INTERPRETS. SMELL & TASTE WORK CLOSELY TOGETHER DEPEND ON CHEMICALS THAT TRIGGER RESPONSES IN RECEPTORS IN THE NOSE AND MOUTH. TOUCH SENSORY RECEPTORS PICK UP CHANGES IN TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN AND TEMPERATURE AND SEND IMPULSES TO BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTION IS TO DISASSEMBLE THE FOOD YOU EAT INTO MOLECULES YOUR BODY CAN USE AS ENERGY. ONLY SMALL MOLECULES CAN PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE AND INTO THE CELL SO IT CAN BE USED. EX: WE BREAK STARCH ( A LARGE MOLECULES) DOWN INTO GLUCOSE (A SMALL MOLECULE THAT CAN CROSS CELL MEMBRANES) SO OUR CELLS CAN DO RESPIRATION AND MAKE ENERGY!
PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS STARCH GLUCOSE LIPIDS FATTY ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES SIMPLE SUGARS STEPS OF DIGESTION: INGESTION DIGESTIONS ABSORPTION EXCRETION
TYPES OF DIGESTION: MECHANICAL PHYSICALLY BREAKING FOOD DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES THIS CREATES MORE SURFACE AREA, SO ENZYMES CAN GET TO MORE MOLECULES CHEMICAL USE OF CHEMICALS AND ENZYMES TO BREAK FOOD INTO SUBSTANCES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED
THE MOUTH FOOD ENTERS TO BEGIN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS TEETH ARE USED FOR MECHANICAL DIGESTION TO BREAK THE FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES, SO IT CAN BE EASILY SWALLOWED. SALIVA CONTAINS AN ENZYME (AMYLASE) USED IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION, WHICH BREAKS DOWN STARCHES INTO SIMPLE SUGARS THE TONGUE IS YOUR STRONGEST MUSCLE USED TO MANIPULATE FOOD DURING MASTICATION THE ESOPHAGUS MUSCULAR TUBE MOVES FOOD TO THE STOMACH USING PERISTALSIS, OR WAVES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS. PERISTALSIS IS THE MOTION THAT PUSHES THE FOOD DOWN THE TUBE. THE TUBE PINCHES OFF ABOVE THE FOOD PUSHING IT TOWARD THE STOMACH YOU HAVE AN EPIGLOTTIS THAT COVERS YOUR ESOPHAGUS WHILE YOU ARE BREATHING AND COVERS YOUR TRACHEA WHILE YOU ARE SWALLOWING THIS PREVENTS FOOD FROM GOING DOWN THE WRONG TUBE
THE STOMACH FOOD IS DIGESTED MECHANICALLY BY PERISTALSIS AND CHEMICALLY BY DIGESTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID. THE SMALL INTESTINE MOST CHEMICAL DIGESTION TAKES PLACE HERE ALONG WITH ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS, WHICH IS INCREASED BY VILLI, OR SMALL PROJECTIONS THAT INCREASE SURFACE AREA. THE LIVER DURING DIGESTION THE LIVER PRODUCES BILE, A SUBSTANCE THAT BREAKS UP FAT PARTICLES, WHICH IS STORED IN THE GALL BLADDER. THE PANCREAS PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT FLOW INTO SMALL INTESTINE THAT HELP BREAK DOWN STARCHES, PROTEINS, AND FATS.
