Chapter 8 Review Multiple Choice 1. A disruption of homeostasis can result in all of the following except A. illness C. disease B. death D. stability 2. Infectious diseases result from A. genetic defects B. microorganisms C. pollutants D. organ malfunctions 3. The inhalation of particles such as asbestos fibers and coal dust can result in respiratory diseases. In such a case, the main cause of the disease would be A. microorganisms B. pollutants C. genetic defects D. organ malfunction 4. Scientists do not consider viruses as true living organisms because they A. contain both DNA and RNA B. have an outer protein coat, or capsid C. can reproduce only on dry surfaces D. cannot reproduce outside a living cell 5. An example of a disease caused by a virus is A. strep throat B. cholera C. chicken pox D. tuberculosis 6. A vaccine is usually made up of A. a live, deadly virus B. a weakened antibody C. white blood cells D. killed or weak microbes 7. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect A. fungal cells B. bacterial cells C. animal cells D. plant cells 8. Lysogenic viruses are viruses that do not A. have the ability to cause disease B. ever go through the lytic cycle C. infect a host cell with their DNA D. usually break open the host cell 9. Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria? A. AIDS B. tuberculosis C. measles D. polio 10. Antibiotics are effective against all of the following microorganisms except A. bacilli bacteria B. bacteriophages C. spirilla bacteria D. cocci bacteria 11. Plasmodium is a sporozoan that causes the disease called A. dysentery C. potato blight B. red tide D. malaria 12. Parasites that transmit diseases to humans through insect bites are species of A. fungi C. protozoa B. bacteria D. algae 13. Dinoflagellates that release a toxic chemical can cause illness in humans who eat contaminated A. mushrooms C. algae products B. shellfish D. pork and beef 14. Ringworm is a skin disease that is caused by a A. flatworm C. bacterium B. fungus D. viral particle 15. Blood flukes are flatworms that travel between two hosts in their life cycle, a human and a A. cow C. snail B. pig D. mosquito 16. The parasitic worm that lacks a mouth and instead absorbs nutrients through its body is the A. tapeworm C. ringworm B. earthworm D. roundworm 17. The hookworm is a type of roundworm that sucks blood from its human host, resulting in A. malaria B. anemia C. ringworm D. allergies 18. The body's main physical barrier against infection is A. the skin B. white blood cells C. red blood cells D. inflammation Chapter 8/ Organisms and Disease 113
19. Produced in several parts of the body, B cells and T cells are special kinds of A. white blood cells B. red blood cells C. antigens D. hormones 20. Allergic reactions are most closely associated with A. the action of circulating hormones B. an overreaction of the immune system C. a low blood sugar level D. the shape of red blood cells 21. White blood cells can prevent a serious infection by A. filling the damaged tissues with pus B. repairing the skin after it has been cut C. ingesting the harmful microorganisms D. constructing barriers against microorgamsms 22. Certain microbes, foreign tissues, and some cancerous cells can cause immune responses in the human body because all three contain A. antigens C. enzymes B. lipids D. cytoplasm 23. When the immune system detects an antigen, it A. pushes it out of the body immediately B. produces antibodies that bind to the antigen C. produces antigens that cancel its bad effects D. destroys the antigen by cutting it in half 24. Which activity would stimulate the human immune system to provide protection against a particular microbe? A. receiving antibiotic injections after surgery B. being vaccinated against chicken pox C. following a well-balanced diet and exercismg D. receiving hormones that come from cow's milk 25. The following diagram represents one possible immune response that can occur in the human body. The structures that are part of the immune system are represented by the parts labeled A White blood cells A. A only B. A and C C. Band C D. A andb 26. Which of the following is not a characteristic of white blood cells? A. They destroy some microbes by engulfing them. B. They carry oxygen atoms throughout the body. C. They make antibodies that bind with antigens. D. They punch holes in membranes of infected cells. 27. The killer T cells function to A. produce antibodies that kill invading microorgarusms B. destroy body cells that are infected by microorgamsms C. bind with the infected cells and repair their membranes D. destroy invading microorganisms before they infect cells 28. Which condition would most likely result in a human body being unable to defend itself against pathogens and cancerous cells? A. a genetic tendency toward a disorder such as diabetes B. the production of antibodies in response to an infection in the body C. a parasitic infestation of ringworm on the body D. the presence in the body of the virus that causes AIDS 29. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is particularly devastating to the immune system because it destroys A. all the white blood cells in the body B. all the red blood cells in the body C. the memory B cells and killer T cells D. the helper T cells, which assist B cells and killer T cells 114 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test
30. When an overactive immune system starts to attack its own body tissues, it causes serious conditions known as A. antihistamine diseases B. allergic reaction diseases C. autoimmune diseases D. immunodeficiency diseases Analysis and Open Ended 31. How can a child inherit a disease if neither parent appears to have it? 32. Explain what a pathogen is. Your answer should include the following information: what the four types of pathogens are that can cause diseases the term for such diseases when they are passed from one person to another the three common ways that pathogens can enter the body 33. What is the difference between an inherited disease and an infectious disease? 34. Briefly describe the relationship between organ malfunction and disease. 35. Explain why a harmful lifestyle can lead to disease. Give one example. In what way are the factors that cause such a disease preventable or controllable? 36. Describe the first line of defense against infection in the body. Include the following: what kind of defense it consists of what organ carries out this function what it is defending against and how 37. Refer to the diagram below to answer this question. When bacteria enter a cut, this process occurs as part of the body's second line of defense, known as --- --- A. infection B. inflammation C. invasion D. immunity 38. A part of the hepatitis B virus can be synthesized in the laboratory. This viral particle can be identified by the immune system as a foreign substance, but it is not capable of causing the disease. Immediately after this viral particle is injected into a human, it A. stimulates the production of enzymes that are able to digest the hepatitis B virus B. synthesizes specific hormones that provide immunity against the hepatitis B VIruS C. triggers the formation of specific antibodies that protect against the hepatitis B VIruS D. breaks down key receptor molecules so that the hepatitis B virus can enter body cells 39. A researcher needs information about antigen-antibody reactions. He or she could best find information on this topic by searching for which phrase on the Internet? A. Protein Synthesis B. Energy Sources in Nature C. White Blood Cell Activity D. DNA Replication 40. Use the following terms to fill in the missing words in the flowchart below, which describes the immune system's reaction to microscopic invaders: body develops immunity; microbes destroyed by body; antibodies; antigens. Protein molecules that are detected by the immune system: result in Molecules produced by the body in response to these proteins: ~~~ Antibodies result in bind to the antigens leading to What happens to the invaders: produces What happens to the immune system: 41. How does the immune system help to maintain homeostasis? 42. Briefly define the term immunity. How do vaccines provide people with immunity? Chapter 8/ Organisms and Disease 115
Base your answers to questions 43 and 44 on the table and on your knowledge of biology. B c D 43. None of these volunteers ever had chicken pox. After the injection, there most likely would be antibodies to chicken pox in the bloodstream of A. volunteers A and D only B. volunteers A, B, and D C. volunteer Conly D. volunteer D only 44. Volunteers A, B, and D underwent a medical procedure known as A. cloning C. electrophoresis D. chromatography B. vaccination Refer to the following list, which describes three ways of controlling viral diseases in humans, to answer question 45. administer a vaccine containing dead or weakened viruses, which stimulates the body to form antibodies against the virus use chemotherapy (chemical agents) to kill viruses, similar to the way in which antibiotics act against bacteria rely on the action of interferon, which is produced by cells to protect the body from pathogenic viruses 45. Based on this information, which activity would provide the greatest protection against viruses? A. producing a vaccine that is effective against interferon B. using interferon to treat a number of diseases caused by bacteria C. developing a method to stimulate the production of interferon in cells D. synthesizing a drug that prevents the destruction of bacteria by viruses 46. Compare and contrast the functions of B cells and killer T cells. 47. Explain how HIV affects the immune system. Your answer should include the following: (a) what "HIV" stands for and what the term immunodeficiency means; (b) which cells in the immune system are affected and in what way; and (c) how this affects the rest of the immune system's functioning. 48. In what way are allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases similar to one another (in terms of the immune system)? In what important way are they different? Reading Comprehension Base your answers to questions 49 to 51 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question. Vaccination protects the body from disease. The United States g-overnmentiscorri" mittedto the goal of vaccinating all children against common childhood diseases..in fact,chhdren must be vaccinated against certain diseases before they can evenenter school. However, some parents feel that vaccines may be dangerous and do n()tw(int their children to receive them. Recently, many parents have been choosing not to vaccinate their children against childhood diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, and polio. For ej{(l111ple,tlw parents of a newborn baby may beconcerned about havingtheirchildreceiyea potent three-in-one shot such as the UPT vaccine, which protectsachildagamst 116 Preparing for the New Jersey Biology EOC Test
-------------------------------------------------------- tet~*nu.s.since bacteria, not viruses, cause that antibiotic therapy is a safe and effec... 49. Explain to these concerned parents what is in a vaccine and what it does in the body. 50. Describe how the process of vaccination promotes immunity to various diseases. 51. Explain the difference between antibiotics and vaccines in preventing bacterial diseases. Chapter 8/ Organisms and Disease 117