Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
|
|
- Whitney Newton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
2 Intracellular Compartments A eukaryotic cell is elaborately subdivided into functionally distinct, membrane-enclosed compartments. Each compartment, or organelle, contains its own characteristic set of enzymes and other specialized molecules, and complex distribution systems transport specific products from one compartment to another. Proteins confer upon each compartment its characteristic structural and functional properties. They catalyze the reactions that occur in each organelle and selectively transport small molecules into and out of its interior, or lumen. Proteins also serve as organelle-specific surface markers that direct new deliveries of proteins and lipids to the appropriate organelle. An animal cell contains about 10 billion (10 10 ) protein molecules of perhaps 10,000-20,000 kinds, and the synthesis of almost all of them begins in the cytosol. Each newly synthesized protein is then delivered specifically to the cell compartment that requires it.
3 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting Functionally distinct membrane bound organelles 10 billion proteins of 10,000-20,000 different kinds Complex delivery system
4 Compartmentalization of Cells Membranes Partition cell Important cellular functions Impermeable to most hydrophobic molecules contain transport proteins to import and export specific molecules Mechanism for importing and incorporating organelle specific proteins that define major organelles
5 Compartmentalization of Cells All Eukaryotic Cells Have Same Basic Set of Membrane Bound Organelles
6 The Neucleus and Cytoplasm The nucleus contains the main genome and is the principal site of DNA and RNA synthesis. The surrounding cytoplasm consists of the cytosol and the cytoplasmic organelles suspended in it. The cytosol, constituting a little more than half the total volume of the cell, is the site of protein synthesis and degradation. It also performs most of the cell's intermediary metabolism that is, the many reactions by which some small molecules are degraded and others are synthesized to provide the building blocks for macromolecules
7 Endoplasmic Reticulum About half the total area of membrane in a eukaryotic cell encloses the labyrinthine spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER has many ribosomes bound to its cytosolic surface; these are engaged in the synthesis of both soluble and integral membrane proteins, most of which are destined either for secretion to the cell exterior or for other organelles. Whereas proteins are translocated into other organelles only after their synthesis is complete, they are translocated into the ER as they are synthesized. This is why the ER membrane is unique in having ribosomes tethered to it. The ER also produces most of the lipid for the rest of the cell and functions as a store for Ca 2+ ions. The ER sends many of its proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus.
8 Golgi Complex The Golgi apparatus consists of organized stacks of disclike compartments called Golgi cisternae; it receives lipids and proteins from the ER and dispatches them to a variety of destinations, usually covalently modifying them en route. Proteins cis face Cisternae Transport vesicle trans face Golgi apparatus Protein Ribosome Vesicle budding from rough endoplasmic reticulum Migrating transport vesicle Fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus
9 Mitochondria and (in plants) chloroplasts generate most of the ATP used by cells to drive reactions that require an input of free energy; chloroplasts are a specialized version of plastids, which can also have other functions in plant cells, such as the storage of food or pigment molecules. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that degrade defunct intracellular organelles, as well as macromolecules and particles taken in from outside the cell by endocytosis. On their way to lysosomes, endocytosed material must first pass through a series of organelles called endosomes. Peroxisomes are small vesicular compartments that contain enzymes utilized in a variety of oxidative reactions.
10 Mitochondria Chloroplast
11 Cellular Compartments In general, each membrane-enclosed organelle performs the same set of basic functions in all cell types. But to serve the specialized functions of cells, these organelles will vary in abundance and can have additional properties that differ from cell type to cell type.