WHEN THE FOOD ARRIVES IN THE LARGE INTESTINE IT IS NUTRIENT FREE THE LARGE INTESTINE PULLS ANY EXCESS WATER OUT OF THE REMAINING INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL CREATING FECES THE LARGE INTESTINE IS FILLED WITH BACTERIA THAT HELP OUR DIGESTION PROCESS WHEN THE LARGE INTESTINE IS NOT REMOVING ENOUGH WATER, DIARRHEA WILL RESULT WHEN THE LARGE INTESTINE REMOVES TOO MUCH WATER, CONSTIPATION WILL OCCUR
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTION IS TO SUPPLY OXYGEN TO THE BODY AND REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER. BREATHING VS. RESPIRATION
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE NOSE AIR ENTERS THE BODY THROUGH THE NOSE INTO THE NASAL CAVITIES, WHICH ARE LINED WITH CELLS CALLED CILIA, OR TINY, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS THAT MOVE TOGETHER IN A SWEEPING MOTION. IT CLEANS, WARMS, AND MOISTENS THE AIR IT IS LINED WITH GLANDS, WHICH SECRETE MUCUS. THE MUCUS IS STORED IN SINUSES UNTIL IT CAN BE SWALLOWED.
THE PHARYNX AIR ENTERS THE PHARYNX, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE THROAT; TUBE-LIKE PASSAGEWAY ALSO USED BY FOOD AND LIQUID. (CONTAINS LARYNX CONTAINS THE VOCAL CHORDS)
THE TRACHEA TUBE HELD OPEN BY RINGS OF CARTILAGE CALLED THE WINDPIPE; LINED WITH CILIA AND MUCOUS. MICROSCOPIC MATERIALS ARE TRAPPED IN MUCUS. CILIA MOVE THESE BACK UP TO THE PHARYNX FOR REMOVAL EPIGLOTTIS SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT FOLDS OVER TRACHEA, WHICH PREVENTS FOOD OR LIQUID FROM ENTERING.
THE BRONCHI & LUNGS BRONCHI ARE PASSAGES THAT DIRECT AIR INTO THE LUNGS. THE LUNGS ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. BRONCHIOLES ARE THE SMALLEST TUBES OF BRONCHI, WHICH END IN CLUSTERS CALLED ALVEOLI, WHICH ARE TINY SACS OF LUNG TISSUE SPECIALIZED FOR THE MOVEMENT OF GASES BETWEEN AIR AND BLOOD.
DIAPHRAGM - LARGE SHEET OF MUSCLE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE RIB CAGE WHEN THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS IT INCREASES THE AREA IN YOUR LUNGS CAUSING YOU TO INHALE WHEN YOUR DIAPHRAGM RELAXES IT DECREASES THE AREA IN YOUR LUNGS PUSHING THE AIR OUT (EXHALE)
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM SYSTEM THAT ELIMINATES UREA, EXCESS WATER AND OTHER WASTES FROM YOUR BODY. THE STRUCTURES OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM INCLUDE: THE KIDNEYS MAJOR ORGANS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM THAT REMOVE WASTES BUT KEEP MATERIALS YOUR BODY NEEDS. EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS ABOUT A MILLION NEPHRONS, TINY FILTERING FACTORIES THAT REMOVE WASTE FROM BLOOD AND PRODUCE URINE.
THE NEPHRONS FILTER WASTE IN STAGES: BLOOD FLOWS FROM ARTERY INTO A NEPHRON IN THE KIDNEY BLOOD REACHES CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES UREA, WATER, GLUCOSE, AND OTHER MATERIALS ARE FILTERED FROM THE BLOOD. REMOVED MATERIALS PASS INTO A LONG TWISTING TUBE SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES. AS FILTERED MATERIALS FLOW THROUGH TUBE, WATER AND GLUCOSE ARE REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD; UREA STAYS IN THE TUBE. AFTER REABSORBING PROCESS IS COMPLETE, LIQUID THAT REMAINS IS CALLED URINE.
