Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 5 (8): 744-75, 006 ISSN 168-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 006 Effect of Adding Methionine Hydroxy Anlogue s Methionine Source t the Commercil Requirement Recommendtion on Production Performnce nd Evidence of Ascites Syndrome of Mle Broiler Chicks Fed Corn-Soyen Bsed Chiypoom Bunchsk, Tkwn Sooksridng nd Rtchdporn Chiypit Deprtment of Animl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, Ksetsrt University, Bngkhen, Bngkok, 10900, Thilnd Astrct: An experiment ws crried out to determine effects of dding liquid DL-methionine hydroxy nlog free cid (LMA) s source of dry DL-methionine (DLM) on growth performnce, crcss qulity nd incidence of scites syndrome during 0-6 weeks of ge. Nine hundred commercil mle roiler chicks (ROSS strin) were used. The chicks were divided into 6 groups; ech group consisted of 6 replictions of twenty five chicks ech, nd the chicks were kept in floor pens. Wter nd feed were offered d liitum throughout the experiment. The following six experimentl diets were provided: 1) corn-soyen sed diet deficient in methionine, ) corn-soyen sed diet deficient in methionine dded with DLM to meet its requirements 3) the first group dded with LMA t 88% ioefficcy compred to DLM of the second group 4) the first group dded with LMA t the 84% ioefficcy 5) the first group dded with LMA t the 80% ioefficcy nd 6) the first group dded with LMA t the 76% ioefficcy. The results showed tht during the strter period, weight gin of chicks fed LMA or DLM were significntly hevier thn chicks received methionine-deficient diet (P<0.01), whilst ddition of LMA t 88% ioefficcy of DLM slightly improved weight gin higher thn the DLM group. Adding DLM or LMA significntly improved feed conversion rtio (FCR) nd percentge of uniformity (P<0.01). No significnt differences were found etween supplementing DLM nd vrious LMA on these prmeters. During the grower period (3-6 weeks of ge), weight gin, FCR, uniformity nd feed intke of chicks tht received diet supplemented with DLM or LMA were superior to the methionine-deficient group (P<0.01). Outer rest met yields ws significntly improved (P<0.05) nd dominl ft slightly decresed when methionine sources were dded, while dding LMA t 80% ioefficcy of DLM tends to promote edile met growth more thn the other groups. As for incidence of scites syndrome, significnt effects of methionine sources on hert chrcteristic nd hemtocrit vlue were not seen, ut dding methionine significntly depressed plsm triiodothyronine (T 3) (t 1 dys of ge) nd seemed to increse plsm uric cid level. This suggests tht LMA is n cceptle source of methionine for roiler chicks fed corn-soyen mel diets from dy-old to mrket weight, if mximl growth performnces re used s response criteri concerning commercil methionine requirements recommendtion. Moreover, ntgonistic effect of T 3 nd uric cid in plsm due to methionine supplementtion my e key fctor to eliminte occurrence of scites syndrome in high productive chicks. Key words: Crcss qulity, growth performnce, scites, methionine sources Introduction Dry DL-methionine (DLM) nd liquid DL--hydroxy-4- (methylthio) utnoic cid (LMA) re commonly used in poultry diet, prticulrly sed on corn-soyen. However, severl investigtors hve reported tht the verge reltive iovilility of LMA compred with DLM in vrious niml species rnged from 65 to 90% (Reid et l., 198; Vn Weerden nd Schutte, 1984; Scott, 1987; Hrms nd Russell, 1994; Hoehler nd Hooge, 003 nd Bunchsk nd Kewrun, 006). In roiler chickens, when used s the only source of sulphur mino cids (SAA), Bker nd Boeel (1980) reported tht the iovilility of purified form of LMA ws 78% of DLM. Similrly, sed on the regression coefficients, equimolr ioefficcy of LMA reltive to DLM ws 80% for dily weight gin nd 83% for feed conversion rtio (FCR) (Esteve-Grci nd Liurdo, 1997). Recently, sed on the recommendtion of NRC (1994), we found tht the reltive effectiveness of LMA compred to DLM for response in weight gin, FCR nd uniformity ws certinly not less thn 80% (Bunchsk nd Kewrun, 006). Additionlly, the reltive ioefficcies of LMA nd LDM etween strter nd grower periods my perhps e different (Bunchsk nd Kewrun, 006). However, s for the commercilly recommended level of methionine required to chieve mximl production performnce, it is generlly ccepted tht the recommendtion is lwys higher thn tht of NRC (1994). Bsed on different growth production trgets nd levels of methionine recommendtion, therefore, the reltive ioefficcy of LMA compred to DLM for production performnce my e different. 744
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid Tle 1: Composition of sl diet (%) Ingredients Strter Grower period period (0-3 wks (3-6 wks of ge) of ge) Corn (7.15 %CP) 46.4 54.6 Soyen mel (43.5 %CP) 4.79 34. Soyen oil 6.39 6.9 L-Lysine 0.07 0.0 L threonine 0.0 0.0 Monoclcium phosphte (C15/P1) 1.93 1.55 Choline chloride (60%) 0.10 0.7 Limestone (38.67%) 1.49 1.45 Sodium icronte (7%) 0.0 0.0 Slt 0.4 0.0 3 Premix 0.5 0.5 1 SACOX 10 0.05 0.05 MTB100 0.05 0.05 Totl 100 100 1. SACOX 10: Coccidostte product MTB 100: Mycotoxin 3 inder. Premix: BP 90 Broiler consist of Vitmin A 4.00 MIU; D 3 0.56 MIU; E 4.48 g; K3 0.68 g; B1 0.5 g; B.00 g; B6 0.68 g; B1 5.60 mg; Pntothenic cid 3.36 g; Nicin 6.80 g; Folic cid 0.17 g; Biotin 0.014 g; Choline chloride 00 g; Se 0.03 g; Fe 17. g; Mn 6.40 g Zn 6.40 g; Cu 3.0 g; I 0.3 g; Feed preservtive sustnt 4.80 g nd crrier dded to 1.00 kg premix. Nowdys, due to very successful genetic selection techniques nd nutritionl improvements,.5-.8 kg of ody weight of the chicks cn e chieved in 4 dys, while FCR is just round 1.7-1.8. Conversely, incidence of scites tht is condition in which excess mounts of fluids ccumultion in the ody cvity due to high metolic lods (metolic disorder) hs incresed worldwide over the pst severl yers. Enlrgement of hert nd ccumultion of fluid in pericrdium due to high ctivities of hert nd lungs to provide enough oxygen cuse development of scites syndrome (Julin, 1990 nd Government of Alert, 004). Recently, Kewrun nd Bunchsk (005) hve reported tht mle roiler chicks fed with LMA hd smller hert weight thn those fed with DLM supplementtion, while production performnce ws not different. Becuse of the different chemicl structure of LMA from DLM, Dnner nd Bessei (00) reported tht LMA does not represent complete mino cid nd hs to e trnsformed to methionine y trnsmintion. Kewrun nd Bunchsk (005) hypothesized tht different sources of methionine (LMA vs DLM) my hve different effects on lood circultion nd hert ctivities of the irds. However, there hs een no further report on this spect. Therefore, this study ws conducted to investigte reltive ioefficcy of LMA compred to DLM sed on the commercil recommendtion of totl sulfur mino cids requirement nd its effect on incidence of scetic syndrome of the mle roiler chicks from 0 to 6 weeks of ge fed with corn-soyen sed diet. Mterils nd Methods Mngement nd diets: The study hd completely rndomized design. Nine hundred commercil mle roiler chicks (ROSS-08 strin) were used during 0-6 weeks of ge. The chicks were divided into 6 groups; ech group consisted of 6 replictions of twenty five chicks ech. They were kept, mintined nd treted in complince with the ccepted stndrds for the humne tretment of nimls. The chicks were kept in floor pens (100X00 cm) locted in n evportive cooling house system; hence ech chick hd pproximtely 800 cm of floor spce. The lighting mngement nd vccintions were provided ccording to the commercil prctice. Diets were fed s 1-mm nd 3-mm pellet in the strter period (1-1 dys) nd the grower period (-4 dys), respectively. Wter nd feed were offered d liitum throughout the experiment. Two sources of methionine, DLM (Sumimet-P, 99% pure, Sumitomo Chemicl Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Jpn) nd LMA (Sumimet-L, contining 88% of ctive sustnce, Sumitomo Chemicl Co., Ltd.) were used. For experimentl diets formultion, the rtio etween DLM nd LMA rnged etween 88, 84, 80 nd 76% sed on the ssumption tht 100 units of liquid LMA cn e replced y 88, 84, 80 nd 76 units of DLM. Six experimentl diets (iso-nitrogenous, % crude protein nd iso-cloric, 3,100 kcl ME/kg during the strter period; nd 0% crude protein with 3,00 kcl ME/kg during the grower period) were provided s following: 1) A corn-soyen sed diet deficient in methionine, therefore, the clculted methionine+cysteine (TSAA) contents of the methionine-deficient diet in the strter nd grower periods were 0.75 nd 0.66%, respectively. ) A methionine-deficient diet dded with DLM to meet commercil requirements recommendtion (DLM were dded in methionine-deficient diet to rech TSAA content of 1.03% in the strter period nd 0.93% in the grower period). 3) A methionine-deficient diet dded with LMA 1.14 times (weight/weight) of DLM of the second group (88% ioefficcy of LMA reltive to DLM). 4) A methionine-deficient diet dded with LMA 1.19 times of DLM of the second group (84% ioefficcy of LMA reltive to DLM). 5) A methionine-deficient diet dded with LMA 1.5 times of DLM of the second group (80% ioefficcy of LMA reltive to DLM). 6) A methionine-deficient diet dded with LMA 1.3 times of DLM of the second group (76% ioefficcy of LMA reltive to DLM). Feed formul nd nutrients contined in the sl diet re shown in Tles 1 nd, respectively. The test sustnces were dded to liquots of the sl diet t the expense of corn strch (Tle 3). Feed smples were collected nd ground using 1-mm screen in 745
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid Tle : Nutrients in sl diet (ccording to theoreticl clcultion nd chemicl nlysis) Nutrients Strter diet Grower diet ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- Clculted Anlysis Clculted Anlysis Dry mtter - 93.6-90.94 Metolizle energy for poultry (Kcl/kg) 3100-300 - Crude protein (%).3 0 0.40 Crude ft (%) - 10.69-11.61 Methionine 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.7 Cysteine 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.8 Methionine+Cysteine 0.75 0.7 0.66 0.55 Asprgine.46.35.10.07 Threonine 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 Serine 1.17 0.95 1.01 0.97 Glutmine 4.45 4.18 3.74 3.79 Glycine 1.00 0.96 0.9 0.86 Alnine 1.07 1.07 0.98 0.96 Vline 1.11 0.99 0.99 0.89 Isoleucine 1.03 0.90 0.94 0.81 Leucine 1.84 1.79 1.63 1.66 Tyrosine 0.88 0.71 0.66 0.75 Phenyllnine 1.09 1.06 1.03 1.07 Histidine 0.6 0.66 0.57 0.59 Lysine 1.35 1.3 1.47 1.7 Proline 1.4 1.30 1.15 1.14 Arginine 1.59 1.44 1.50 1.9 grinder. All diets were nlyzed for protein, ft, clcium phosphotungstte-cronte (Life science dynmics of nd totl phosphorus ccording to the AOAC (1990) rnprn Co., LTD). methods. Amino cids composition of the sl diet in Crcss yield ws otined y weighing the irds efore oth strter nd grower periods were determined using nd fter fsting for 1 hours, leeding, sclding, Amino Acid Anlyzer. plucking, eviscertion, viscer nd dominl ft weighing nd eviscerted crcss weighing. According Mesurements: The following performnce vriles to Cel et l. (1987) the ft surrounding gizzrd ws were determined: weight gin, feed intke, FCR, lso counted s dominl ft. Hert of ech ird ws mortlity rte nd uniformity, for ech period nd for the o tken nd stored t -0 C until prmeter for hert totl period (1 to 4 dys). The chicks were weighed t disorder such s hert weight, right-left ventricle re, the end of ech period, while feed intke ws hert re, right-left ventricle weight nd right-left mesured dily. All pens were checked dily for ventricle thickness were mesured ccording to mortlity. For the determintion of feed intke nd FCR, McGovern et l. (001). the dy of deth nd the weight of the ded irds were included in the clcultion. Sttisticl nlysis: All dt were sttisticlly nlyzed At the end of experiment, fter overnight feed deprivtion, using the nlysis of vrince (ANOVA). The differences 18 chicks from ech group of which ody weights re etween the mens of groups were seprted y close to the group men were chosen nd killed using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (Duncn, 1955). CO to evlute crcss qulity. For CO killing, irds Sttements of sttisticl significnce re sed on were killed y sphyxition in n tmosphere of less P<0.05. All sttisticl nlyses were done in ccordnce thn % oxygen (ir displced y CO ) for 1.5-.0 min. with the method of Steel nd Torrie (1980). Before the irds were killed, lood from wing vein of ech ird ws tken in order to investigte hemtocrit (% of pck cell volume) nd plsm ws seprted from lood y centrifugtion t 3,000 x g t room temperture o for 10 min. nd stored t -0 C for chemicl nlysis. Heprin ws used in order to prohiit lood clotting. Susequently, rdioctivity ws counted for mesurement of level of triiodothyronine hormone (T 3) in plsm using commercil test kit (Dignostic Products Corportion) nd concentrtion of plsm uric cid ws determined y the colorimetric method using Results nd Discussion Growth performnce: Effects of experimentl diets on growth performnces of roiler chicks during 0-3 nd 3-6 weeks of ge re presented in Tle 4. During 0-3 weeks of ge, supplementing methionine sources (DLM or LMA) resulted in significnt improvement of growth performnce such s ody weight gin, feed intke, FCR nd uniformity (P<0.01). It seems tht LMA supplementtion t 88% ioefficcy of DLM hd slightly hevier ody weight thn the DLM group, while mortlity 746
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid Tle 3: Methionine sources nd corn strch supplements to the sl diet Groups Periods Supplementry Corn strch Methionine methionine (mg/100 g) contins (mg/100 g) in diet (%) Bsl diet (deficient in methionine) Strter period 0 367.0 0.35 Grower period 0 350.0 0.30 DLM Strter period 78.0 89.0 0.63 Grower period 65.0 85.0 0.56 LMA (s 88% ioefficcy of DLM) Strter period 317.0 50.0 0.67 Grower period 30.0 48.0 0.60 LMA (s 84% ioefficcy of DLM) Strter period 331.0 36.0 0.68 Grower period 315.0 34.0 0.61 LMA (s 80% ioefficcy of DLM) Strter period 347.5 19.4 0.69 Grower period 331.0 18.6 0.63 LMA (s 76% ioefficcy of DLM) Strter period 367.0 0 0.7 Grower period 350.0 0 0.65 DLM, dry DL-methionine; LMA, DL-methionine hydroxy nlog-free cid. Tle 4: The effect of dietry tretments on growth performnce of mle roiler chickens from 0-3 weeks nd 3-6 weeks of ge Item Bsl diet DLM Reltive ioefficcy of LMA to DLM (%) P- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vlue 88% 84% 80% 76% Strter period (0-3 weeks) Initil weight (g) 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 Finl weight (g) 774±14.47 95±11.07 977±6.96 967±9.33 958±11.84 958±5.8 <0.0001 Body weight gin (g) 735±14.33 914±11.1 938±6.99 99±9.3 90±11.76 919±5.09 <0.0001 Feed intke (g/) 965±16.44 109 ±8.1 c 1,157±33.69 1,090±18.04 c 1,16±8.05 1,089±5.6 <0.0001 c c c Feed conversion rtio 1.31±0.01 1.0±0.01 1.3±0.01 1.17±0.0 1.3±0.0 1.18±0.001 <0.0001 Mortlity (%) 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00.67±0.84 0.00±0.00 0.67±0.66 1.33±0.84 0.0104 Uniformity (%) 88.08±1.4 91.6±0.56 9.5±0.4 91.48±0.38 91.70±0.63 91.33±0.61 0.0057 Grower period (3-6 weeks) Finl weight (g),376±5.50,75±37.96,804±65.35,735±35.85,789±9.6,71±5.0 <0.0001 Body weight gin (g) 1,60±44.06 1,773±33.74 1,87±4.1 1,768±7.89 1,831±31.61 1,763±1.36 0.0007 Feed intke (g/) 3,067±74.17 3,191±49.4 3,36±99.18 3,34±45.91 3,370±55.64 3,189±31.75 0.0164 Feed conversion rtio 1.9±0.01 1.80±0.0 1.84±0.03 1.83±0.01 1.84±0.0 1.81±0.0 0.003 Mortlity (%) 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.76±0.76 1.33±1.33 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.5398 Uniformity (%) 88.07 ±1.04 89.6±1.1 90.07±1.15 89.8±1.07 9.9±0.51 89.06 ±1.41 0.0657, nd c Mens within row with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) rte of this group ws significntly higher thn those of 88% ioefficcy compred to DLM induced high the other groups (P<0.05). Among LMA-dded groups, mortlity rte. Only reson tht cn e given is tht the supplementing LMA t 84 nd 76% ioefficcy of DLM irds my hve suffered from too high metolic or hd etter FCR thn the other groups (P<0.01) except physiologicl lod since growth rte of this group ws DLM group. drmticlly higher thn the stndrd performnce of Since reltive ioefficcy of LMA in this study ws irds strin (ROSS 08) due to high feed intke. clculted s 88, 84, 80 or 76% equivlent to DLM, ody During 3-6 weeks of ge, supplementing oth DLM nd weight of chicks fed LMA ws slightly etter thn DLM (of LMA significntly improved ody weight nd FCR no significnce) nd FCR ws not different from the (P<0.01), nd feed intke of the chicks fed with LMA t 80 DLM. It cn e sid tht t commercil methionine nd 88% ioefficcy of DLM ws significntly higher thn requirement recommendtion, ioefficcy of LMA reltive the methionine-deficient group (P<0.05). On the other to DLM for weight gin nd FCR during the strter period hnd, vried levels of LMA supplementtion did not might e 88% (weight/weight). The findings of the significntly ffect growth performnce nd mortlity rte. current study disgree with Esteve-Grci nd Llurdo During this period, growth performnces of chicks which (1997); Bker nd Boeel (1980); Hoehler nd Hooge received diet supplemented with DLM or LMA were still (003), who reported tht ioefficcy of LMA reltive to superior to the methionine-deficient group. In ddition, DLM for these prmeters ws round 65-83% only. The chicks fed with LMA t 80 or 88% ioefficcy of DLM tend result on feed intke is in ccord with Bunchsk et l. to hve etter ody weight gin thn the DLM group. (1996, 1996, 1997); Bunchsk nd Silpsorn Thus, chicks fed with LMA t 88% ioefficcy of DLM (005); Bunchsk nd Kewrun (006); nd Schutte improved weight gin y 14.04% compred to those nd Pck (1995), who reported tht feed consumption of which te methionine-deficient diet, while improvement roiler chicks or lying hen incresed due to DLM ws 7.6% during the strter period. This result is not supplementtion. Surprisingly, supplementing LMA s surprising since young nimls re lwys more 747
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid Tle 5: The effect of dietry tretments on growth performnce of mle roiler chickens from 0-6 weeks of ge Bsl diet DLM Reltive ioefficcy of LMA to DLM (%) P- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vlue 88% 84% 80% 76% Initil weight (g) 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 Finl weight (g),376±5.50,75±37.96,804±65.35,735±35.85,789±9.6,71±5.0 <0.01 Body weight gin (g),338±5.39,687±37.90,765±65.35,697±35.93,751±9.36,68±4.99 <0.01 Feed intke (g/) 4,030±86.4 4,77±55.16 4,498±17.56 4,319±54.50 4,491±54.76 4,68±39.71 <0.01 Feed conversion rtio 1.7±0.01 1.59±0.01 1.63±0.0 1.60±0.01 1.63±0.0 1.59±0.01 <0.01 Mortlity (%) 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 3.33±1.3 1.33±1.33 0.67±0.67 1.33±0.84 0.09 Uniformity (%) 88.08±1.17 90.44±0.69 91.61±0.67 90.65±0.66 9.31±0.39 90.19±0.91 <0.05 nd Mens within row with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05) Tle 6: The effect of dietry tretments on crcss components of mle roiler chicks t 4 dys of ge Crcss qulity Bsl diet DLM Reltive ioefficcy of LMA to DLM (%) P- (% of ody ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vlue weight) 88% 84% 80% 76% Crcss yield 79.96±0.37 80.96±0.51 80.19±0.49 80.67±0.30 81.10±0.38 80.03±0.50 0.8 Adominl ft.10±0.1 1.75±0.11 1.69±0.08 1.81±0.1 1.68±0.11 1.78±0.1 0.07 Thigh 1.0±0.15 11.97±0.19 11.95±0.18 11.99±0.0 1.5±0.17 1.0±0.1 0.89 Drumstick 10.38±0.1 10.36±0.13 10.14±0.16 10.0±0.14 10.49±0.1 10.11±0.15 0.30 Inner rest met 3.19±0.07 3.59±0.06 3.70±0.08 3.67±0.06 3.56±0.07 3.53±0.08 <0.01 Outer rest met 1.03±0.6 13.83±0.30 13.45±0.6 13.66±0.6 13.65±0.5 13.38±0. <0.01 1 Brest met 15.1±0.9 17.4±0.34 17.15±0.7 17.33±0.8 17.±0.9 16.91±0.9 <0.01 Wing 8.07±0.1 8.13±0.08 8.10±0.11 7.99±0.09 8.15±0.11 7.99±0.1 0.85 Edile met 45.67±0.35 47.88±0.40 47.35±0.35 47.5±0.35 48.11±0.31 47.04±0.9 <0.01 sensitive to nutrients deficiency thn older ones. Dressing crcss incresed nd dominl ft content However, etter dt were otined thn severl decresed when DLM nd vrious LMA were dded, investigtors who reported tht incresed methionine lthough there were no significnt differences. levels promoted weight gin of out 10-14% when Significnt improvements of outer rest met compred to the methionine-deficient diet (Bunchsk (pectorlis mjor) nd inner rest met (pectorlis nd Kewrun, 006; Grlich, 1985; Huygheert, 1993; minor) were shown when oth sources of methionine Rostgno nd Bros, 1995). This high growth rte were dded (P<0.01). When clculted s totl edile my hve een due to high nutrients densities in dietry met (including rest met, leg met nd wing), tretments since the nutrients requirements were sed therefore, methionine supplementtion cn significntly on the commercil recommendtion. improve yields. Among vrious LMA supplementtions, Throughout the overll period (0-6 weeks of ge) (Tle it seems tht dding LMA t 80% ioefficcy of DLM 5), ody weight of the roiler chicks incresed when induced high met yield of chicks. methionine sources were dded (P<0.01). However, Brest met is considered s the most vlule prt of increse of LMA t 1.14, 1.19, 1.5 or 1.3 times DLM roiler chickens. Morn (1994) reported tht dietry SAA (88, 84, 80 or 76% ioefficcy of DLM) did not give ny hd high potentil to stimulte rest met growth enefit to growth performnce, lthough LMA compred to other mino cids. The results of present supplementtions seem to hve improved percentge study lso confirm the finding of this uthor. Since of uniformity more thn DLM supplementtions. This is Schutte nd Pck (1995); Hickling et l. (1990) nd in greement with Romoser et l. (1976); Wldroup et l. Meirelles et l. (003) reported tht requirement of SAA (1981); Grlich (1985), who reported tht when synthetic for optiml FCR nd mximl rest met growth were sources of methionine were used to meet the higher thn for the gretest weight gin, this my e requirement for totl sulfur mino cids in prcticl corn- reson why supplementing LMA t 80% ioefficcy of soyen mel diets, chicks were cple of utilizing LMA DLM hd high met production yield. This is in nd DLM t n indistinguishle efficiency. Therefore, it greement with our previous suggestion tht dding cn e concluded tht LMA is n cceptle source of LMA 1.5 times DLM (weight/weight) or 80% ioefficcy methionine for roiler chicks fed with corn-soyen mel of DLM might e n optiml level for met production diets from dy-old to mrket weight, if mximl growth during grower period (Bunchsk nd Kewrun, 006). performnce is used s response criteri concerning On the other hnd, high LMA supplementtion t 76% commercil methionine requirements recommendtion. ioefficcy of DLM did not promote ut suppressed met production. This indictes tht, under commercil Crcss yields: The crcss components (% of ody methionine requirement recommendtion, weight) t 4 dys of ge re shown in Tle 6. supplementing LMA t this level might e n excess to 748
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid Tle 7: The effect of dietry tretments on hert chrcteristic of mle roiler chicks t 4 dys of ge Item Bsl diet DLM Reltive ioefficcy of LMA to DLM (%) P- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vlue 88% 84% 80% 76% Hert wt. (g) 1.39±0.50 1.04±0.37 1.34±0.3 1.43±0.38 1.04±0.47 1.14±0.54 0.97 Hert wt. (%BW) 0.5±0.0 0.44±0.01 0.44±0.01 0.45±0.01 0.43±0.0 0.44±0.0 <0.01 Right ventricle re (mm) 77.65±5.57 81.11±6.84 78.61±6.7 78.8±5.96 85.8±6.08 83.89±5.38 0.9 Left ventricle re (mm) 6.53±1.91 8.71±3.08 5.94±1.85 5.9±1.55 7.94±3. 5.01±.00 0.85 Hert re (mm) 368.4±1.53 381.11±11.39 365.7±15.48 365.17±10.39 370.00±15.10 379.94±16.81 0.93 Right ventricle wt (g) 0.968±0.064 0.98±0.05 0.968±0.06 1.05±0.056 0.963±0.053 1.008±0.067 0.96 Left ventricle wt. (g) 5.38±0.3 5.401±0.13 5.7±0.179 5.469±0.186 5.34±0.174 5.503±0.1 0.96 Right ventricle wt. (%BW) 0.041±0.003 0.035±0.00 0.035±0.00 0.037±0.00 0.034±0.00 0.037±0.00 <0.01 Left ventricle wt. (%BW) 0.±0.010 0.198±0.005 0.188±0.006 0.199±0.006 0.191±0.009 0.01±0.008 0.03 Right ventricle thickness (cm) 0.3±0.0 0.31±0.017 0.11±0.016 0.04±0.010 0.11±0.015 0.37±0.019 0.66 Left ventricle thickness (cm) 0.446±0.03 0.44±0.04 0.478±0.03 0.40±0.0 0.434±0.04 0.433±0.019 0.44 Right ventricle/totl ventricle 0.155±0.009 0.154±0.006 0.154±0.008 0.158±0.007 0.154±0.007 0.155±0.008 0.99, nd mens within row with no common superscripts differ significntly (P<0.05). N= 18 chicks per tretment Tle 8: The effect of dietry tretments on triiodothyronine (T3) nd uric cid in plsm nd hemtocrit vlue of mle roiler chicks t 1 nd 4 dys of ge Item Bsl diet DLM Reltive ioefficcy of LMA to DLM (%) P- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vlue 88% 84% 80% 76% At 1 dys of ge T 3 (ng/dl) 86.75±14.55 5.00±9.98 39.00±4.0 77.83±1917 43.14±7.08 50.00±5.73 0.01 Uric cid (mg %).90±0.93 5.46±0.67.95±0.30 3.79±0.76 5.6±1.4 4.38±1.30 0.3 At 4 dys of ge Hemtocrit (% PCV) 31.13±0.74 33.75±0.9 31.63±1.1 30.88±1.07 31.50±1.04 30.63±1.3 0.36 T 3 (ng/dl) 47.14±4.07 47.50±5.77 36.50±4.419 48.75±7.97 41.5±6.05 36.71±4.40 0.39 Uric cid (mg %).90±0.46 6.08±0.5 4.±0.81 5.35±0.91 5.00±0.75 4.66±0.85 0.07 nd Vlues with different literls within row show significnt differences (p<0.05). the required mounts needed. In ddition, n exceed other groups (P<0.05), except the supplementing LMA t methionine supplementtion my induce toxicity in ody 84% ioefficcy of DLM group. There ws no significnt (Hn nd Bker, 1993; Edmonds nd Bker, 1987 nd effect of dietry tretments t 4 dys of ge on the level Okumur nd Ymguchi, 1980). of T 3, ut there ws the sme pttern s the levels of the In generl, ft deposition in roilers is reduced y DLM 1 dys of ge. In ddition, it seems tht dding oth or LMA supplementtion (Bunchsk et l., 1996, 1997; DLM nd LMA reduced the hormone level, while plsm Jensen et l., 1989 nd Bunchsk nd Kewrun, uric cid tended to increse (P=0.07). 006). Similrly, the results of present study lso show The housing environment, temperture, inhled dust decrese of dominl ft due to DLM or LMA (smll prticles of 0.5 to 10 micro m), cron supplementtion. Although Esteve-Grci nd Liurdo dioxide/oxygen levels, rpid growth rtes, high sl (1997) suggested tht DLM nd LMA might yield metolic rte nd high energy rtions hve een somewht different effects on ft nd protein deposition. indicted s the min fctors tht induce the scites syndrome (Schelle et l., 1991; Julin, 1993). The Evidence of scetic syndrome: Hert chrcteristics of etiology of scites cn e clssified into the following chicks t 4 dys of ge re shown in Tle 7. Hert three ctegories: 1) pulmonry hypertension, ) weight, right ventricle nd left ventricle, expressed s miscellneous crdic pthologies, nd 3) cellulr percentge of ody weight, significntly decresed when dmge cused y oxidtive stress (Currie, 1999). The methionine sources were dded (P<0.05), while other hert of scetic chickens is enlrged; the right ventricle prmeters such s right nd left ventricle re, hert is grossly dilted, nd cn mke up s much s 40% of re, ventricles thickness s well s ventricle weight totl ventricle weight, compred with the norml 0% (g/ird) were not ffected y supplementtion of (Government of Alert, 004). methionine sources. In the present study, the norml hert chrcteristics The effects of supplementing methionine sources on (right ventricle ws out 15% of totl ventricle) nd hemtocrit vlue (% PCV), T 3 hormone nd plsm uric hemtocrit vlue were found; it ws reveled tht there cid re presented in Tle 8. At 4 dys of ge, there hd een no occurrence of scetic chicks due to rpid ws no significnt effect of dietry tretments on growth rtes or high metolic rtes, lthough hert hemtocrit vlue; ut, dding DLM seemed to elevte weight (expressed s percentge of ody weight) of this vlue. At 1 dys of ge, deficiency in methionine chicks fed with diets sufficient in methionine were intke significntly enhnced level of T compred to the smller thn the methionine-deficient groups. Decrese 3 749
Bunchsk et l.: Effects of Adding Liquid Dl-methionine Hydroxy Anlog Free Acid of hert weight my hve een due to increse in ody weight, ecuse the dt re expressed proportionlly. Furthermore, hert weigh expressed s g/irds ws not significntly ffected y dietry tretments. Luger et l. (001) concluded tht high rte of weight gin did not lwys predict good scites development, while hemtocrit nd thyroid hormones provided good indiction for the lst week of life. Accordingly, severl investigtors hve lso reported tht the scitic chickens hd significntly higher hemtocrit vlues nd lower T 3 concentrtions thn norml chickens during low environmentl temperture (Olkowski nd Clssen, 1998; Luger et l. 00; Luger et l. 001). Moreover, Luger et l. (00) concluded tht deficiency in thyroid hormone might ply key deleterious role in the development of the scites syndrome, in view of its fundmentl role in the crdiovsculr homeostsis oth in physiologicl nd pthologicl conditions (Pingitore nd Iervsi, 005). We hve found tht poor growth performnce cused y deficiency in methionine induced high T 3 concentrtion. This finding is in ccord with tht of Decuypere et l. (1994), who reported tht dding 0.5 mg T 3/kg of diet hd depressed growth rte, concentrtion of plsm growth hormone nd insulin-like growth fctor of roiler chicks. Additionlly, Nukrew (006) reported tht feeding 18% protein diet to lying hen hd resulted in n improvement of egg production nd decrese of T 3 concentrtion. It cn e sid tht lthough no scites syndrome ws found, low concentrtions of T 3 due to high growth performnce or high metolic rte were seen. Interestingly, supplementing LMA t 84% ioefficcy of DML significntly enhnced T 3 concentrtion s high s the level of chicks fed with methionine-deficient diet, while growth performnce ws not depressed. Therefore, supplementing n pproprite level of LMA my result in decresed susceptiility to scites development of roilers, even though no cusl reltionship hs een demonstrted. Adding methionine sources results in increse of feed or protein intke, nd consequently glycine which is needed for uric cid formtion my lso e elevted. This hypothesis is supported y Mchin et l. (004), who reported tht incresing protein intke cn increse plsm uric cid concentrtions of roiler chicks. In the present study, therefore, plsm uric cid of chicks fed with diet sufficient in methionine ws higher thn the insufficient methionine consumption groups lthough significnt difference ws not found. Hellstein et l., (1997) nd Mchin et l. (004) proposed tht uric cid is potent scvenger of oxidnts in humn nd niml tissues. So, decrese of uric cid concentrtion in roiler chick will result in n elevtion of oxidtive stress which cuses metolic disese (scites syndrome) (Klndorf et l., 00 nd Enkvetchkul et l., 1993). Thus, elevtion of plsm uric cid due to dding methionine sources my give enefit to the helth of chicks. Plsm uric cid seems to contrst with the level of T3 concentrtion, nd therefore it is considered tht the ntgonistic effect etween uric cid nd T 3 in plsm might e reson why no significnt evidence of scites syndrome on hert chrcteristic ws there even though rpid growth rtes were oserved. Acknowledgements The uthors grtefully cknowledge tht DLM nd LMA were supplied from Sumitomo Chemicl Co., Ltd. References AOAC., 1990. Officil Method of Anlysis. 15th ed. Assocition of Officil Agriculturl Chemists, Wshington, DC. Bker, D.H. nd K.P. Boeel, 1980. Utiliztion of the D- nd L-isomers of methionine nd methionine hydroxy nlogue s determined y chick iossy. J. Nutr., 110: 959-964. Bunchsk, C., K. Tnk, S. Ohtni nd C.M. Colldo. 1996. Effect of Met+Cys supplementtion to lowprotein diet on the growth performnce nd ft ccumultion of roiler chicks t strter period. Anim. Sci. Tech. (Jpn.), 67: 956-966. Bunchsk, C., G. Kimur, K. Tnk, S. Ohtni nd C.M. Colld, 1996. 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