Scial Learning Theries - Careful scientific prcedures and methdlgy that characterize the behaviurist apprach Albert Bandura - Brn in small twn Alberta - Plish decent - Only sn with 5 sisters - Interested in the rle f mdelling; led him t explre the cmpnents underlying bservatinal behaviur - Did the Bb Dll study - Human behaviur is due t the interplay f cgnitive, behaviural and envirnmental factrs An Agentic Perspective - Agentic perspective: emerges in Bandura s scicgnitive view f persnality - Earlier learning theries depended n principles f reinfrcement t accunt fr hw human behaviur is develped r changed - Bandura viewed peple as agents, r riginatrs f experience - Human agency is the ability t act and make things happen - Persnal agency ccurs within a larger netwrk f scistructural influences in which peple cnstruct and are cnstructed by scial systems - Human agency entails: Intentinality: enables us t behave purpsefully Frethught: permits us t anticipate utcmes Reactiveness: the ability t reflect n ur thughts and behaviur and make changes as needed - The agentic self is scially cnstructed thrugh experiences in the envirnment - Recgnizes the self as agent f actins
Triadic Reciprcal Causatin - The regulatin f human behaviur by the interplay f behaviural, cgnitive and envirnmental factrs - 3 types f factrs perate as interlcking determinants f ne anther: Persnal (Cgnitive, affective and bilgical) determinants Behaviural determinants Envirnmental determinants - Peple s beliefs and expectatins als influence behaviur - Bandura s cncept is significant because it emphasizes the reciprcal nature f the interactin amng all 3 factrs - Cgnitive prcesses determine which stimuli we will recgnize, hw we perceive them and hw we will act upn them; permits us t use symbls; we act reflectively rather than autmatically - Cncieves the self as a self-system - Self-System: cgnitive structures that prvide reference mechanisms a set f subfunctins fr the perceptin, evaluatin and regulatin f behaviur - The self in the scial learning thery is a grup f cgnitive prcesses and structures (persnal determinants) by which peple relate t in their envirnment and that help t shape their behaviur Learning thrugh Observatin - Bandura emphasizes the pwer and pervasiveness f scial mdelling and the prcess f learning thrugh bservatin r by example withut any direct reinfrcement - Observatinal Learning: ccurs either intentinally r accidentally - Practice- when parents repeat meaningful wrds ver and ver again fr a child t learn - Can prduce innvative and creative behaviur - Distinguishes between imitatin (mimicking the mdel) and mdeling (matching the structure r style f the behaviur) - 3 factrs that influence mdelling:
Characteristics f the mdel: mre likely t be influenced by smene wh we believe is similar t urselves than by smene wh is different Attributes f the bserver: peple wh are lacking in self-esteem r wh are incmpetent are especially prne t fllw the structure and style f a mdel; highly dependant individuals wh have been als rewarded befre fr cnfrming Reward cnsequences assciated with a behaviur: mre likely t emulate a behaviur if they believe that such actins will lead t psitive shrt- r lng-term results - 4 interrelated prcesses gvern the develpment f bservatinal learning: Attentinal prcesses- the characteristics f the mdel, the nature f the activity the nature f the subject Retentin prcesses- when yu bserve smene s behaviur withut immediately perfrming the respnse, yu have t represent it in sme way in rder t be able t use it later as a guide fr actin; 2 types f systems facilitate retentin: Verbal Imaginal Mtr prductin prcesses- individual has t cnvert the symblic representatin f the behaviur int apprpriate actins; cgnitive rganizatin f the respnse, initiatin f the respnse, mnitring f the respnse and refinement f the respnse Mtivatinal prcesses- distinguishes between acquisitin (what a persn has learned and can d) and perfrmance (what a persn actually des); n behaviur ccurs withut sufficient incentive Frm Reinfrcement t Self-Regulatin - Almst any behaviur can be learned withut the direct experience f reinfrcement - Observatinal learning ccurs thrugh symblic prcesses while ne is being expsed t the mdeled activity and befre any respnse has been made - A persn s anticipatin f a reward r punishment influences hw he r she behaves - Extrinsic Reinfrcement: arbitrary r scially arranged rather than the natural utcme f the behaviur; medal fr an athlete and an A n a term paper
- What peple make f incentives, rather than the incentive itself determines hw extrinsic rewards affect mtivatin - Intrinsic Reinfrcement: naturally related t behaviur; relaxatin exercises relieve muscle fatigue - Vicarius Reinfrcement: when we learn apprpriate behaviur frm the mistakes and success f thers; chid sees brther getting spanked fr talking back, s child desn t talk back - Self-generated mtivatin is the mst imprtant - Self-reinfrcement: increases perfrmance thrugh its mtivatinal functin; runner running 5k and feeling cntent - Self-regulatin influencing ne s wn behaviur - Self-mnitring: paying attentin t ne s wn behaviur - PG.-218 - Self-judgement: evaluating ne s wn behaviur - Affective self-reactin: gverns subsequent curses f actin Aggressin, Inhumane Behaviur and Mral Disengagement - Bb dll study - Bandura cncluded that the frequent expsure t aggressin and vilence n televisin encurages children t behave aggressively - Mral Disengagement: permits individuals and institutins t perpetuate and encurage vilence and ther inhumane activities while justifying and exnerating their behaviur - Scial cgnitive thery bases mral agency in a self-regulatry system in which ne cntrls ne s behaviur by mnitring and evaluating it in terms f internal standards and situatinal circumstances Self-Efficacy - Peple s belief that they can successfully perfrm behaviurs that will prduce desired effects - Self-esteem entails judgements f self-wrth - Whereas, self-efficacy entails judgements f persnal capacity
- Cllective efficacy: refers t a grup s shared belief in its ability t rganize and carry ut actins that will lead t fulfillment f certain grup gals - Cmmunal mastery: the belief that ne can succeed by being clsely intercnnected with thers - Empwerment can arise nly thrugh self-efficacy Psychtherapy and Behaviur Mdificatin - Mdeling can be used t aid in changing behaviurs - In mst cases, a mdel r mdels explain r illustrate an apprpriate way f handling a situatin and the patient is encuraged t emulate the mdel - Peple wh behave in dysfunctinal ways are lw in self-efficacy - Reciprcal causatin: assumes that behaviur is cntrlled by bth the persn and the envirnment - Change is maintained when: The new behaviur has a functinal value fr the individual There are strng scial and envirnmental supprts fr the behaviur An individual s wn self-evaluatin becmes an imprtant reinfrcer - Encurages the use f cntemprary technlgies t help mdify behaviur - Scial media has used gamificatin t engage peple and slve prblems - Gamificatin: the use f game techniques and psitive reinfrcement Bandura s Thery - Experimental research and emulates a scientific mdel - Clinical appeal - Bandura s reintrductin f internal variables, his emphasis n triadic reciprcal causatin, and his investigatin f human participants allw his thery t deal with cmplex scial respnses adequately - Did nt acknwledge the philsphical cmmitments