12 Compartmentalization of Cells
13 Compartmentalization of Cells
14
15
16 Compartmentalization of Cells Major Organelles Nucleus Cytosol ER Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria and Chloroplast Lysosomes Endosomes Peroxisomes
17 Compartmentalization of Cells Occupy 50% cell volume Perform same basic function Vary in size and abundance May take on additional functions Position dictated by cytoskeleton
18 Protein Sorting All proteins begin being synthesized on ribosomes in the cytosol, except for the few that are synthesized on the ribosomes of mitochondria and plastids. Their subsequent fate depends on their amino acid sequence, which can contain sorting signals that direct their delivery to locations outside the cytosol. Most proteins do not have a sorting signal and consequently remain in the cytosol as permanent residents. Many others, however, have specific sorting signals that direct their transport from the cytosol into the nucleus, the ER, mitochondria, plastids, or peroxisomes; sorting signals can also direct the transport of proteins from the ER to other destinations in the cell.
19 Types of Transport Mechanisms 1. Gated Transport: the protein traffic between the cytosol and nucleus gated channels topologically equivalent spaces 2. Transmembrane Transport: protein translocators topologically distinct space unfolded protein Cytosol to ER 3. Vesicular transport: membrane enclosed intermediates The transfer of soluble proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus topologically equivalent spaces
20 Compartmentaliztion of Cells Families of Intracellular Compartments: 1. nucleus and cytosol 2. organelles in the secretory pathway 3. mitochondria 4. plastid Transport guided by: 1. sorting signals in transported proteins 2. complementary receptor proteins
21 Types of Sorting Signals in Proteins 1. Signal Sequence continuous sequence of aa sometimes removed from finished protein sometimes a part of finished protein 2. Signal Patch specific 3d arrangement of atoms on protein surface; aa s distant persist in finished protein
22
23 The Endoplasmic Reticulum & Protein Trafficking
24 ER and Protein Trafficking Endoplasmic Reticulum Occupies >= 50% of cell volume Continuous with nuclear membrane Sequestration of Ca++ from the cytoplasm. Central to biosynthesis of macromolecules used to construct other organelles Trafficking of proteins to ER lumen, Gogli, lysosome or those to be secreted from cell
25 Abundant smooth ER in steroid-hormonesecreting cell A 3-D reconstruction of ER in liver cell Figure 12-36c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
26 ER and Protein Trafficking ER removes 2 types of proteins from cytosol: 1. Transmembrane proteins, partly translocated across ER, embedded in it Some proteins function in the ER, but many are destined to reside in the plasma membrane or the membrane of another organelle. 2. Water - soluble proteins, translocated into lumen Either for the lumen of an organelle or for secretion.
27 Free Membranebound Figure 12-41a
28 Figure Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
29 ER and Protein Trafficking Quantity of SER and ER Dependent Upon Cell Type RER assoc. w/ protein synthesis SER assoc. lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, steroid synthesis, Ca 2+ storage
30 ER and Protein Trafficking Import of Proteins into ER Occurs co-translationally Signal recognition sequence recognized by SRP SRP recognized by SRP receptor Protein Translocator
31 ER and Protein Trafficking Hydrophobic signal sequence of different sequence and shape SRP lg hydrophobic pocket lined by Met having unbranched flexible side chains Binding of SRP causes pause in protein synthesis allowing time for SRP-ribosome complex to bind to SRP receptor
32 ER and Protein Trafficking Protein to be imported passes through an aqueous pore in the translocator that is a dynamic structure Sec61 protein translocator Signal sequence triggers opening of pore Translocator pore closes when ribosomes are not present
33 ER and Protein Trafficking Some proteins are imported in to ER by a posttranslational mechanism Proteins released into cytoplasm Binding of chaperone proteins prevents them from folding Translocation occurs without ribosomes sealing pore Mechanism whereby protein moves through pore is unknown
34 ER and Protein Trafficking Signal Sequence is Removed from Soluble Proteins Two signaling functions: 1) directs protein to ER membrane 2) serves as start transfer signal to open pore Signal peptidase removes terminal ER signal sequence upon release of protein into the lumen
