Psychology Session 11 Psychological Disorders Date: November 18th, 2016 Course instructor: Cherry Chan Mothercraft College
Agenda 1. Normal vs. Abnormal 2. Communication disorders 3. Anxiety disorders 4. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders 5. Mood disorders 6. Gender dysphoria
DSM-V Diagnostic Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (May 2013) The goal is to provide a clear diagnostic categories such that clinicians and researchers can agree on which disorder they are studying and treating Evaluate the primary clinical diagnosis and incorporate other considerations: Medical Social Environmental (Wade, Tavris, Saucier, & Elias, 2014)
DSM-V: Definition of Abnormal Clinical significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior that indicate a dysfunction in mental functioning that are usually associated with significant distress or disability in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning. (Pomerantz, 2014, p. 153-154)
Normal vs. Abnormal Culture Personal distress Maladaptive Danger to self and others Legality (Wood, Wood, Boyd, Wood, & Desmarais, 2017)
Causes of psychological disorders Biological: structural or biochemical abnormality in the brain Psychodynamic: early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts Learning: abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are learned Cognitive perspective: negative thinking Humanistic: interruption towards self-actualization (Wood et al., 2017)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition: A: Deficit in social communication and social interaction 1. Social-emotional reciprocity 2. Non-verbal communicative behaviors used for interaction 3. Developing and maintaining relationships (APA, 2013)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition: B: Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (At least two of the following) Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects Rigid adherence to routines or patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior Fixated interests Hyper or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspect of environment (APA, 2013)
Communication disorders Difficulty with verbal or nonverbal communication Not caused by low cognitive ability Includes: Language disorder Speech sound disorder Child-onset fluency disorder Social communication disorder (APA, 2013)
Anxiety disorders
General anxiety disorder Uncontrollable, continuous worry that is accompanied by physical symptoms including irritability, tenseness, and restlessness Anxiety is not specific to one issue or event Worrying about a variety of everyday events for 6 months or more. (Wade et al., 2014)
Panic Disorder Person experience unpredictable attacks characterized by anxiety, fear, or terror. Panic attacks (4 or more of the following): Pounding heart Sweating Shaking Feeling of unreality Fear of losing control Fear of dying (Wood et al., 2017; APA, 2013)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Re-experiencing traumatic event (Intrusion symptom) Recurrent dreams, reliving the event Avoidance distressing memories, thoughts or feelings of the event Negative cognition and mood Blaming self or others, estrangement from others, diminished interest in activities Arousal Aggressive or self-destructive behaviors, hypervigilance, sleep disturbances (APA, 2013)
Phobias Specific phobia: situations, natural environment, animals, blood-injection-injury Agoraphobia: fear of being in a situation where one cannot escape Social anxiety disorder: fear of social or performance situations (Wood et al., 2017)
Obsessive compulsive disorder Obsession: persistent thoughts that one cannot control and cause distress Compulsion: persistent and irresistible urge to act on the obsession Symptoms of OCD in children include: Aggressive obsessions Superstitions Hoarding Ordering Somatic concerns (Parritz & Troy, 2014; Wood et al., 2017)
Eating Disorders Commonly diagnosed with depression Distorted body perceptions Denial of seriousness of weight loss I am fat Compensatory behaviors Excessive exercise Vomiting Use of laxatives Anorexia nervosa Has restricting and binge eating/purging subtype Restriction of energy intake leading to severe weight loss Intense fear of gaining weight Distorted body perceptions (APA, 2013; Parritz & Troy, 2014)
Bulimia nervosa Binge eating episode Eating Disorders Eat large amounts of food within 2 hour period Having a sense of lack of control over eating during the binge eating episode Engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (at least once a week for 3 months) Binge eating disorder Reccuring binge eating episodes with 3 or more of: Eating more quickly than usual Eating until feeling uncomfortably full Eating large amounts of food despite not feeling hunger Eating alone due to embarrassment Feeling disgusted with oneself or guilty (APA, 2013)
Somatic Symptom and related disorders Physical symptoms are explained by psychological causes Individuals are concerned with their appearance or bodily functions Somatic symptom disorder: individuals who are concerned about their health and are experiencing physical symptoms Illness anxiety disorder: individuals with high health anxiety without physical symptoms Conversion disorder: loss of motor or sensory functioning (Wood et al., 2014; APA 2013)
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Usually begins in early adolescence or early adulthood Characteristics: Delusions and hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized behaviors Impaired cognitions (Wood et al., 2017)
Positive vs. negative symptoms Positive symptoms: having thoughts and behaviors that are not characteristic of normal functioning Hallucinations Delusions Inappropriate affect Negative symptoms: loss of thoughts and behaviors that constitutes normal functioning Loss of motivation Apathy (Wood et al., 2017)
Delusions vs. Hallucinations Delusions: false beliefs Delusions of grandeur: one s belief that he/she is an important person Delusions of persecution: one s belief that other people are after him/her Hallucinations: imaginary sensations (Wood et al., 2017)
Mood disorders
Major Depressive Episode Two or more of the following symptoms Poor appetite or overeating Sleeping too little or too much Low energy levels Low self-esteem, feeling worthless Difficulty concentrating or making decisions Feelings of hopelessness Having thoughts of death (APA, 2013; Oltmanns & Emery, 2014)
Manic Episode Three or more symptoms: Racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Decreased need for sleep Sleeping 3 hours or less but feel very rested Easily distracted Increased goal-directed activities Excessive involvement in high risk activities i.e. sexual activities, shopping sprees, business investments (APA, 2013; Oltmanns & Emery, 2014)
Major depressive disorder Must have one of the two symptoms: Loss of ability to experience pleasure Depressed mood Persistent depressive disorder: depressed mood for a longer period of time (2 years or longer) Seasonal affective disorder: depressed mood varied by season Most commonly occurring in winter (Oltmanns & Emery, 2014; Wood et al., 2017)
Gender Causes of Major Depressive Disorder Women are 2-3 times more likely to have depression in comparison to men Genetic factors Life experiences and circumstances Loss of important relationships Negative ways of thinking (Oltmanns & Emery, 2014; Wade et al., 2014)
Bipolar disorder Combination of extreme highs and extreme lows Cyclothymia: chronic, but less severe form of Bipolar Disorder Rapid cycling: a person experiencing 4 episodes of major depression or mania within a year (Oltmanns & Emery, 2014; Wood et al., 2017)
Gender Dysphoria Individuals feel that they are more like the other gender with the exception of their physical anatomy for more than 6 months Most individuals are aware of this feeling in childhood. For children, the desire to be the other gender must be felt and verbalized. Characteristics include: Strong desire to be treated as the other gender Strong desire to get rid of one s sexual characteristics Strong belief that one has typical feelings and reactions of the other gender (Oltmanns & Emery, 2014)
References American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (5 th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Oltmanns, T.F., & Emery, R.E. (2014). Abnormal Psychology (8 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Parritz, R.H., & Troy, M.F. (2014). Disorders of childhood: Development and Psychopathology (2 nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Pomerantz, A.M. (2014). Clinical psychology: Science, practice, and culture (3 rd ed., DSM-V Update). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Wade, C., Tavris, C., Saucier, D., Elias, L. (2014). Psychology (4 th Canadian ed., DSM-5 Update ed., 4 th ed.). Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada. Wood, S.E., Wood, E.G., Boyd, D., Wood, E., & Desmarais, S. (2017). The world of psychology (7 th Canadian ed). Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada.