Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A AADs. See Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ACP in transseptal approach to AF, 607 609 AF. See Atrial fibrillation (AF) AFP. See Anterior fat pad (AFP) Aging AF due to, 485 486 Aldosterone antagonists, 543 Amiodarone rhythm control related, 537 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 542 Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 542 Anterior fat pad (AFP) preservation Anti-inflammatory agents, 543 Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) in AF follow-up care, 512 514, 533 549 inpatient vs. outpatient initiation, 539 introduction, 533 534 rhythm control related, 534 539 amiodarone, 537 decision in, 535 disopyramide, 535 dofetilide, 536 537 dronedarone, 537 538 flecainide and propafenone, 535 536 ibutilide, 538 pharmacologic cardioversion, 534 535 quinidine, 535 rules in selection, 538 539 sotalol, 536 vs. rate control, 534 vs. catheter ablation, 525 526 Anticoagulant(s), 587 593 vitamin K antagonists, 587 590 Anticoagulation in AF follow-up care, 512 Cardiol Clin 32 (2014) 651 655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(14)00083-6 0733-8651/14/$ see front matter Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. in catheter ablation, 552 Antiplatelet agents in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions/stenting, 594 595 Antithrombotic agents, 593 594 ARBs. See Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) Atrial dilatation and stretch AF related to, 488 Atrial fibrillation (AF) classification of, 534 diagnostic evaluation of, 507 512 clinical history in, 507 511 medications, 511 past medical history, 510 511 quality of life, 508 510 symptoms, 507 508 introduction, 507 physical examination in, 511 512 epidemic of, 637 638 follow-up care, 512 515 antiarrhythmic therapy in, 512 514 anticoagulation in, 512 RFA in, 515 genetics in, 488 494 variants, 488 491 common, 490 491 ion channel genes, 488 490 non ion channel genes, 490 rate, 488 490 incidence of, 533 introduction, 485, 573, 585 586 maintenance of high DF sites and, 501 502 management of AADs in, 533 549. See also Antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), ACE inhibitors in, 542 aldosterone antagonists in, 543 anticoagulants in, 587 593 introduction, 585 586 antiinflammatory agents in, 543 antiplatelet agents in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions/ stenting in, 594 595 antithrombotic therapy in, 593 594 introduction, 585 586 ARBs in, 542 cardiology.theclinics.com
652 Index Atrial (continued ) AVJ ablation in, 573 583. See also Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation, in AF management cardiac resynchronization therapy in catheter ablation in, 551 561. See also Catheter ablation, as first-line treatment, 526 529 vs. AADs, 525 526 future directions in, 543 544 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors/statins in, 542 543 LAA exclusion in, 601 625. See also Left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion, for AF ranolazine in, 544 rate control in, 521 525 vs. rhythm control, 521 531 described, 523 525 drug therapy in sinus rhythm maintenance, 521 523 surgery in, 563 571 Cox-Maze procedure, 564 569. See also Cox-Maze procedure, in surgical management of AF indications for, 564 introduction, 563 564 upstream, 539 543 vernakalant in, 544 mechanisms of, 495 506 frequency-dependent breakdown of wave propagation, 496 498 introduction, 495 496 transition from paroxysmal to PeAF reflected by DF changes, 498 501 translation to patients, 501 502 perpetuation of inflammation in, 641 642 prevention of, 637 650 sustained high-frequency atrial excitation results in oxidative stress in, 639 641 persistent. See Persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) new animal model of, 638 639 postoperative, 627 633. See also Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) prevalence of, 485, 507, 533 prevention of outlook for, 646 remodeling of Gal-3 in, 644 646 risk factors for, 485 488 aging, 485 486 atrial dilatation and stretch, 488 CAD, 486 487 hypertension, 486 pericardial fat and obesity, 487 sleep apnea, 487 488 stroke related to bleeding risk and, 586 587 mechanisms of, 604 606 tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy related to, 576 577 Atrial fibrosis RAAS and, 642 644 Atrial pacing prophylactic 631 Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation, 573 583 alternatives to, 579 580 complications of, 575 576 device selection after, 577 579 hemodynamics of, 576 indications for, 574 long-term outcomes after, 579 new technology for, 580 581 procedure, 574 575 tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy related to, 576 577 B b-blockers in POAF management, 629 630 C CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) Calcium channel blockers Cardiac resynchronization therapy AF and Cardiomyopathy tachycardia-induced AF and, 576 577 Catheter ablation, 551 561 anticogulation in, 552 as first-line treatment, 526 529 introduction, 551 outcomes of, 555 558 complications-related, 558 mortality benefits, 558 procedural success, 555 556 stroke benefit, 556 558 patient selection for, 551 postprocedure care and follow-up, 554 555 preoperative planning for, 551 552 preprocedure testing for, 551 552 strategies for, 552 554 AF mechanisms, 552 cryoballoon catheter, 554 PVI, 552 553 vs. AADs, 525 526
Index 653 Coronary artery disease (CAD) heart failure and, 486 487 Cox-Maze procedure in surgical management of AF, 564 569 patient positioning in, 564 perioperative and postoperative management in, 568 preoperative planning in, 564 results of, 568 569 technique, 564 568 right mini-thoractomy approach, 567 568 sternotomy approach, 564 567 Cryoballoon catheter in catheter ablation, 554 D DF. See Dominant frequency (DF) Digoxin Disopyramide rhythm control related, 535 Dofetilide rhythm control related, 536 537 Dominant frequency (DF) changes in transition from paroxysmal to PeAF reflected by, 498 501 high AF maintenance related to, 501 502 Dronedarone rhythm control related, 537 538 Drug therapy. See also specific types in sinus rhythm maintenance, 521 523 E Electrical cardioversion F Flecainide and propafenone rhythm control related, 535 536 G Gal-3 in AF remodeling, 644 646 H Heart failure CAD and, 486 487 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors/statins, 542 543 Hypertension AF due to, 486 I Ibutilide rhythm control related, 538 dofetilide and Inflammation AF perpetuation related to, 641 642 L LAA. See Left atrial appendage (LAA) Left atrial appendage (LAA) dysfunction of stroke and, 605 606 function of, 604 morphologic variation of, 603 604 morphology and microstructure complexity of, 606 morphology of, 602 603 regional anatomy of, 603 structure of, 602 604 Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure in cardioembolic risk reduction, 606 607 surgical approaches, 606 607 minimally invasive approach, 607 percutaneous, 607 Left atrial appendage (LAA) exclusion for AF, 601 625 complications of prevention/management of, 614 615 epicardial approach, 612 hybrid approach, 613 614 introduction, 601 transseptal approach, 607 611 ACP, 607 609 PLAATO system, 607 WATCHMAN, 609 611 WaveCrest system, 611 unanswered questions related to, 615 618 M Magnesium Myopathy stroke and, 605 606 N Non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, 590 593
654 Index O Obesity AF related to, 487 Oxidative stress sustained high-frequency atrial excitation resulting in, 639 641 P Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) to PeAF DF changes related to, 498 501 PeAF. See Persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion (PLAATO) system in transseptal approach to AF, 607 Pericardial fat AF related to, 487 Pericardiotomy posterior Persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) transition from paroxysmal to DF changes related to, 498 501 Pharmacologic cardioversion in rhythm control, 534 535 PLAATO system. See Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion (PLAATO) system POAF. See Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) Posterior pericardiotomy Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), 627 633 epidemiology of, 628 629 introduction, 627 management of AADs in, 630 AFP preservation in, 631 amiodarone in, 630 anticoagulation in, 631 b-blockers in, 629 630 calcium channel blockers and digoxin in, 630 electrical cardioversion in, 631 goals in, 629 ibutilide and dofetilide in, 630 magnesium in, 630 nonpharmacologic strategies in, 630 631 pharmacologic agents in, 629 630 posterior pericardiotomy in, 631 prophylactic atrial pacing in, 630 631 sotalol in, 630 mechanism of, 627 628 prognosis of, 629 recurrence of, 632 Propafenone and flecainide rhythm control related, 535 536 Prophylactic atrial pacing 631 Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in catheter ablation, 552 553 PVI. See Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) Q Quality of life in AF evaluation, 508 510 Quinidine rhythm control related, 535 R RAAS. See Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in AF follow-up care, 515 Ranolazine, 544 Refractory AF/atrial flutter and rapid ventricular rates Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) atrial fibrosis and, 642 644 RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) S Sinus rhythm in AF maintenance of drug therapy in, 521 523 Sleep apnea AF related to, 487 488 Sotalol rhythm control related, 536 Stroke AF and bleeding risk associated with, 586 587 mechanisms of, 604 606 LAA dysfunction related to, 605 606 myopathy and, 605 606 nonpharmacologic prevention of, 595 596 risk factors for prevention of catheter ablation in, 556 558 T Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy AF and, 576 577
Index 655 Thromboembolism prevention of, 595 596 V Vernakalant, 544 Vitamin K antagonists, 587 590 W WATCHMAN in transseptal approach to AF, 609 611 Wave propagation frequency-dependent breakdown of in AF, 496 498 WaveCrest system in transseptal approach to AF, 611