M2.(a) (i) idea of normal food / diet e.g. the same as usual or the same as before allow balanced diet allow none of the slimming programmes ignore healthy diet for comparison accept to show the test is valid allow to show the effect of the slimming programmes allow to see if the slimming programmes work ignore idea of fair test / reliable do not allow accurate / precise (i) (at first) large / rapid (loss / change of body mass) then small (loss / change) / levelling off accept loss of mass decreased for 2 marks all lost body mass (compared to the control group) [5] M3. (a) Y - spinal cord / central nervous system / CNS do not accept spine ignore nerve / nervous system / coordinator ignore grey / white matter W - receptor / nerve ending ignore sensory / neurone / stimulus Page 6
X - effector / muscle allow gland any two from: eg accept reverse argument for each marking point reflex action quicker effect of reflex action over shorter period hormone involves blood system and reflex involves neurones / nerve cells ignore nervous system / nerves reflex involves impulses and hormone involves chemicals reflex action affects only one part of the body ignore involves brain ignore outside / inside stimuli 2 [5] M4.(a) (i) lower percentage (of women) who died allow fewer (women) died numerical reference to a pair of figures to show this allow any difference in a pair of figures doctors were not transferring ignore reference to nurses pathogens / bacteria / viruses / microorganisms / microbes allow fungi Page 7
ignore disease / germs / infection any three from: lower percentage of patients died (when doctors washed hands or in ward A) allow fewer for lower percentage large decrease or reference to proportional decrease ignore raw data little / no difference / similar to ward B continued drop (in ward A) 3 (c) any two from: better understanding / knowledge of immunity accept ref to immunisation / vaccination better / new drugs accept examples, e.g. antibiotics / penicillin (discovered) allow better / new medicines sterilisation of equipment or isolation of patients or some infectious diseases wiped out or earlier identification / treatment of infections ignore references to general hygiene 2 [9] M5. (a) FSH / follicle stimulating (hormone) LH / luteinising (hormone) either order any three from: max 2 if only advantages or only disadvantages discussed allow reverse arguments Page 8
advantages of Invocell eg low(er) cost quick(er) laboratory / incubator / equipment not needed more convenient ignore can be done in doctors surgery 3 disadvantages of Invocell eg low(er) success rate embryo development cannot be monitored can not be used where male is infertile only tested on 800 women (risk of) infection / pain in vagina ignore sedation argued conclusion must include reference to both advantages and disadvantages and must be at end of answer M6. (a) chance of getting pregnant decreases with age ignore figures chance of infertility increases with age (i) causes eggs to mature allow growth do not accept produced do not accept releases egg Page 9
ignore references to oestrogen / LH / uterus / womb causes egg release do not accept matures egg / growth of egg / produces egg ignore references to other hormones and uterus / womb (c) embryo allow (fertilised) egg divides insert (embryo) into womb / uterus ignore electric shock M7. argued evaluation large scale trial gave better results chose uneducated women so that if these women could use it correctly, women elsewhere would be able to uneducated women unlikely to give informed consent no placebo used pill with high dose of hormone / should have tried a range of doses / results not valid for other populations women not told pill was experimental / pill might have side effects / should have done pre-trial to check for side effects Page 20