Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 215, No. 4: 171 175 doi: 1.17221/41/215-PSE Zin enrihment in whet genotypes under vrious methods of zin pplition B. Mthpl 1, P.C. Srivstv 2, D. Shnkhdhr 1, S.C. Shnkhdhr 1 1 Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, College of Bsi Sienes nd Humnities, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture nd Tehnology, Pntngr, Indi 2 Deprtment of Soil Siene, College of Agriulture, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture nd Tehnology, Pntngr, Indi ABSTRACT Around hlf of the erel growing soil in the world re zin (Zn)-defiient nd it severlly ffets the helth of plnts, nimls nd humns. In order to investigte the enrihment of Zn in erels pot experiment ws onduted in two ontrsting whet genotypes viz., (Zn effiient) nd (Zn ineffiient) under different methods of Zn pplition suh s ontrol ( Zn), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot), folir spry of.5% ZnSO 4 t 3, 6 nd 9 dys (tgged with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot) + folir spry of.5% ZnSO 4 t 3, 6 nd 9 dys (tgged with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot). Cultivrs showed mrked differene in 65 Zn umultion nd grin Zn ontent. In oth ontrsting genotypes the highest Zn ontent in grins ws reorded under soil pplition + folir spry of Zn fertilizers. Both nd showed similr umultion of 65 Zn in leves however, exhiited etter trnslotion effiieny nd umulted higher 65 Zn in stem nd grins thn. Keywords: Tritium estivum L.; zin defiieny; zin vilility; mironutrient; nutritionl qulity Whet (Tritium estivum L.) is n importnt stple food rop ll over the world. Averge yield of whet is severely ffeted y defiieny of nitrogen nd phosphorus followed y zin (Zn), mjor use of yield redution (Hotz nd Brun 24). Nerly 5% soil of erel-growing res in the world hs low Zn vilility. The prolem is most serious in res where soil ph nd CCO 3 ontent re high nd soil orgni mtter ontent is low (Mirzpour nd Khoshgoftr 26). Zin defiieny ffets one third of the world s popultion. The prolem is most serious in developing ountries, where out 5 7% of the dily lories re derived from erel grins (Ckmk 28). The effets of Zn defiieny on humn helth re signifint nd leding to growth retrdtion, redued immunity, lerning defiits, mentl retrdtion, DNA dmge et. (Prsd 27). There re mny ftors tht led to the Zn defiieny in griulturl soils. The min soil ftors re low totl ontent of Zn, soil ph, high ontents of lite, high onentrtions of ironte ions nd slts, high levels of ville phosphorus nd intertion with other nutrient element (Allowy 29). Zin fertiliztion hs een widely used to llevite Zn defiieny in rops in reent yers. Applition methods inlude diret soil mendment, pre-sowing seed soking nd folir spry. Zin is esily immoilized in the soil solution due to high soil ph; therefore, folir Zn pplition is generlly the most effetive mens for inresing grin Zn onentrtions (Wen et l. 211). Applition of mironutrient fertilizers to the rop folige inresed mironutrient onentrtions in grin. The most effetive method for inresing zin in grin ws the soil + folir pplition method. When high onentrtion of grin zin is imed in ddition to high grin yield, omined soil nd folir pplition is reommended (Bhrti et l. 213). Therefore, n ttempt hs een mde to evlute the trnslotion nd enrihment of 65 Zn in 171