35 ER and Protein Trafficking Single Pass Transmembrane Proteins 1. N-terminal signal sequence initiates translocation and additional hydrophobic stop sequence anchors protein in membrane 2. Signal sequence is internal and remains in lipid bilayer after release from translocator 3. Internal signal sequence in opposite orientation 4. Orientation of start-transfer sequence governed by distribution of nearby chg aa
36 Multipass Transmembrane Proteins Multipass Transmembrane Proteins Combinations of start- and stop-transfer signals determine topology Whether hydrophobic signal sequence is a start- or stop-transfer sequence depends upon its location in polypeptide chain All copies of same polypeptide have same orientation
37 Folding of ER Resident Proteins ER resident proteins contain an ER retention signal of 4 specific aa at C- terminus PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) oxidizes free SH grps on cysteines to from disulfide bonds S-S allowing proteins to refold BiP chaperone proteins, pulls proteins posttranslationally into ER through translocator and assists w/ protein folding
38 Glycolsylation of ER Proteins Most soluble and transmembrane proteins made in ER are glycolsylated by addition of an oligosaccharide to Asn Precursor oligosaccharide linked to dolichol lipid in ER mem, in high energy state Transfer by oligosaccharyl transferase occurs almost as soon as polypeptide enters lumen
39 ER and Protein Trafficking Retrotranslocation Improperly folded ER proteins are exported and degraded in cytosol Misfolded proteins in ER activate an Unfolded Protein Response to increase transcription of ER chaperones and degradative enzymes
40 ER and Protein Trafficking The Unfolded Protein Response
Protein sorting (endoplasmic reticulum) Dr. Diala Abu-Hsasan School of Medicine
Protein sorting (endoplasmic reticulum) Dr. Diala Abu-Hsasan School of Medicine dr.abuhassand@gmail.com An overview of cellular components Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) It is a network of membrane-enclosed
More informationProtein Trafficking in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
Protein Trafficking in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells has considerable functional advantages for the cell, but requires elaborate mechanisms to ensure
More informationMolecular Cell Biology Problem Drill 16: Intracellular Compartment and Protein Sorting
Molecular Cell Biology Problem Drill 16: Intracellular Compartment and Protein Sorting Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which of the following statements about the nucleus is correct? Question #01 A. The
More information2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. PROTEIN SORTING. Lecture 10 BIOL 266/ Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S.
PROTEIN SORTING Lecture 10 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University Introduction Membranes divide the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments. The endomembrane
More informationSummary of Endomembrane-system
Summary of Endomembrane-system 1. Endomembrane System: The structural and functional relationship organelles including ER,Golgi complex, lysosome, endosomes, secretory vesicles. 2. Membrane-bound structures
More informationThe endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels through the cytoplasm and sacs called cisternae.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of folded membranes that form channels through the cytoplasm and sacs called cisternae. Cisternae serve as channels for the transport of
More informationPROTEIN TRAFFICKING. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D
PROTEIN TRAFFICKING Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D Overview Proteins are synthesized either on free ribosomes or on ribosomes bound to endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The synthesis of nuclear, mitochondrial and peroxisomal
More informationAP Biology
Tour of the Cell (1) 2007-2008 Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells Eukaryote plant cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized
More informationPractice Exam 2 MCBII
1. Which feature is true for signal sequences and for stop transfer transmembrane domains (4 pts)? A. They are both 20 hydrophobic amino acids long. B. They are both found at the N-terminus of the protein.
More informationEssential Cell Biology
Alberts Bray Hopkin Johnson Lewis Raff Roberts Walter Essential Cell Biology FOURTH EDITION Chapter 15 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport Copyright Garland Science 2014 CHAPTER CONTENTS MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED
More informationendomembrane system internal membranes origins transport of proteins chapter 15 endomembrane system
endo system chapter 15 internal s endo system functions as a coordinated unit divide cytoplasm into distinct compartments controls exocytosis and endocytosis movement of molecules which cannot pass through
More informationTRANSPORT PROCESSES. 1b. moving proteins into membranes and organelles
1b. moving proteins into membranes and organelles SLIDE 1 A typical mammalian cell contains up to 10,000 different kinds of proteins. The vast majority of these proteins are synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes,
More informationIntracellular vesicular traffic. B. Balen
Intracellular vesicular traffic B. Balen Three types of transport in eukaryotic cells Figure 12-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008) Endoplasmic reticulum in all eucaryotic cells Endoplasmic
More informationEndomembrane system 11/1/2018. Endomembrane System. Direct physical continuity. Transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Outer Nuclear envelope
Endomembrane system Endomembrane System Outer Nuclear envelope Direct physical continuity Transfer of membrane segments as vesicles Endoplasmic reticulum BUT membranes are not identical in structure and
More informationMolecular Trafficking
SCBM 251 Molecular Trafficking Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science rutaiwan.toh@mahidol.ac.th Lecture outline 1. What is molecular trafficking? Why is it important?
More informationDon t Freak Out. Test on cell organelle on Friday!
Cell Structure 1 Don t Freak Out Test on cell organelle on Friday! This test should be a buffer test and help raise your overall test score. All information will come from this week! 2 Cells Provide Compartments
More informationA. Major parts 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm a. Contain organelles (see below) 3. Plasma membrane (To be discussed in Cellular Transport Lecture)
Lecture 5: Cellular Biology I. Cell Theory Concepts: 1. Cells are the functional and structural units of living organisms 2. The activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective
More information17/01/2017. Protein trafficking between cell compartments. Lecture 3: The cytosol. The mitochondrion - the power plant of the cell
ell biology 2017 version 13/1 2017 ote endosome vs lysosome handout Lecture 3: Text book Alberts et al.: hapter 12-14 (Topics covered by the lecture) A lot of reading! Focus on principles ell Biology interactive
More informationTypes of cells. Cell size comparison. The Jobs of Cells 10/5/2015. Cells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work
Types of cells Prokaryote Cells & Cell Organelles bacteria cells Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes 2009-2010 animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria (prokaryotic)
More informationCellular compartments
Cellular compartments 1. Cellular compartments and their function 2. Evolution of cellular compartments 3. How to make a 3D model of cellular compartment 4. Cell organelles in the fluorescent microscope
More informationCytosol the fluid Cytoplasm cell interior, everything outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane, includes the organelles, cytosol, and
Cell Organelles Plasma Membrane comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins Outer surface has oligosaccharides separates the cells s contents from its surroundings Cytosol the fluid Cytoplasm
More informationThe Cell Organelles. Eukaryotic cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment. Plasma membrane: a cell s boundary
Eukaryotic cell The Cell Organelles Enclosed by plasma membrane Subdivided into membrane bound compartments - organelles One of the organelles is membrane bound nucleus Cytoplasm contains supporting matrix
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN TRANSPORT.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLES Table of eukaryotic organelles and their functions Organelle Function % volume of cell Cytosol Aqueous fluid where metabolic pathways and chemical
More information10/13/11. Cell Theory. Cell Structure
Cell Structure Grade 12 Biology Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing
More informationRenata Schipp Medical Biology Department
Renata Schipp Medical Biology Department Deffinition of cell The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all known living organisms The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 and also
More informationAdvanced Cell Biology. Lecture 33
Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 33 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University April 22, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Advanced Cell Biology. Lecture 33 April 22, 2013 1 / 38 Outline Questions and answers Intracellular
More informationCell Structure & Function. Source:
Cell Structure & Function Source: http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/nsc/images/cell.gif
More informationCHAPTER 4 - CELLS. All living things are made up of one or more cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life.
CHAPTER 4 - CELLS Objectives Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells. Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell theory. State the three principles of the
More informationA Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008
Cell Theory 1 A Tour of the Cell Lecture 2, Part 1 Fall 2008 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function The lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life Reproduction
More informationMolecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 17: Intracellular Vesicular Traffic
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 17: Intracellular Vesicular Traffic Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about clathrin-coated vesicles is correct? Question #1 (A) There are
More informationPlasma Membrane. comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings
Cell Organelles Plasma Membrane comprised of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins separates the cells s contents from its surroundings Cytosol the fluid Cytoplasm cell interior, everything outside
More informationRenáta Schipp Gergely Berta Department of Medical Biology
The cell III. Renáta Schipp Gergely Berta Department of Medical Biology Size and Biology Biology is a visually rich subject many of the biological events and structures are smaller than the unaided human
More information1. to understand how proteins find their destination in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. to know how proteins are bio-recycled
Protein Targeting Objectives 1. to understand how proteins find their destination in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2. to know how proteins are bio-recycled As a protein is being synthesized, decisions
More informationI. Membrane Proteins II. Intracellular Compartments III. Protein Translocation
Lecture 3 I. Membrane Proteins II. Intracellular Compartments III. Protein Translocation Ref: MBoC (5th Edition), Alberts Johnson Lewis Raff Roberts Walter Chapter 10 Membrane Structure Chapter 12 Intracellular
More informationObjectives. By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles
Biology 11 THE Cell Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles Types of Cells There are two types of cells:
More informationZool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 4 Part I 2/3/15
Name: Key Trask Zool 3200: Cell Biology Exam 4 Part I 2/3/15 Answer each of the following questions in the space provided, explaining your answers when asked to do so; circle the correct answer or answers
More informationBIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al)
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 15: Being a Eukaryote: From DNA to Protein, A Tour of the Eukaryotic Cell. Christiaan van Woudenberg Being A Eukaryote Basic eukaryotes
More informationMr. Powner Biology Cell Structure & Function Quiz Image Guide. Do NOT Write on this page. It is an Image guide for test questions.
Mr. Powner Biology Cell Structure & Function Quiz Prompts 1. The cell s managing structure; it contains most of the cell s genetic material (DNA, which stores information used to make proteins for cell
More informationLesson Overview. 7.2 Cell Structure
7.2 Cell Organization The eukaryotic cell can be divided into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have
More informationMoving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles
13 Moving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles Review the Concepts 1. In eukaryotes, protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is most commonly cotranslational; it can also
More informationOrganelles of the Cell & How They Work Together. Packet #7
Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together Packet #7 Introduction Introduction Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells. Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging from 1 1000 cubic
More informationEukaryotic Cell Structures
Comparing the Cell to a Factory Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell
More information4/12/17. Cells. Cell Structure. Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on. Range of Cell Sizes BIOL 100
Ch. 2 Cell Structure and Func.on BIOL 100 Cells Fundamental units of life Cell theory All living things are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing
More informationA TOUR OF THE CELL 10/1/2012
A TOUR OF THE CELL Chapter 6 KEY CONCEPTS: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions The eukaryotic cell s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried
More information6. What surrounds the nucleus? How many membranes does it have?
Biology-R track Study Guide: 7.2 Cell Structure Cell Organization 1. What are the 2 major parts that you can divide the eukaryotic cell into? 2. What part is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus?
More informationThe most valuable lipid ever?
