Celični razdelki in transport proteinov

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Transcription:

Celični razdelki in transport proteinov

Kompartmentalizacija celic

Kompartmentalizacija celic

Kompartmentalizacija celic

Celične membrane

Glavni celični organeli

Evolucijski izvor topologije celic Topology governed by evolutionary origins Invagination of pm creates organelles such as nucleus that are topologically equivalent to cytosol and communicate via pores

Evolucijski izvor topologije celic Topology governed by evolutionary origins Endosymbiosis of mito and plastids creates double membrane organelle (have own genome)

Evolucijski izvor topologije celic Notranjost organel, ki so nastale z invaginacijo in odcepitvijo plazemske membrane je topološko ekvivalentna zunanjosti celice Večina organel se ne more zgraditi de novo

Različni načini transporta proteinov Trije mehanizmi 1. Kanalčki z vrati- topološko ekvivalenten prostor 2. Transmembranski trasport: proteinski translokatorju, topološko drug prostor 3. Transport z vezikli: z membrano ločeni intermediati, topološko ekvivalenten prostor

Tipi sor=rnih signalov

Tipična signalna AK zaporedja

Jedrna membrana

Transport proteinov med jedrom in citosolom

Kompleks jedrne pore (NPC)

Transport proteinov med jedrom in citosolom

Transport proteinov med jedrom in citosolom

Prenašalni jedrni receptorski proteini

Transport proteinov med jedrom in citosolom

Transport proteinov med jedrom in citosolom

Regulacija transkripcije z NT

Izvoz mrna

Jedrna membrana med mitozo

Transport v mitohondrije in kloroplaste

Transport v mitohondrije- signalna sekvenca je amfipa=čna alfa vijačnica

Transport v mitohondrije TOM- translokator proteinov v zunanji membrani TIM- v notranji membrani OXA- insercija proteinov, ki se sinte=zirajo v MT in =s=h, ki so se transpor=rali v matriks, v notranjo membrano

Transport proteinov v mitohondrije

Za transport proteinov v mitohondrije je potrebna energija

Dve signalni zaporedji sta potrebni za transport proteinov v medmembranski prostor ali v notranjo MT membrano

Transport proteinov v kloroplaste

Peroksisomi -Ser-Lys-Leu-COO - peroksini- transportni proteini

Endoplazemski re=kulum zavzema >= 50% vse membranske površine v celici in ~10% celičnega volumna kon=nuirana membrana z jedrno membrano centralna vloga pri sintezi proteinov in lipidov

ER in transport proteinov vsi transmembranski proteini, skoraj vsi ekstracelularni proteini ter proteini, ki gredo v lumen ER, Golgijev aparat in lizosome se najprej prenesejo v lumen ER proteini se prenašajo v lumen ER že med sintezo (kotranslacijsko)- ribosom je pritrjen na ER membrano (grobi ER)

Gladki in grobi ER

ER in transport proteinov- hipoteza

Delec, ki prepozna signalno zaporedje (SRP) hidrofobna signalna sekvenca 8 ali več AK SRP ima hidrofobni žep vezava SRP zaustavi sintezo proteina, dokler se ribosom ne veže na SRP receptor v ER membrani protein se podaljšuje v ER

ER in transport proteinov

ER in transport proteinov - translokator

ER in transport proteinov

Nekateri proteini se tudi v ER prenesejo post- translacijsko

V lumnu ER se signalno zaporedje odstrani

Transmembranski proteini

Transmembranski proteini

Transmembranski proteini

Transmembranski proteini 2

ER in transport proteinov proteini, ki ostanejo v ER vsebujejo ER zadrževalni signal- 4AK na C- koncu (npr. PDI, BiP šaperone...)

Tipična signalna AK zaporedja

Glikozilacija proteinov v ER

Vloga N- glikozilacije pri kontroli zvijanja proteinov

Nepravilno zvi= proteini se prenesejo nazaj v citosol- retrotranslokacija

ER in lipidni dvosloj na membrani ER se sinte=zirajo skoraj vsi pomembni lipidi, tudi fosfolipidi (na citosolni strani membrane)

ER in lipidni dvosloj

Vezikularni transport

Vezikularni transport

BRSTENJE MEŠIČKOV (proteinski plašči, dinamin) TRANSPORT MEŠIČKOV (citoskeletni filamenti in motorni proteini, proteini Rab) FUZIJA MEŠIČKOV (proteini SNARE) Povzeto po: Behnia, R. in Munro, S. (Nature, 2005 (438) str. 597-604)

Nastanek mešička I. Fagocitoza in makropinocitoza II. Brstenje mešičkov iz plazemske membrane ali endocitoza III. Brstenje mešičkov iz membran endoplazemskega retikuluma (ER) IV. Brstenje mešičkov iz membran Golgijevega aparata (GA) Povzeto po: Lodish, H. in sod. (Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, New York: W. H. Freeman, 2000)

Vezikularni transport