Vol. 61, 215, No. 4: 171 175 Plnt Soil Environ. doi: 1.17221/41/215-PSE two ontrsting whet genotypes under vrious methods of Zn pplition. MATERIAL AND METHODS A ulk of surfe soil ( 15 m) ws olleted from E1 plot of the Normn E. Borluge Crop Reserh Center, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture nd Tehnology, Pntngr, Indi. The experimentl soil hd sndy lom texture, 7.4 ph nd.266 ds/m eletil ondutivity, 1.5 g orgni C, 7.9 mg Olsen s extrtle P/kg soil, 42.7 mg mmonium ette extrtle K/mg soil, 218 mg mmonium ette extrtle C/kg soil, 36 mg mmonium ette extrtle Mg/kg soil,.47 mg DTPA extrtle Zn/kg soil nd 25.3 mg DTPA extrtle Fe/kg soil. Soil ws low in K supply, medium in P supply nd high in C nd Mg supply. Two ontrsting whet genotypes viz. (Zn ineffiient) nd (Zn effiient) were used for the study nd the seeds of oth the genotypes were otined from the Deprtment of Genetis nd Plnt Breeding of the University. Seeds were llowed to germinte efore sowing. After the proessing, soil ws filled in plsti pots of 4 kg pity. A sl dose of nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium ws pplied to ll pots t the rte of 22.3 mg N, 11.6 mg P nd 18.5 mg K per kg soil using stok solutions of ure, KH 2 PO 4 nd KCl, respetively. The tretments pplied were ontrol ( Zn), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot), folir pplition of.5% ZnSO 4 (tgged with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot) t 3, 6 nd 9 dys fter plnting, soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot) + folir spry of.5% ZnSO 4 (tgged with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot) t 3, 6 nd 9 dys fter plnting in triplite. The experimentl design ws two ftoril ompletely rndomized designs. Plnts were hrvested t mturity nd the eril prts were prtitioned into leves, psuedostems, nd grins. Plnt smples were wshed with tp wter,.1 mol/l HCl nd susequently with distilled wter to remove the surfe ontmintion. Then the smples were dried nd 1 g of eh plnt prt ws digested in di-id (HNO 3 :HClO 4 in 4:1 v/v) nd finl volume ws mde up to 14 ml with doule distilled wter. Two ml liquot of eh digested smple ws used to reord tivities of 65 Zn on gmm ry spetrometer with NI rystl (model GRS 11P, Mumi, Indi). Ativity ws expressed s pm (ounts per min) per g dry weight of plnt smple. After reording the tivities of 65 Zn, onentrtion of Zn ws estimted in grins y tomi sorption spetrophotometer (ECIL, Hyderd, Indi) nd expressed s μg/g dry weight of plnt smple. The sttistil nlysis of ll the prmeters ws done y using the nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) using SPSS 16 (Bristrol, UK). The mens were tested t P.5 level of signifine. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grin, strw nd totl dry mtter. Grin yield, strw yield nd totl dry mtter of oth the whet ultivrs under different methods of Zn pplition re presented in Tle 1. produed higher grin yield s ompred to nd effet of ultivrs ws noted signifint. Surprisingly,, produed higher strw yield nd totl dry mtter s ompred to. Among different Zn pplition methods, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg of soil long with folir spry of.5% zin sulphte solution ws the most effetive s it inresed grin yield, strw yield nd totl dry mtter y 39.8, 9.9 nd 66.2%, respetively s ompred to ontrol. Soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil long with folir pplition of.5% zin sulphte solution inresed the grin yield, strw yield nd totl dry mtter y 24.4, 5.9 nd 4.9%, respetively, s ompred to soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil lone wheres the inrement ws 5.8, 18. nd 12.4%, respetively, in omprison to folir spry of.5% zin sulphte solution. The intertion effet of whet ultivrs nd different methods of Zn pplition signifintly ffeted the grin nd strw yield while the effet ws noted non-signifint for totl dry mtter. In, only folir spry of Zn solution nd omined soil nd folir pplition of Zn inresed grin yield y 36.9% nd 5.2% over ontrol, respetively. Likewise in, folir spry of Zn nd omined soil nd folir pplition of Zn inresed the grin yield y 27.2% nd 29.8% over ontrol, respetively. As regrd the strw yield, in, only folir spry of Zn solution nd oth soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil nd folir pplition of Zn inresed the strw yield y 51.7% nd 85.5%, respetively. In se of, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil, folir spry of Zn solution nd omined soil nd 172
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 215, No. 4: 171 175 Tle 1. Effet of different methods of zin pplition on grin weight/pot (g), strw weight/pot (g) nd totl dry mtter/pot (g) of two ontrsting whet genotypes ( Zn effiient, Zn ineffiient) Tretment Grin weight/pot Strw weight/pot Totl dry mtter/pot verge verge verge Control 1.95 1.91 1.93 2.1 1.97 1.99 3.95 3.88 3.91 Soil pplition 2.16 2.19 2.17 2.29 2.57 2.43 4.46 4.76 4.61 Folir pplition 2.67 2.44 2.55 3.5 3.4 3.22 5.73 5.84 5.78 Soil + folir pplition 2.93 2.48 2.7 3.73 3.88 3.8 6.65 6.36 6.5 Averge 2.42 2.25 2.33 2.77 2.95 2.86 5.19 5.21 5.2 SEM ± CD t 5% SEM ± CD t 5% SEM ± CD t 5% Cultivr (V).6.19.8.24.16.34 Tretment (T).9.28.1.34.11.49 V T.13.39.1.48.23 ns SEM stndrd error of men; ns non signifint; CD ritil differene doi: 1.17221/41/215-PSE folir pplition of Zn inresed the strw yield y 3.4, 72.5 nd 96.9% over ontrol, respetively. The results of the present study reveled tht the Zn pplition methods hd fvorle effet on grin yield, strw yield nd totl dry mtter umultion of oth ontrsting whet ultivrs. An inrese in the grin weight, strw weight nd totl dry mtter ws oserved with inresing regimes of Zn in oth the ultivrs. produed more grin yield s ompred to while the strw yield ws mesured higher in in omprison to. This lerly showed etter remoiliztion of rohydrtes from leves to grins of. The most prole reson of these results might e due to the role of Zn in hlorophyll iosynthesis, mintining hl : rtio, mintenne of photosyntheti mhinery nd iosynthesis of uxin, whih regulte the remoiliztion of rohydrtes to the grins (Rehmn et l. 212). The highest grin nd strw yields of oth the whet ultivrs ould e hieved with omined soil nd folir pplition of Zn (Krk nd Ds 26). Similrly, inresed in grin yield (15.85% higher tht ontrol) nd iologil yield ws reorded y the omined pplition of soil nd folir spry of zin sulphte (2 kg Zn/h) s ompred to ontrol in whet ultivrs differing in their Zn effiieny (Bhrti et l. 213). Gom et l. (215) lso reported inresed grin yield with folir pplition of mironutrient s ompred to soil pplition. Aumultion of 65 Zn in different plnt prts. Counts per min of 65 Zn in leves, stem nd grins of oth whet ultivrs re presented in Figure 1. Irrespetive of the Zn pplition method, umulted more 65 Zn in stem nd grins thn ; however, the umultion of 65 Zn in leves of oth the ultivrs ws sttistilly similr. Regrding the methods of Zn pplition, the highest umultion of 65 Zn ws reorded with omined soil nd folir pplition of Zn followed y folir pplition nd lest umultion ws noted with soil pplition of Zn. Intertion effet of ultivr nd methods of Zn pplition showed tht umulted higher 65 Zn in ll the plnt prts s ompred to when Zn ws pplied through soil nd folir spry, individully. With omined soil nd folir pplition of Zn fertilizer nd showed similr umultion of Zn, however, showed etter trnslotion effiieny thn nd umulted higher 65 Zn in stem nd grins. The dt regrding the 65 Zn umultion lerly reveled tht umulted more 65 Zn in leves s well s in stem nd grins. This showed etter uptke nd trnslotion effiieny of s ompred to whih umulted omprtively lesser mount of 65 Zn in ll the plnt prts. Efflux trnsporter genes of niotinmine (ENA1 nd ENA2) ply very importnt role in Zn uptke nd trnsport in the plnts nd thus determine trnslotion effiieny of the plnt (Nozoye et l. 212). Inresed mounts of NA nd DMA (de-oxymugeini id) re involved in the effiient trnslotion of zin nd iron into rie grins (Koyshi nd Nishizw 212). Shnkhdhr et 173