The most valuable lipid ever? Spermaceti whale oil Used by sperm whales in a special organ in the huge head cavity Largely comprised of cetyl palmitate ww.thisrecording.com www.greenpeace.org Peer Instruction
More informationEndomembrane system, *Chloroplasts, *Mitochondria. *Learn these from text/connect1. Fertilization of a human cell
Key Concepts: - Cells are the Basic Unit of Life Cell Theory, Surface to Volume - 2 Cell Types Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic - Cell Membrane Membrane Structure - Cell Organelles Endomembrane system, *Chloroplasts,
More informationThe Cell. Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cell Cell Theory The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life The organism activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells Biochemical activities of cells are dictated
More information10/5/2015. Cell Size. Relative Rate of Reaction
The Cell Biology 102 Fundamental unit of life Smallest unit that displays all the basic elements of life Lecture 5: Cells Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells Cell Theory 2. The
More information4 A Tour of the Cell CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 4 A Tour of the Cell Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life All
More information5/12/2015. Cell Size. Relative Rate of Reaction
Cell Makeup Chapter 4 The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life We previously talked about the cell membrane The cytoplasm is everything inside the membrane, except the nucleus Includes Cytosol = liquid portion
More informationAP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is
AP Biology Book Notes Chapter 4: Cells v Cell theory implications Ø Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life Ø Life is continuous v Small cell size is becoming more necessary as
More informationPlant Cells. Chapter 3
Plant Cells Chapter 3 Major Learning Objectives Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Describe the functions of 10 parts of a plant cell Summarize the similarities and differences between plant cells
More information/searchlist/6850.html Tour of the Cell 1
http://www.studiodaily.com/main /searchlist/6850.html Tour of the Cell 1 2011-2012 Cytology: science/study of cells To view cells: Light microscopy resolving power: measure of clarity Electron microscopy
More informationBasic Structure of a Cell. copyright cmassengale
Basic Structure of a Cell 1 Review Facts About Living Things 2 What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5.
More informationPosttranslational Modification and Targeting of Proteins
Posttranslational Modification and Targeting of Proteins Graduate Biochemistry Term 2/2016 Assist. Prof. Dr. Panida Khunkaewla School of Chemistry, Institute of Science Suranaree University of Technology
More informationIntroduction. Biochemistry: It is the chemistry of living things (matters).
Introduction Biochemistry: It is the chemistry of living things (matters). Biochemistry provides fundamental understanding of the molecular basis for the function and malfunction of living things. Biochemistry
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Chapter 6. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationCell Structure and Organelles SBI4U 2016/10/14
Cell Structure and Organelles SBI4U 2016/10/14 Inside the cell These are generalizations, not rules! Everything inside the cell membrane besides the nucleus is called the cytoplasm; The liquid is known
More information(d) are made mainly of lipids and of proteins that lie like thin sheets on the membrane surface
Which of the following statements is no true? Biological membranes (a) are composed partly of amphipathic lipids (b) have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (c) are typically in a fluid state (d) are
More informationOrganelles of the Cell & How They Work Together. Packet #5
Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together Packet #5 Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 1 Introduction Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells. Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging
More informationEarly scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw.
Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. Early scientists who observed cells made detailed sketches of what they saw. CORK Early scientists who observed cells made detailed
More informationCELL PART OF THE DAY. Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
CELL PART OF THE DAY Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Cell Membrane Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. Cell membrane is flexible, not rigid The cell membrane has two major functions.
More informationBIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 15: Being A Eukaryote. Eukaryotic Cells. Basic eukaryotes have:
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 15: Being a Eukaryote: From DNA to Protein, A Tour of the Eukaryotic Cell. Christiaan van Woudenberg Being A Eukaryote Basic eukaryotes
More informationOrganelles of the Cell & How They Work Together. Packet #5
Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together Packet #5 Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 1 Introduction Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells. Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging
More informationUnit 2:The Cell. Section 3: Organelle Structure and Function Mrs. McNamara Biology
Unit 2:The Cell Section 3: Organelle Structure and Function Mrs. McNamara Biology Organelle-cell part that performs a specific function for the cell Most are surrounded by a membrane Each helps to maintain
