Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 4 www.elsevier.om/ lote/ livprodsi 10 Behviour of growing pigs kept in pens with outdoor runs 11 I. Effet of ess to roughge nd shelter on orl tivities 1 Anne W. Olsen* 13 Dnish Institute of Agriulturl Sienes, Deprtment of Animl Helth nd Welfre, Reserh Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 14 Tjele, Denmrk 15 Reeived 11 Februry 000; reeived in revised form 1 August 000; epted 9 November 000 16 17 Abstrt 18 The im of this study ws to exmine the effets of roughge, in ddition to strw nd ess to shelter in pens with 19 outdoor runs on orl tivity towrds penmtes nd other environmentl stimuli. Seven replites, eh onsisting of 96 pigs, 0 were rised outdoors until 4 weeks of ge. At bout 10 weeks of ge the pigs were rndomly distributed to eight 1 experimentl pens with outdoor runs. The experiment ws rrnged s 3 ftoril design in the outdoor runs for eh side of the building (north/ south), nd inluding with/ without free ess to roughge (wholerop silge of brley nd pes 3 (Hordeum vulgre nd Pisum stivum ssp. rvense)), nd with/ without shelter (prtil overge). The results showed tht 4 even if the pigs hd ess to mple strw, spe nd tivity res, ess to ombintion of roughge nd shelter redued 5 penmte-direted orl tivities. However, ess to roughge in prtiulr redued redireted orl tivities nd skin lesions. 6 We suggest tht this type of roughge is n pproprite rooting substrte for pigs. 001 Published by Elsevier Siene 7 B.V. 8 Keywords: Pig-behviour; Orl behviour; Orgni frming; Housing system; Helth nd welfre 9 30 1. Introdution In nture pigs spend most of their tive time in 39 orl tivities suh s rooting, grzing nd hewing 40 31 One of the most importnt objetives of orgni nutritionl elements in their surroundings (Brieder- 41 3 frming in Denmrk is to onsider the physiologil mnn, 1971). However, in brren environments with 4 33 nd behviourl needs of the nimls. In Denmrk, lk of pproprite rooting substrtes, pigs often 43 34 orgnilly rised pigs must be kept outside. How- rediret their orl behviour towrds pen hrdwre 44 35 ever, fter wening, growing pigs my be kept nd penmtes (vn Putten, 1980). Orl tivities 45 36 indoors if they hve lying re supplied with strw, direted to penmtes n led to injuries suh s 46 37 free ess to roughge for rooting nd hewing, nd til-biting nd other kinds of lesions whih my 47 38 ess to n outdoor run (BØJ, 1994). use pin nd helth problems for the pigs, leding 48 to eonomi losses. 49 5 *Tel.: 1 45-8999-1368; fx: 1 45-8999-1500. These kinds of orl tivities n often be redued 50 6 E-mil ddress: nne.olsen@grsi.dk (A.W. Olsen). by giving the pigs strw (vn Putten, 1980; Spoolder 51 1 0301-66/ 01/ $ see front mtter 001 Published by Elsevier Siene B.V. PII: S0301-66(01)0017-5 3 1989 DTD410 14 FEB 001 10:54:13.63 v1.4.176
140 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 5 et l., 1995); however, the overll omplexity of the pens were loted on the north side of the building 95 53 environment my lso be importnt. In this respet, nd four on the south side, eh pen with n outdoor 96 54 we housed growing pigs in pens with mple strw run. 97 55 (deep-litter), nd spe ( m per pig), s well s Eh pen ontined deep strw re of 6. m 98 56 different tivity res, to provide more diverse sunk 50 m below the level of the pen, 6% sloping 99 57 environment. In these enrihed onditions we tested strw-flow re (Brue, 1990) of 3.9 m, nd.7 100 58 if we ould further improve the pigs environment by m sltted-floor re. A two-pig self-dispenser for d 101 59 giving them ess to roughge nd to n outdoor libitum feeding with erel food ws pled in the 10 60 shelter. In this pper, we desribe the effets of strw-flow re, nd wter bowl on the sltted 103 61 roughge nd shelter on orl behviour direted floor. The outdoor runs s well s the indoor pens 104 6 towrds penmtes nd other environmentl stimuli. were eh 1.8 m, thus providing bout 1 m per 105 63 Prt II of this pper will del with the pigs omfort, pig both indoors nd outdoors. The outdoor runs 106 64 dunging nd temperture regultory behviour onsisted of 10.1 m onrete floor, sloping 3% 107 65 (Olsen et l., 001). towrds the.7 m sltted-floor re. There, 108 wllow (1.0 m wide,.0 m long nd 0.1 m deep) 109 ws onstruted long the wll, lose to the pen 110 66. Mterils nd methods entrne. 111 67.1. Animls.3. Tretments nd design 11 68 Seven replites, eh onsisting of 96 LYDY- The experiment ws rrnged s 3 ftoril 113 69 rossed pigs (i.e. rossbred sows of 5% Dnish design in the outdoor runs for eh side of the 114 70 Lndre, 5% Yorkshire nd 50% Duro, rossed building (north/ south), inluding with/ without (6) 115 71 with Yorkshire bors) were used for the investig- free ess to roughge (wholerop silge of brley 116 7 tion. The pigs (hlf femles, hlf mles) were born in nd pes (Hordeum vulgre nd Pisum stivum ssp. 117 73 huts in n outdoor herd; they were individully rvense)), nd with/ without shelter (prtil over- 118 74 ermrked nd tils were left intt. All pigs in ge). 119 75 replite were born in the sme week, nd were Within eh replite, shelter nd roughge were 10 76 fmilir with eh other s they were rised in the ssigned rndomly to the pens on eh side of the 11 77 sme or in neighbouring enlosures between whih building. The shelter ws mde of sheet of 1 78 the piglets ould ross freely. plywood (.7 3.0 m) pled t the pen-fixtures 1.1 13 79 At bout 4 weeks of ge (men 5 7 dys, S.D. 5 m bove floor level t the end of the run, losest to 14 80.1) the pigs were moved to deep-litter pens with the building wll. Roughge ws given in.7-m 15 81 outdoor runs. Six weeks lter, when the pigs were long, 0.4-m wide nd 0.-m deep troughs, pled on 16 8 bout 10 weeks of ge (men 5 68.6 dys, S.D. 5 the ground in the outdoor run furthest wy from the 17 83 5.0) nd weighing on verge 4.4 kg (S.D. 5 4.5), building wll. The pigs hd free ess to roughge 18 84 they were rndomly distributed to the eight ex- by supplies eh morning nd fternoon. On verge 19 85 perimentl pens eh pen holding 1 pigs. They 5.8 kg (S.D. 5 0.5) ws distributed dily in eh 130 86 were kept in the experimentl brn for n verge of trough. To prevent rin nd snow from flling into 131 87 81.1 dys (S.D. 5 4.3) until being sent for slughter the roughge, the troughs were overed with length 13 88 t men weight of 100.3 kg (S.D. 5 9.). The dily of plywood bout 1 m bove floor level. 133 89 weight gin verged 938 g per pig (S.D. 5 9.5), nd 90 the rss met perentge verged 58.1% (S.D. 5.4. Mngement 134 91 3.0). Before the pigs were moved into the experimentl 135 9.. Housing pens, onventionl strw ble ws spred in the 136 deep bedding re nd more strw ws supplied dily 137 93 The investigtion ws rried out in n insulted, to the deep litter. The ombined dily men supply 138 94 nturlly ventilted building (Fig. 1), where four ws.9 kg per pen (S.D. 5 0.7). 139
175 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 3 14 143 Fig. 1. Drwing of the experimentl brn. (R) Roughge, (C) overge/ shelter, (S) strw bedded re (deep litter), (F) strw-flow, (W) 144 wllow. The blk dots re the wter bowls (d), nd the grey boxes illustrte the lotion of the self-feeders (9). 145 The wllows were filled to the brim with ler growing pigs. The pigs dily men onsumption of 161 146 wter every morning, exept when the dry bulb erel feed ws 8.5 kg per pen (S.D. 5 1.3). 16 147 temperture ws below 08C. On hot dys, however, 148 more pigs used the wllows, the wllows flooded,.5. Behviorl mesurements 163 149 nd were therefore refilled t noon. The wllows 150 were lened before filling eh Mondy nd Thurs- After moving the pigs into the experimentl brn, 164 151 dy. there ws -week dpttion period before the 165 15 The dung in the outdoor runs ws removed dily behviourl observtions begn in week 3, nd were 166 153 by shovelling it onto the slts. The indoor strw-flow repeted in weeks 5, 7, 9, 11 nd 1. In eh of these 167 154 res were shovelled when required bout one weeks, the observtions were mde between 08:00 168 155 week. Between eh replite ll dung nd strw nd 16:00 h on suessive dys. 169 156 were removed, nd the pens were pressure-wshed Diret observtions were used in reording the 170 157 indoors nd out. pigs behviour. Simultneously, two different peo- 171 158 To ensure tht the pigs would not use the ple observed the sme niml; one person observed 17 159 roughge beuse of hunger or nutritionl needs, the urrent fol pig when loted outdoors, nd the 173 160 they were fed d libitum with stndrd feed for other person observed the urrent pig when indoors. 174
49 4 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 07 In dvne, the strt positions (outdoor/ indoor) of one more sn ws mde. After observing the first 9 08 the two observers were determined rndomly, nd three pigs in the first pen, we moved on to observe 30 09 the observers hnged positions eh dy t noon three pigs in the next rndomly hosen pen. By use 31 10 when observing 5% of the pigs (dy 1) nd gin of this method, three pigs in eh of the eight pens 3 11 fter observing 75% of the pigs (dy ). Thus, by the were observed by noon (dy 1). The proedure ws 33 1 end of eh -dy observtion period ll 96 pigs hd then repeted in the fternoon (dy 1) s well s in 34 13 been observed, nd the observtions were distributed the morning nd in the fternoon (dy ), nd so by 35 14 eqully between observers indoor nd outdoor on the end of eh -dy observtion period ll 96 pigs 36 15 mornings nd fternoons. were observed nd the observtions distributed even- 37 16 The observtion order for pigs nd pens ws ly t pens on mornings nd fternoons. 38 17 determined rndomly in dvne. In the first rndom- Hndheld omputers (Psion Orgnizer II nd 39 18 ly hosen pen, the first rndomly hosen pig ws Psion Work About from Psion PLC (www.psion- 40 19 observed for 5 min by use of ll-ourrene sm-.om)) were used for dt olletion. 41 0 pling; however, if the pig to be observed ws not Definitions of the pigs generl tivity nd orl 4 1 tive, the next rndomly listed pig ws hosen for behviour re shown in Tble 1. 43 the observtion (Dybkjær, 199). The observtion of 3 the first pig ws then followed by sn to de-.6. Other mesurements 44 4 termine the pigs lotions in the different res of 5 the pen nd outdoor run. Therefter, by ll-our- Wether onditions were lso reorded. During the 45 6 rene smpling, the seond rndomly hosen pig ws sns, the outdoor observer noted wether onditions 46 7 observed for 5 min, followed by sn, then the rin, snow, wind, overst or sunshine (for eh 47 8 third rndomly hosen pig ws observed, nd finlly wether reording: yes/ no). Dry bulb temperture 48 176 Tble 1 177 178 Definitions of orl behviour nd the pigs generl tivity 179 180 Behviour Definition 181 Generl tivity The pig is not sleeping (i.e. ll exept from lying pssive with eyes losed) 18 Orl behviour towrds: 183 Pen hrdwre The pig is sniffing or biting the pen hrdwre, or rooting 184 on the pen hrdwre surfe 185 Dung The pig is sniffing or rooting in distint lump of dung, 186 or distintly hewing dung 187 Strw The pig is sniffing or rooting in the strw, or distintly 188 hewing strw 189 Outdoor floor The pig is sniffing or mking ttempt to bite the outdoor onrete floor, 190 or rooting on the outdoor onrete floor surfe (with or without mterils presented) 191 Cerel feed The pig is eting feed (i.e. hving its hed inside the self-feeder) or 19 hewing while removing its hed from the feeder 193 Penmtes The pig is sniffing, hewing, suking or mking rooting movements t 194 ny prt of penmtes body in non-ggressive wy 195 Drinker Sound omes from the wter nipple while the pigs snout is pled 196 in the drinking bowl (i.e. the pig is drinking) 197 Wllow wter The pig is sniffing or hewing the wllow wter, rooting in the wter, 198 holding its snout pssive in the wter, or mking ir bubbles in the wter 199 Strw-flow The pig is sniffing or mking ttempt to bite the indoor strw-flow, or 00 rooting on the indoor strw-flow surfe (with or without mterils presented) 01 Roughge The pig is sniffing or hewing roughge, or rooting in the roughge 0 Indoor slts The pig is sniffing or mking ttempt to bite the indoor slts, 03 04 or rooting on the indoor slts surfe (with or without mterils presented) 05 Rooting, the pigs snout is in ontt with the substrte while the snout is moved with forwrds nd bkwrds pointed movements, or 06 only with forwrd pointed movements.
341 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 5 50 nd humidity reordings were logged utomtilly The non-prmetri Wiloxon rnk sum test ws 96 51 indoors nd outdoors. From now dry bulb temper- used for behviour direted to the wllows beuse 97 5 ture will be referred to s temperture only. Due to of non-norml distribution, nd for lesion sores 98 53 only four reords of snow this vrible ws not beuse these were ordinl vribles (Cody nd 99 54 inluded in ny nlysis. Smith, 1991). 300 55 When moving to the experimentl brn the pigs Results of the wllow-direted orl behviour 301 56 were weighed nd sored for lesions on til, ers nd from the non-prmetri sttistis re given in or- 30 57 the rest of the body (sores: 0, no lesions; 1, lesions dinry mens nd stndrd devitions, but ll other 303 58 on less thn 30% of the skin re;, lesions on more results re given in lest-squre mens nd stndrd 304 59 thn 30% of the skin re). In similr wy the pigs errors printed using PROC MIXED with the LSMEAN 305 60 were sored for dirtiness, sun-sorh, nd ezem, sttement. 306 61 nd note ws mde if ny leg injury ws found. 6 This proedure ws repeted in weeks 4, 8, nd 1. 63 Reordings of medil tretments were mde on 3. Results 307 64 regulr bsis. Orl tivities were minly ffeted by ess to 308 65.7. Sttistil nlyses roughge, wheres only few signifint intertions 309 between roughge nd shelter emerged. Therefore, in 310 66 Beuse the pen ws the experimentl unit, pen- the following, most emphsis is put onto the effets 311 67 mens were lulted on the bsis of the 1 pig- of roughge. 31 68 mens per pen for eh behviourl mesurement Pigs hving ess to roughge spent on verge 313 69 (Tble 1). All ontinuous vribles were nlysed by 189.5 s/ h (S.D. 5 16.5) in sniffing, rooting or 314 70 mixed liner models using PROC MIXED with RANDOM hewing the roughge, with no signifint effets of 315 71 sttement of SAS (SAS Institute In, 1995). Clss shelter or pen lotion (P. 0.05). Pigs with ess 316 7 vribles were replite (1 7), observtion week to roughge spent less time in orl behviour di- 317 73 (repeted mesures; 1 6), pen (1 8), side of the reted towrds pen hrdwre, dung, nd outdoor 318 74 building (north/south), roughge ( 1 / ) nd shel- floor, ompred to pigs without roughge (P 5 0.001, 319 75 ter ( 1 / ). The model sttement inluded single P 5 0.04 nd P 5 0.0004, respetively; Tble ). 30 76 effets of roughge (df 5 1), shelter (df 5 1), side of The roughge pigs lso performed these types of 31 77 the building (df 5 1), nd week (df 5 5) s generl behviour less frequently (P 5 0.0008, P 5 0.050 3 78 fixed effets, nd ll intertions between these nd P 5 0.00, respetively; Tble 3). There ws 33 79 vribles if P, 0.05. Rndom vribles inluded pen tendeny for less time to be spent in orl behviour 34 80 nd replite nd ll intertions involving them. direted towrds strw when the pigs hd ess to 35 81 Outdoor temperture (min: 4.48C, mx: 1 3.78C) roughge (P 5 0.06; Tble ), but no differenes in 36 8 nd humidity (min: 56.8%, mx: 99.3%), number of frequenies emerged (overll men 5 30.3 times per 37 83 reordings of sunshine (min: 0, mx: 1), number of hour, S.D. 5.5). Pigs without roughge tended to 38 84 rin reordings (min: 0, mx: 1) nd number of spend more time on erel feed-direted orl be- 39 85 wind reordings (min: 0, mx: 1) were inluded s hviours (P 5 0.056; Tble ), but gin, no differ- 330 86 ovrites if P, 0.05. Indoor temperture nd enes in frequenies emerged (overll men 5 3.3 331 87 humidity were not inluded in the nlysis s they times per hour, S.D. 5 15.7), nd the mount of 33 88 were highly orrelted with outdoor temperture nd erel food onsumed ws not ffeted by ny 333 89 humidity (R S. 0.9, P 5 0.0001 for both). If ny tretment (P. 0.05). 334 90 ovrite gve P, 0.05, the reltionship ws investi- Effet of roughge nd shelter interted with 335 91 gted further by use of the prmetri (Person) regrds to durtion of orl tivities direted towrds 336 9 orreltion oeffiients for the ontinuous vribles penmtes with the behviour ourring lest in pens 337 93 (humidity nd temperture), nd Spermn orrel- where both roughge nd shelter were vilble (P, 338 94 tion oeffiients for the ordinl vribles (wether 0.05; Tble ). This tretment ombintion lso gve 339 95 reordings). the signifintly lowest frequeny of this behviour 340
417 6 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 34 Tble 343 344 Durtion of different types of orl behviour (s/ h) with or without ess to roughge. Dt re lest-squre mens nd stndrd errors (S.E.) 345 346 Orl behviour Tretment S.E. P-vlue 347 348 direted towrds: Roughge No roughge 349 Pen hrdwre 79.9 115.3 (14.3) 14.3 0.001 350 Dung 18. 30.48 (6.48) 6.5 0.04 351 Strw 360.1 45. (34.6) 34.6 0.061 35 Outdoor floor 64. 116.8 (13.) 13. 0.0004 353 Cerel feed 46.7 53.9 (31.) 31. 0.056 354 Penmtes b S: 96.0 S: 130.4 13.4 0.048 355 356 NS: 136.9 NS: 17.3 357 Roughge intertion with shelter. S, shelter; NS, no shelter. Vlues with different supersripts re signifintly different t P, 0.05. 358 Tble 3 359 Frequeny of different types of orl behviour (events per hour) with or without ess to roughge. Dt re lest-squre mens nd 360 361 stndrd errors (S.E.) 36 363 Orl behviour Tretment S.E. P-vlue 364 365 direted towrds: Roughge No roughge 366 Pen hrdwre 11.6 16.5.0 0.0008 367 Dung.7 4.0 0.6 0.050 368 Outdoor floor 7.8 1.3 1.4 0.00 369 Penmtes b S: 14.1 S: 17.3.1 0.015 370 NS: 17.3 b NS: 16.5 371 Drinker b S: 1.9 S:.7 0.3 0.006 37 373 b NS:.9 NS:.4 374 Roughge intertion with shelter. S, shelter; NS, no shelter. Vlues with different supersripts re signifintly different t P, 0.05. 375 performed. Aess to both roughge nd shelter lso s ompred to ll other observtion weeks (P, 396 376 gve the signifintly lowest frequeny of orl 0.05). Also, time spent on orl behviour towrds 397 377 behviour towrds the drinker (P 5 0.006; Tble 3), pen hrdwre, dung, nd indoor slts, inresed 398 378 but there ws no signifint effet regrding the signifintly from week 3 to week 7 (P, 0.05), 399 379 durtion of this behviour (P. 0.05) (on verge wheres weeks 9 1 did not differ from week 3. 400 380 39.7 s/ h, S.D. 5.1). There ws n overll tendeny However, no signifint time effet on the frequeny 401 381 for pigs given roughge to spend less time in orl of these types of behviour on the pigs generl 40 38 behviour direted towrds the strw-flow thn those tivity ws found (P. 0.05). 403 383 not given roughge (LS-men 5 5.9 (S.E. 5 8.6) vs. Pen lotion (north/ south) nd limti onditions 404 384 70.1 (S.E. 5 8.6), P 5 0.065). The frequeny of this (i.e. wether onditions, temperture nd humidity) 405 385 behviour, however, ws not ffeted by ny tret- hd no effet on the pigs generl tivity, on the 406 386 ment (P. 0.05). No signifint tretment effets frequeny nd the time spent drinking, or on the 407 387 were found on the time the pigs spend in orl mjority of the orl tivities. However, the durtion 408 388 behviour towrds the wllow wter (Wiloxon rnk of orl behviour towrds the wllow showed 409 389 sum test; P. 0.05) (over-ll mens were.5 times slightly positive reltionship with temperture nd 410 390 per hour (S.D. 5 0.6) nd 4.0 s/ h (S.D. 5 3.0), the number of sunshine reordings (R s 5 0.0 nd 411 391 respetively). Durtion of orl behviour towrds P, 0.001 for both). Moreover, regression nlysis 41 39 roughge, pen hrdwre, dung, nd indoor slts, were showed n lmost horizontl liner reltionship when 413 393 ll ffeted by observtion week (P, 0.05) (Fig. ). temperture rnged from 4to 1 158C, but steep 414 394 Fig. shows tht signifintly more time ws inrese when temperture inresed from 1 15 to 415 395 spent in orl behviour towrds roughge in week 5 1 48C (P 5 0.05 nd P 5 0.0004 respetively; Fig. 416
445 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 7 419 40 Fig.. Time spent in orl behviours towrds roughge, pen hrdwre, dung, nd indoor slts (s/ h) in the different weeks of observtion. 41 Dt re lest-squre mens6stndrd errors (S.E.). *Shows signifint differenes within eh orl behviour ompred to week 3 4 (P, 0.05). 49 3). Also polynomil reltionship ws found be- ients (R s 5 0.39 nd Rs 5 0.6, respetively; P, 437 430 tween the durtion of this behviour nd the number 0.01 for both). By using PROC MIXED nlysis we 438 431 of observtions of sunshine (interept 5 18. (S.E. 5 ould determine if this ws due to inresed use of 439 43 5.), number of sunshine observtions 5 0.4 (S.E. 5 either the indoor or outdoor re in riny wether; 440 433 0.); P, 0.004). The time spent in orl behviours however, tht ws not the se (P. 0.05). Anlysis 441 434 towrds pen hrdwre nd penmtes were ffeted showed tht riny wether did not ffet the pigs 44 435 by riny wether (P, 0.05). A Spermn orreltion sniffing t eh other (P. 0.05). However, riny 443 436 nlysis showed slightly positive orreltion oeffi- wether slightly inresed the pigs hewing, suk- 444 44 45 Fig. 3. This smoothed urve illustrtes durtion of orl behviour towrds wllow wter in reltion to environmentl temperture (8C). Eh 46 point is the men vlue from three djent degrees of temperture. The stright lines show the liner reltionship when the temperture 47 vries from 4 to 1 158C (interept 5 17.0 (S.E. 5 4.), temperture 5 0.03 (S.E. 5 0.6); P 5 0.05) nd from 1 15 to 1 48C 48 (interept 5 170.0 (S.E. 5 58.6), temperture 5 1.3 (S.E. 5 3.4); P 5 0.0004).
537 8 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 446 ing, or rooting movements towrds penmtes in the Therefore, the omplexity of the pigs environment 490 447 indoor re (P, 0.01) nd towrds pen hrdwre in my be importnt in voiding redireted orl be- 491 448 the outdoor run (P, 0.01) (R s 5 0.30 nd Rs 5 0.6, hviour. 49 449 respetively; P, 0.001 for both). We found tht the pigs spent. 3.% of the 493 450 Pigs hving ess to roughge hd signifintly observtion time in orl behviour towrds pen 494 451 lower sores for lesions on the til in week 4 hrdwre (i.e. 79.9 115.3 s/ h; Tble ) nd.7 495 45 ompred to the no-roughge pigs (Wiloxon rnk 3.8% in orl tivities towrds penmtes (lowest in 496 453 sum test; on verge 0.03 (S.D. 5 0.01) vs. 0.06 the group with ess to both roughge nd shelter; 497 454 (S.D. 5 0.01); P, 0.05). Signifint differenes be- i.e. 96 s/h see Tble ). Comprtively, Lyons et 498 455 tween these two groups of pigs lso emerged in week l. (1995) found tht pigs housed on strw spent 499 456 8 s regrds lesions on the ers (0.11 (S.D. 5 0.0) bout % of their dytime in orl behviour towrds 500 457 vs. 0.18 (S.D. 5 0.0); P, 0.05) nd the body (0.13 pen hrdwre (without strw: bout 1%). Bettie et 501 458 (S.D. 5 0.0) vs. 0.3 (0.0); P, 0.05), wheres no l. (1993) lso found tht pigs in n enrihed 50 459 other differenes between ny tretment emerged. environment spent bout 1% of their dytime in orl 503 460 Aross soring times, on verge.6% of the pigs tivities towrds penmtes (brren environment: 504 461 were lssified s dirty (sore 1 or more), 0.5% of 10.8%). Similr effets of strw re found in 505 46 the pigs were sun-sorhed, nd less thn 1% hd younger pigs (Frser et l., 1991) nd sows (Spool- 506 463 ezem or suffered from leg injury. der et l., 1995), but juvenile pigs in semi-nturl 507 464 There were no signifint differenes between onditions did not show ny orl tivities towrds 508 465 tretments s regrds medil tretment. On verge, other pigs (Petersen, 1994). As orl behviour 509 466 3.0% of the pigs (S.D. 5 4.0) were treted indi- towrds penmtes is onsidered to be redireted 510 467 vidully with ntibiotis for different infetions. behviour in the bsene of more pproprite stimuli 511 468 However, ll pigs in replites 5 nd 6 were treted (vn Putten, 1980), ny inititive to enrih the pigs 51 469 with Timulin (100 ppm) given in the feed beuse environment with pproprite stimuli is desirble. 513 470 the whole brn beme infeted with swine dysen- However, it is doubtful if this behviour n be 514 471 tery (used by Brhyspir hyodysenteri formerly ompletely voided in indoor systems where the 515 47 known s Serpulin hyodysenteri). However, we pigs, regrdless of enrihment, re kept in onfined 516 473 found only few lumps of bloodstined fees, nd spe with restrited possibilities for rooting om- 517 474 the pigs behviour, for exmple tivity, ws not pred to pigs kept in nturl onditions. Neither 518 475 different from the other replites. In generl, we indoor- or outdoor-kept pigs hve full ontrol over 519 476 onsidered the pigs housed in these experimentl their environment, however, the more nturl the 50 477 pens to be in good helth. onditions the more omplex the environment, giv- 51 ing pigs more hoies of wht to mnipulte, where 5 to lote themselves, nd who to soilise with. This 53 478 4. Disussion my give more ontrol over their environment 54 ompred to pigs in indoor systems, even when they 55 479 The present results show tht even when growing re enrihed. However, to mintin the pig pro- 56 480 pigs hd ess to mple strw, spe, nd different dution t tody s level, indoor housing is neessry, 57 481 tivity res, wholerop silge of brley nd pes in but by enrihing the environment inpproprite orl 58 48 ddition to strw, redued the mjority of the pigs tivities towrds other pigs my be redued. 59 483 orl tivities towrds their environment nd redued We found tht ess to roughge tended to redue 530 484 the inidene of lesions of the skin. However, ess the pigs time spent in orl tivities towrds strw 531 485 to shelter, in ombintion with ess to roughge, nd erel feed. This my suggest tht ess to 53 486 redued orl behviour towrds penmtes nd the roughge ould redue ompetition for these ttr- 533 487 wter bowl. Consequently, both dditionl roughge tive elements in the pen. Nevertheless, no effet on 534 488 nd other environmentl improvements my hve erel feed onsumption ws pprent, inditing 535 489 reduing effets on redireted orl behviour in pigs. tht no-roughge pigs onsumed the erel food 536
65 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 9 538 more slowly, whih might be one wy of stisfying point of view. However, further studies re required 585 539 their need for orl tivities. to revel if orl tivities towrds penmtes generlly 586 540 The pigs ge did not influene the pigs generl re ffeted by rin. 587 541 tivity, but ge, however, influened the time they Bsed on the present study, we suggest tht 588 54 spent on orl tivities towrds roughge, pen hrd- supplying growing pigs with roughge s rooting nd 589 543 wre, dung, nd indoor slts. These orl tivities hewing substrte, in ddition to strw, might pro- 590 544 inresed when the pigs were 15 17 weeks old (i.e. vide environmentl enrihment of biologil rele- 591 545 observtion week 5 7) ompred to 13 weeks of ge vne for pigs. However, how well the substrtes re 59 546 (i.e. observtion week 3), but ge hd no effet when suited my depend on their omposition (see Olsen 593 547 the pigs exeeded 17 weeks of ge. Similrly, et l. (000)). Therefore, types of roughge other 594 548 Petersen (1994) nd Newberry nd Wood-Gush thn wholerop silge of brley nd pes my 595 549 (1988) reported tht free-rnging domesti pigs improve the biologil relevne of the rooting nd 596 550 generlly inresed their rooting tivities with in- hewing substrte further. 597 551 resing ge (mesured until week 18 nd 14, 55 respetively). Age my lso be importnt regrding 553 the effets of roughge on other orl tivities. In the 554 present study, the no-roughge pigs inresed their 5. Conlusion 598 555 time spent on strw-flow-direted orl behviour in Even if pigs hve ess to mple strw, spe nd 599 556 observtion weeks 5 nd 11, ompred to pigs tht different tivity res, wholerop silge of brley 600 557 hd ess to roughge. The inrese in week 15 is nd pes n pprently redue redireted orl 601 558 similr to the inrese in rooting behviour found in behviour, but giving them ess to shelter my 60 559 semi-nturl onditions t the sme ge, but the lso redue redireted orl tivities. Therefore, the 603 560 inrese in week 1 most likely ppered by overll omplexity of the environment my be n 604 561 hne. Thus, our results indite tht ge (t 13 importnt ftor in voiding redireted orl behv- 605 56 weeks of ge) does not influene generl tivity but iour direted towrds penmtes, whih impts neg- 606 563 the time llotted to different orl tivities. tively on both frm eonomis nd pigs welfre. 607 564 Although, wether onditions, temperture nd 565 humidity did not ffet generl tivity nd most orl 566 tivities, we found steep inrese in the time the 567 pigs spent in orl tivities towrds the wllow when Aknowledgements 608 568 temperture exeeded 158C, nd with inresing 569 number of sunshine observtions. This ould indite We thnk the following for their dvie: Dr. H.B. 609 570 tht orl tivities grdully hnged from forging/ Simonsen, Deprtment of Animl Siene nd Ani- 610 571 explortive rooting to rooting in onnetion with ml Helth, The Royl Dnish Veterinry nd Ag- 611 57 temperture regultory behviour. Andresen nd riulturl University; Drs. L. Dybkjær nd E.-M. 61 573 Redbo (1999) did not find reltionships between Vestergrd, Deprtment of Animl Helth nd Wel- 613 574 temperture nd rooting behviour in outdoor rised fre, Dnish Institute of Agriulturl Sienes; M.S. 614 575 growing pigs, but found inresed rooting in the J. Jsper nd Dr. Dvid Frser, Animl Welfre 615 576 wllow t 08C. In this experiment, we lso found Progrm, Fulty of Agriulturl Sienes nd Cen- 616 577 tht inresed rin inresed the time spent on tre for Applied Ethis, University of British Colum- 617 578 hewing, suking or mking rooting movements bi, Cnd. The tehnil ssistne of P.M. 618 579 towrds penmtes in the indoor prt of the pen, nd Hgelskjær, M. Levring, L. Jensen, nd E.L. Deker, 619 580 biting or rooting towrds pen hrdwre in the Dnish Institute of Agriulturl Sienes, is grteful- 60 581 outdoor run. If rin inreses orl tivities towrds ly knowledged. We lso thnk Hns Kier s Fund, 61 58 penmtes regrdless of housing system, this my The Dnish Soiety for Animl Protetion, nd the 6 583 impt the dmging behviour (e.g. til-biting), tht Dnish Reserh Centre for Orgni frming for 63 584 is undesirble from both n eonomi nd welfre ontributing to the finning of this study. 64
678 10 A.W. Olsen / Livestok Prodution Siene 1 (001) 000 000 66 Referenes 67 Andresen, N., Redbo, I., 1999. Forging behviour of growing 68 pigs on grsslnd in reltion to stoking rte nd feed rude 69 protein level. Appl. Anim. Behv. Si. 6, 183 197. 630 Bettie, V.E., Sneddon, I.A., Wlker, N., 1993. Behviour nd 631 produtivity of the domesti pig in brren nd enrihed 63 environments. In: Livestok Env. IV., Proeedings of Confer- 633 ene, Coventry, UK, pp. 43 50. 634 Briedermnn, L., 1971. Ermittlungen zur Ativittsperiodik des 635 Mitteleuropishen Wild-shweines (Sus Srof L.). Zool. 636 Grten Leipzig 40, 30 37. 637 Brue, J.M., 1990. Strw-flow: high welfre system for pigs. 638 Frm Build. Prog. 10, 9 13. 639 BØJ, 1994. Bekendtgørelse om økologisk jordbrugsproduktion. 640 Plntedirektortets Bekendtgørelse 89 f 7. oktober 1994, 641 Ministeriet for Fødevrer, Lndbrug og Fiskeri. (Regultions 64 for orgni frming in Denmrk. Exeutive order no. 89, 643 Otober 7, 1994. Ministry of Food, Agriulture nd Fisheries, 644 In Dnish. 645 Cody, R.P., Smith, J.K., 1991. In: 3rd Edition. Applied Sttistis 646 nd the SAS Progrmming Lnguge. Prentie Hll, New 647 Jersey, p. 403. 648 Dybkjær, L., 199. The identifition of behviourl inditors of 649 stress in erly wened piglets. Appl. Anim. Behv. Si. 35, 650 135 147. 651 Frser, D., Phillips, P.A., Thompson, B.K., Tennessen, T., 1991. Effet of strw on the behviour of growing pigs. Appl. Anim. 65 Behv. Si. 30, 307 318. 653 Lyons, C.A.P., Brue, J.M., Fowler, V.R., English, P.R., 1995. A 654 omprison of produtivity nd welfre of growing pigs in four 655 intensive systems. Livest. Prod. Si. 43, 65 74. 656 Newberry, R., Wood-Gush, D.G.M., 1988. Development of some 657 behviour ptterns in piglets under semi-nturl onditions. 658 Anim. Prod. 46, 103 109. 659 Olsen, A.W., Dybkjær, L., Simonsen, H.B., 001. Behviour of 660 growing pigs in pens with outdoor runs. II. Temperture 661 regultory behviour, omfort behviour nd dunging prefer- 66 enes. Livest. Prod. Si, This issue. 663 Olsen, A.W., Vestergrd, E.-M., Dybkjær, L., 000. Roughge s 664 dditionl rooting substrtes for pigs. Anim. Si. 70, 451 456. 665 Petersen, V., 1994. The development of feeding nd investigtory 666 behviour in free-rnging domesti pigs during their first 18 667 weeks of life. Appl. Anim. Behv. Si. 4, 87 98. 668 vn Putten, G., 1980. Objetive observtions on the behviour of 669 fttening pigs. Anim. Regul. Stud. 3, 105 118. 670 SAS Institute In, 1995. SAS Users guide, Version 6.11. SAS, 671 Cry, NC. 67 Spoolder, H.A.M., Burbidge, J.A., Edwrds, S.A., Simmins, P.H., 673 Lwrene, A.B., 1995. Provision of strw s forging 674 substrte redues the development of exessive hin nd br 675 mnipultion in food restrited sows. Appl. Anim. Behv. Si. 676 43, 49 6. 677