Lecture 1 Introduction to splanhnology. Digestive system
SPLANCHNOLOGY (THE SCIENCE OF THE VISCERA) SOMATOLOGY SPLANCHNOLOGY The general cover body (skin) The skeletal system The connection system The muscular system The digestive system The respiratory system The urinary system The reproductive system
Cavities of the body
Ways to describe the topography of organs Holotopy - the projection of organs on the body surface; Skeletopy - the projection of organs the bone skeleton body; Syntopy - the position in relation to nearby organs; The position organs in relation to the serosa.
Regions of the abdominal area
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
INTERNAL ORGANS PARENCHYMAL HOLLOW
STRUCTURE OF HOLLOW ORGAN The layer wise distribution membranes that perform different functions; The layer wise distribution blood and lymph vessels; The layer wise distribution neural elements. Tunica mucosa Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia / serosa
STRUCTURE OF TUNICA MUCOSA I the epithelium II the proper plate III the muscular plate IV the submucous layer The mucous membrane lining the hollow organs from their lumen. Contacting lumen mucosal surface covered with epithelium. The main functional purpose of the epithelial cells is determined by their ability to absorb and excrete metabolic products. The basis of stroma of mucosa is fibrous connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels.
Peculiarities of mucous membrane
STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR LAYER Muscular layer is middle layer. Regulation of traffic content in the inlet and outlet sections of digestive tube provided striated muscles. In other parts of the tube contains smooth muscle fibers forming two layers: an inner circular and outer longitudinal. Interaction of muscle fibers - contributes to the peristaltic wave, - keeping the tone of the wall, - the passage of food in portions.
Sphincters of the digestive tract
Serous membrane lining the abdominal wall and the organs
SRTUCTURE OF PARENCHYMAL ORGANS Parenchyma is specialized tissue, that carries out the specific function of the organ; Stroma - connective tissue, including blood, lymph vessels and neural elements; Division of organ into functional units: lobes - segments - acinus. Complicated system of excretory ducts.
Transverse section through somite
The end of the third week of embryonic development. (longitudinal section of the embryo) From the endoderm formed tube primary gut, closed at the front and rear ends.
Medial section through the head of the human embryo length of 3 mm. (4-5 week) Oral fossa is separated from the foregut by pharyngeal membrane.
Anal atresia in a newborn
During the 4 week the ventral wall of the primitive gut protrudes forward. Later to form the trachea, bronchi and lungs. This protrusion marks the border between the pharyngeal and the trunk guts. The trunk gut is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior guts.
DYNAMICS OF THE PRIMARY INTESTINE - TORSION OF INTESTINAL LOOP
DYNAMICS OF THE PRIMARY INTESTINE - TORSION OF INTESTINAL LOOP Rotate intestine is counterclockwise, 270 degrees from the original position of sagittal intestinal loop.
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS yolk-sac cloaca 4 week 6 week 8 week 10 week Connection head gut with oral cove and the tail gut with anal cove and resorption separating their membranes; Formation of the oral cavity by separating the primary cove oral from airway (nasal cavity); Formation of the rectum and the separation of urogenital sinus from the cloaca; Rotation gastric to horizontal position; Intestinal elongation and turning it counterclockwise.
At the beginning of the formation of all organs of gastro - intestinal tract surrounded on all sides by peritoneum. As a result, the turn to the next stages of development there is a shift of: changing the position of the stomach, duodenum, colon, liver movement also occurs in the right upper quadrant, and occupies the position of the pancreas in the retroperitoneal space.
SPECIAL ANATOMY OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS Each of the organs of the digestive system has: location (topography) definite shape, internal structure, develops from certain source, has a specific function in the act of digestion
PHARYNX Pars nasalis Pars oralis Pars laryngea
Pharynx (posterior view)
Constrictions of oesophagus OESOPHAGUS Pharyngeal Parts: cervical Bronchial and aortic Diaphragmatic thoracic abdominal
Topography of the stomach The stomach is situated in the epigastirum, occupying: Left hypochondric region Epigastric region (partly) Epigastrium Th 10-11 L1 Holotopy Skeletotopy and Syntopy
Syntopy of stomach
STOMACH Gaster, ventriculus Lesser curvature Greater curvature Walls: - anterior - posterior Parts: Cardiac Fundus (fornix) Body Pyloric Layers of the wall: serous subserous muscular submucous mucous
TUNICA MUCOSA M. sphincter pyloricus Gastric pits Tubular glands Pars pylorica: pylorus pyloric canal pyloric antrum
Stomach The surface of the mucosa is made up of gastric areas. On the surface of the gastric fields there are many openings called gastric pits. gastric pits
The glands of the stomach cardiac, proper, pyloric. They consist of five types of cells: The chief (produce pepsinogen) The parietal (produce hydrochloric acid) The additional (produce mucin) The mucous The endocrine (serotonin, histamine, etc.).
TUNICA MUSCULARIS Oesophagus Stratum longitudinale Circular layer Stomach Duodenum Oblique layer Pyloric sphincter
The small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Intestinal villi Layers of the wall: Tunica mucosa Tela submucosa Intestinal epithelium Tunica muscularis: Stratum longitudinale Stratum circulare Tunica serosa Tela submucosa Plicae circulares Intestinal glands
Duodenum Bulb Pyloric sphincter Stomach Major duodenal papilla Jejunum Parts: superior descending horisontal ascending Flexure: - superior - inferior - diodenojejunal
Holotopy of the large intestine Caecum Appendix vermiformis Colon Ascending colon Transvers colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum
Large intestine The structural features of the colon - Haustra coli - Taeniae coli - Appendices epiploicae
Ilio caecal angle Vermiform appendix Medial Ascending Ileocaecal valve Lateral Descending Alternative positions of the appendix
Topography and flexure of the rectum Flexura sacralis Flexurae laterales Flexura anorectalis Ampula recti
RECTUM Transverse folds Layers: Ampula recti Canalis analis Columnae anales Sinus anales Tunica mucosa Tela submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia (serosa) Anus M. sphincter ani internus M. sphincter ani externus
Pancreas
Pancreas and its ducts. Body Tail Ductus pancreaticus accessorius Papilla duodeni minor Neck Papilla duodeni major Head Ductus pancreaticus
Lin. medioclavicularis Lin. parasternalis LIVER Topography Liver lies in Epigastrium, occupying - Epigastric region - Right hypochondric region - Left hypochondric region (partly) Gallbladder Holotopy Skeletotopy The upper boundary : On the right - to IV intercostal space On the left at level 6 ribs The lower bjundary: On the right - along the edge of X rib and, furthermore, the lower edge of the costal arch. On the left joint of cartilages of VIII and VII ribs
SURFACES AND LOBES OF LIVER Right lobe Left lobe Lobus caudatus Vena cava inferior Ворота печени Left lobe V. porta hepatis Right lobe Lower border Lobus quadratus Diaphragmatic surface Visceral Lobes: Right Left Quadrate Caudate Porta hepatis
Vena cava inferior Hepatic veins exchange detoxification FUNCTIONS Vena porta barrier secretory (production and secretion of bile) deposited (for blood)
Lobular branched blood vessels in the liver and bile ducts formation HEPATIC LOBULUS CENTRAL VEIN HEPATIC VEIN HEPATIC ARTERY PORTAL VEIN BILE DUCT Hepatic sinusoid BILE DUCT HEPATIC ARTERY PORTAL VEIN BILE capillary Central vein Hepatic vein
Gallbladder and common bile duct Ductus cysticus Ductus hepaticus com. Vesica felea (biliaris) Ductus choledochus Ductus pancreaticus accessorius Ductus pancreaticus
PERITONEUM PERITONEUM PERITONEUM PERITONEUM
Position of organs in relation to the peritoneum - Intraperitoneal - Mezoperitoneal - Retroperitoneal