URETERS URINE FLOWS FROM THE KIDNEY THROUGH THESE NARROW TUBES AND CARRY URINE TO THE URINARY BLADDER. URINARY BLADDER SAC-LIKE MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT STORES URINE URETHRA SMALL TUBE IN WHICH URINE LEAVES THE BODY
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) CARRIES NEEDED SUBSTANCES TO CELLS AND CARRIES WASTE PRODUCTS AWAY FROM CELLS; BLOOD ALSO CONTAINS CELLS THAT FIGHT DISEASES.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCLUDES: THE HEART HOLLOW, MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT PUMPS BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY EACH HEART BEAT PUSHES BLOOD THROUGH THE BLOOD VESSELS. HAS 4 CHAMBERS ATRIUMS ARE THE UPPER TWO CHAMBERS; VENTRICLES ARE THE LOWER TWO CHAMBERS SEPTUM IS A WALL THAT SEPARATES THE RIGHT SIDE FROM THE LEFT PACEMAKER A GROUP OF CELLS LOCATED IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM THAT SENDS OUT A SIGNAL TO MAKE THE HEART CONTRACT VALVES SEPARATE ATRIA FROM VENTRICLE AND PREVENT BLOOD FROM FLOWING BACKWARD (LUB-DUB IS OPEN/CLOSE OF VALVES)
BLOOD VESSELS CARRY BLOOD TO EVERY PART OF YOUR BODY ARTERIES BLOOD VESSELS THAT MOVE BLOOD AWAY FROM HEART VEINS CARRY BLOOD BACK TO HEART CAPILLARIES MICROSCOPIC BLOOD VESSELS THAT CONNECT ARTERIES TO VEINS BLOOD PRESSURE FORCE OF BLOOD ON THE WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS PATTERN OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH TWO LOOPS WITH HEART AT CENTER LOOP ONE: BLOOD TRAVELS FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS AND THEN BACK TO THE HEART LOOP TWO: BLOOD IS PUMPED FROM THE HEART THROUGHOUT THE BODY AND THEN RETURNS AGAIN TO THE HEART.
BLOOD FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD INCLUDE: BLOOD CARRIES OXYGEN FROM LUNGS TO BODY CELLS; CARRIES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM CELLS TO LUNGS TO BE EXHALED. CARRIES WASTE PRODUCTS FROM CELLS TO YOUR KIDNEYS TO BE REMOVED. TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS TO CELLS CELLS AND MOLECULES IN BLOOD FIGHT INFECTIONS AND HEAL WOUNDS.
PARTS OF BLOOD INCLUDE: PLASMA LIQUID PART OF BLOOD MADE MOSTLY OF WATER; NUTRIENTS, MINERALS, AND OXYGEN ARE DISSOLVED. RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES) CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, A CHEMICAL THAT CARRIES OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE; SUPPLIES THE BODY WITH OXYGEN. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) FIGHT BACTERIA AND VIRUSES BY ENTERING INFECTED TISSUE, DESTROYING BACTERIA/VIRUS AND ABSORB DEAD CELLS. PLATELETS IRREGULARLY SHAPED CELL FRAGMENTS THAT HELP CLOT BLOOD.
BLOOD TYPES CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION TAGS IN THE BLOOD 4 BLOOD TYPES: A, B, AB, AND O DETERMINED BY PROTEINS KNOWN AS MARKER MOLECULES ON RED BLOOD CELLS; ALSO DETERMINE THE BLOOD YOU CAN RECEIVE IN TRANSFUSION. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM COLLECTS LYMPH, OR TISSUE FLUID THAT CONTAINS WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES AND RETURNS IT TO THE BLOOD. LYMPH NODES FILTER LYMPH, TRAPPING BACTERIA AND DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN THE FLUID.
ENDOCRINE & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PRODUCES CHEMICALS THAT CONTROL MANY OF THE BODY S DAILY ACTIVITIES; REGULATES LONG-TERM CHANGES SUCH AS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. ENDOCRINE GLANDS PRODUCE AND RELEASE HORMONES, CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOODSTREAM. HORMONES ONLY INTERACT WITH TARGET CELLS, OR THOSE THAT RECOGNIZE THE HORMONES CHEMICAL STRUCTURE INCLUDE THE HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, THYROID, PARATHYROID, ADRENAL, THYMUS, AND PANCREAS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, THE MALE AND FEMALE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING SEX CELLS NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING.