Final Exam Review Questions 1 to 25
Natural Selection, 107 Natural selection is an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because these traits help animals survive and reproduce. Evolutionary psychologists try to study what behaviors are successful in leading to reproduction.
Wilhelm Wundt, page 4 First experimental psych. Method called introspection First psych lab, 1879 Field of psych called structuralism The activity we did was called psychophysics
Psychology s Current Perspectives, 11!!!
Culture and the Self, 123
Environmental Influence Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Cultural diversity reflects the various ways we learn these behaviors and traditions Norm, 120 an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Gender identity, 132 Gender Identity means how a person views himself or herself in terms of gender. It is your sense of being male or female.
Variation Across Culture, 120 Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms rules for accepted and expected behavior. Men holding hands in Saudi Arabia is the norm (closer personal space), but not in American culture. "# $# $%
When is heritability GREATEST? PAGE 102 A. Heritability Definition: the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes When genetically dissimilar individuals are reared in similar environmental circumstances, the heritability of a trait is said to be greater
Conditioning the Immune System, 559 a. Drs. Ader and Cohen b. Rats can be conditioned to suppress their immune system see fig. 14.9 p. 560 c. Saccharine water was the conditioned stimulus that suppressed the immune system (conditioned response)
The Stress Response System, 551 Walter Cannon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
Assessing the Self: Carl Rogers, 610 In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). Ideal v. real. If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept. (that is the goal)
Carl Jung, 601 Believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images. Ex: mother being a symbol of nurturance. Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron
Neo-Freudians, 601 Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history Alfred Adler importance of childhood social tension Karen Horney sought to balance Freud s masculine biases All three: Freud had too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts
Freud and Dream Analysis, 687 Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. Manifest: the story line Latent: the symbolism or meaning For Freud, dreams were the royal road to the unconsciousness
The Big Five Personality Factors, 618 Trait Dimension Description Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Independent versus conforming Agreeable Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive
Self-Serving Bias, 634 We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes more than for bad deeds and failures. Most people see themselves as better than average. Our readiness to perceive ourselves as favorable compared to others.
Humanists challenge Freud, 609 By the 1960s, psychologists became discontented with Freud s negativity. Freud had based his theory on people with mental disorders. In contrast to Dr. Freud, the Humanists argued for the study of normal people struggling to achieve. Emphasis was on the growth potential of healthy people. % # ()*+0-)*,./ & ' ()*+,-)*.+/ 1$$ 22
Positive Psychology: Martin Seligman, p. 628 The scientific approach to studying positive emotions, traits and enabling institutions. Five elements of: Hope Well being Satisfaction Flow Optimism
Walter Mischel s criticisms of trait personality theory, p. 620 A. Behaviors are not consistent across time and across situations. B. Knowing a person s traits doesn t mean you can predict-- -very well---what they will do in a given situation. C. His studies of college students conscientiousness showed that it depends on the situation
Social-Cognitive Personality Theory, 623-24 The three factors, behavior, cognition, and environment, are interlocking determinants of each other in this personality theory. Albert Bandura called the process of interacting with our environment reciprocal determinism.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 649 1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. 02 Autonomic nervous system arousal. 3. Unable to identify or avoid the cause of their feelings.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 651 Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.