r pplition Tretments pplition Tretments CPM vlues/g dry weight of lef CPM vlues/g dry weight of grins CPM vlues/g dry CPM wt. vlues/g of lef dry wt. of lef 15 1 CPM vlues/g dry CPM wt. vlues/g of grins dry wt. of grins Soil+Folir pplition Vol. 61, 215, No. 4: 171 175 doi: 1.17221/41/215-PSE 25 2 25 25 25 15 2 2 2 1 CPM vlues/g dry wt. of lef 5 CPM vlues/g dry wt. of grins 15 15 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 15 15 Soil pplition Soil pplition Soil pplition 9 Folir pplition Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition l. (2) lso reported similr genotypi vri- Tretments tion in trnslotion nd umultion of 65 Zn in rie. Similrly, uptke of Zn ws found to e inresed under inresing regimes of Zn (Shehu nd Jml 21). Aumultion of Zn in grins of whet ws lso found to e higher when Zn ws pplied through oth soil nd folir pplition (Zho et l. 211) nd through folir pplition lone (Zhng et l. 212) s ompred to no pplition of Zn. Zin ontent. The effet of different methods of Zn pplition on Zn onentrtion in grins of oth ontrsting whet ultivrs is presented 25 in Figure 2. The min effet of ultivr showed tht grins of hd signifintly higher 2 Zn onentrtion thn. The min effet of methods of Zn pplition indited tht omined 15 soil pplition + folir spry of Zn fertilizer ws most effetive in inresing the grin Zn onentrtion followed y folir pplition lone nd the 1 lowest inrese ws noted with soil pplition of 5 Zn. Intertion effet of ultivr nd method of Zn pplition indited tht hd higher grin Zn onentrtion thn those of, with oth omined soil + folir pplition nd with Soil+Folir pplition 174 Soil pplition Soil pplition Soil pplition Folir pplition Tretments 3 Folir pplition Folir pplition Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition 15 75 CPM vlues/g dry wt of stem 75 6 45 Applition Tretments Soil+Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition 75 Tretments Tretments 6 75 75 45 Tretments 6 6 3 45 45 15 CPM vlues/g dry wt. of lef Soil pplition Soil Folir Soil + folir Soil pplition Folir pplition Tretments Folir pplition CPM CPM vlues/g dry CPM weight wt vlues/g of stem of dry stem wt of stem Soil+Folir pplition 9 6 9 CPM vlues/g dry wt of stem 9 75 9 75 45 75 6 6 3 6 45 45 15 45 3 3 3 15 15 Soil pplition Soil+Folir pplition Soil pplition Soil pplition folir spry of Zn fertilizers. Surprisingly, hd higher Zn onentrtion in grins s ompred to with soil pplition of Zn. Among the different methods of Zn pplition soil + folir pplition ws found to e most effetive in inresing Zn onentrtion in grins of oth the ultivrs. Irrespetive of the Zn pplition methods, ontin higher onentrtion of zin s ompred to. Khn et l. d d Folir pplition Folir pplition Folir pplition Tretments Applition Tretments Tretments Soil+Folir pplition Soil+Folir pplition Figure 2. Effet of different methods of zin pplition 15 on zin onentrtion (µg/g) in grins of two ontrsting whet genotypes. Dissimilr letters over histogrms indite sttistilly signifint differene t P <.5. Zn effiient; Zn ineffiient Figure 1. Enrihment of 65 Zn in different plnt prts of two ontrsting genotypes of whet. Dissimilr letters over histogrms indite sttistilly signifint differene t P <.5. CPM ounts per min; Zn effiient; Zn ineffiient Zn onentrtion 4 75 3 2 1 Control Soil+Folir pplition Soil Folir Soil + folir CPM vlues/g dry wt of stem 9 75 6 45 Soil Folir Soil + folir Applition 3 Soil pplition Plnt Soil Environ. Folir pplition Tretments Soil+Folir pplition ins 6
Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 61, 215, No. 4: 171 175 doi: 1.17221/41/215-PSE (212), reported perent inrese of 13.8% in Zn ontent in rie grins y the pplition of 15 kg Zn/h s ompred to ontrol. Mximum Zn ontent ws reported in whet grins under soil pplied 2 kg Zn/h long with folir spry of.5% of zin sulphte (Bhrti et l. 213). Reently, the highest Zn ontent ws reported in whet grins under folir pplition of Zn (Shivy et l. 215). In onlusion, irrespetive of the Zn effiieny, the highest yield ws otined y omined soil (5 mg Zn/kg soil) nd folir pplition of Zn (.5% zin sulphte) fertilizers. Regrding the Zn effiieny, showed etter trnslotion effiieny, thus umulted more Zn in grins thn. The highest onentrtion of Zn in grins ould e otined y soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir sprys of.5% zin sulphte. Aknowledgement Support of the NAIP, ICAR, New Delhi, during the period of this study is duly knowledged. REFERENCES Allowy B.J. (29): Soil ftors ssoited with zin defiieny in rops nd humns. Environmentl Geohemistry nd Helth, 31: 537 548. Bhrti K., Pndey N., Shnkhdhr D., Srivstv P.C., Shnkhdhr S.C. (213): Evlution of some promising whet genotypes (Tritium estivum L.) t different zin regimes for rop prodution. Cerel Reserh Communitions, 41: 539 549. Bhrti K., Pndey N., Shnkhdhr D., Srivstv P.C., Shnkhdhr S.C. (213): Improving nutritionl qulity of whet through soil nd folir zin pplition. Plnt, Soil nd Environment, 59: 348 352. Ckmk I. (28): Enrihment of erel grins with zin: Agronomi or geneti iofortifition. Plnt nd Soil, 32: 1 17. Gom M.A., Rdwn F.I., Kndil E.E., Sehm M.A., El-Zweek (215): Effet of some mro nd mironutrients pplition methods on produtivity nd qulity of whet (Tritium estivum, L.). Middle Est Journl of Agriulture Reserh, 4: 1 11. Hotz C., Brun K.H. (24): Assessment of the risk of zin defiieny in popultions nd options for its ontrol. Journl of Food Nutrition Bulletin, 2: 94 24. Krk T., Ds D. (26): Effet of folir pplition of different soures of Zn pplition on the hnges in Zn ontent, uptke nd yield of rie (Oryz stiv L.). In: Proeedings of the 18 th World Congress of Soil Siene, July 9 15, Phildelphi. Khn P., Memon M.Y., Imtiz M., Depr N., Aslm M., Memon M.S., Shh J.A. (212): Determining the zin requirements of rie genotype Srshr evolved t NIA, Tndojm. Srhd Journl of Agriulture, 28: 232 24. Koyshi T., Nishizw N.K. (212): Iron uptke, trnslotion, nd regultion in higher plnts. Annul Review of Plnt Biol ogy, 63: 131 152. Mirzpour M.H., Khoshgoftr A.H. (26): Zin pplition effets on yield nd seed oil ontent of sunflower grown on sline lreous soil. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 29: 1719 1727. Nozoye T., Ngsk S., Koyshi T., Tkhshi M., Sto Y., Sto Y., Uozumi N., Koyshi T., Nishizw N.K. (212): Iron uptke, trnslotion, nd regultion in higher plnts. Annul Review of Plnt Biology, 63: 131 152. Prsd A.S. (27): Zin: Mehnisms of host defense. Journl of Nutrition, 137: 1345 1349. Rehmn H., Aziz T., Frooq M., Wkeel A., Rengel Z. (212): Zin nutrition in rie prodution systems: A review. Plnt nd Soil, 361: 23 226. Shnkhdhr S.C., Shnkhdhr D., Shrm H.C., Mni S.C., Pnt R.C. (2): Genotypi vrition of zin-65 uptke nd distriution in rie (Oryz stiv L.). Journl of Plnt Biology, 27: 253 257. Shehu H.E., Jml G.Y. (21): Aville Zn distriution, response nd uptke of rie (Oriz stiv) to pplied Zn long toposequene of lke Gerio Fdm soils t Yol, North-estern Nigeri. Journl of Amerin Siene, 6: 113 116. Shivy Y.S., Prsd R., Singh R.K., Pl M. (215): Reltive effiieny of zin-oted ure nd soil nd folir pplition of zin sulphte on yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potssium, zin nd iron iofortifition in grins nd uptke y smti rie (Oryz stiv L.). Journl of Agriulturl Siene. doi: 1.5539/js.v7np161. Wen Y.X., Hong T.X., Chun L.X., Willim G., Xin C.Y. (211): Folir zin fertiliztion improves the zin nutritionl vlue of whet (Tritium estivum L.) grin. Afrin Journl of Biotehnology, 1: 14778 14785. Zhng Y.Q., Sun Y.X., Ye Y.L., Krim M.R., Xue Y.F., Yn P., Meng Q.F., Cui Z.L., Ckmk I., Hng F.S., Zou C.Q. (212): Zin iofortifition of whet through fertilizer pplitions in different lotions of Chin. Field Crops Reserh, 125: 1 7. Zho A., Lu X.C., Chen Z.H., Tin X.H., Yng X.W. (211): Zin fertiliztion methods on zin sorption nd trnslotion in whet. Journl of Agriulturl Siene, 3: 28 35. Reeived on Jnury 2, 215 Aepted on Mrh 31, 215 Corresponding uthor: Dr. Shilesh Chndr Shnkhdhr, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture nd Tehnology Pntngr, College of Bsi Sienes nd Humnities, Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, 263 145 Uttrkhnd, Indi; e-mil: shnkhdhr.s@rediffmil.om 175