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 3: The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 3: The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life Learning Outcomes 3.1 Explain the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
More informationTHE CELL Cells: Part 1
THE CELL Cells: Part 1 OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles TYPES OF CELLS There are two types of
More informationHuman Epithelial Cells
The Cell Human Epithelial Cells Plant Cells Cells have an internal structure Eukaryotic cells are organized Protective membrane around them that communicates with other cells Organelles have specific jobs
More informationOrganelles. copyright cmassengale 1
Organelles copyright cmassengale 1 Organelles Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound 2 Animal Cell Organelles Nucleolus Nucleus
More informationChapter 7. (7-1 and 7-2) A Tour of the Cell
Chapter 7 (7-1 and 7-2) A Tour of the Cell Microscopes as Windows to the World of Cells Cells were first described in 1665 by Robert Hooke. By the mid-1800s, the accumulation of scientific evidence led
More informationCELLS. Cells. Basic unit of life (except virus)
Basic unit of life (except virus) CELLS Prokaryotic, w/o nucleus, bacteria Eukaryotic, w/ nucleus Various cell types specialized for particular function. Differentiation. Over 200 human cell types 56%
More informationThe Cell. Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62)
The Cell Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62) Outline I. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic II. Eukaryotic A. Plasma membrane transport across B. Main features of animal cells and their functions
More informationIntroduction and protein sorting
Introduction and protein sorting Membrane proteins Major components of cells Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (50% of mass of plasma membranes, 30% of mitochondrial membranes, 80% of myelin
More informationChapter 5 Cell Membrane Structure and Organelles
Part II Principles of Individual Cell Function Chapter 5 Cell structures consist of biological membranes essentially mobile lipid bilayers to which many membrane proteins attach. The cell membrane separates
More information1. This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins.
Biology 4410 Name Spring 2006 Exam 2 A. Multiple Choice, 2 pt each Pick the best choice from the list of choices, and write it in the space provided. Some choices may be used more than once, and other
More informationA Tour of the Cell. Ch. 7
A Tour of the Cell Ch. 7 Cell Theory O All organisms are composed of one or more cells. O The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. O All cells come from preexisting cells.
More informationCell Structure. Cells. Why are cells so small? 9/15/2016. Schleiden and Schwann proposed Cell Theory in
Cell Structure Cells Cells are sacs of fluid that are reinforced by proteins and surrounded by membranes. Inside the fluid float organelles. Organelles: structures inside the cell that are used for metabolic
More informationFirst discovered in 1665 since then every organism observed with microscopes shows cells
The Cell Cell theory (1838): 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things, the
More informationFirst to View Cells. copyright cmassengale
CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
More informationLIFE IS CELLULAR. Cell Theory. Cells Are Small. Prokaryotic Cell 10/4/15. Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function The cell basic unit of life, all living things are made of a cell (unicellular) or more than one cell (multicellular). LIFE IS CELLULAR The invention of the microscope
More informationCell Cell
Go to cellsalive.com. Select Interactive Cell Models: Plant and Animal. Fill in the information on Plant and Animal Organelles, then Click on Start the Animation Select Plant or Animal Cell below the box.
More informationObjectives. To determine the differences between plant and animal cells To discover the structure and function of cellular organelles.
Cell Organelles 3.2 Objectives To determine the differences between plant and animal cells To discover the structure and function of cellular organelles. Basic Cellular Structures Cell membrane (cytoplasmic
More informationChapter 7: Inside the Cell
Chapter 7: Inside the Cell 7.1 Bacterial and Archael Cell Structures and Their Functions - Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound compartment called a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. - Morphology
More informationCh. 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life
Ch. 4 Cells: The Working Units of Life Originally prepared by Kim B. Foglia. Revised and adapted by Nhan A. Pham Types of cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized functions
More informationCells and Tissues 3PART A. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Cells and Tissues 3PART A Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
More informationBio10 Cell Structure SRJC
3.) Cell Structure and Function Structure of Cell Membranes Fluid mosaic model Mixed composition: Phospholipid bilayer Glycolipids Sterols Proteins Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids are not packed tightly
More informationOrganelles Found in a Generalized Animal Cell
Organelles Found in a Generalized Animal Cell 1. Cell Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus 4. Nuclear Membrane 5. Nucleoplasm 6. Nucleolus 7. Chromosomes 8. Vacuole 9. Ribosomes 10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
More informationSBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells
SBI3U7 Cell Structure & Organelles 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells No nucleus Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles Unicellular
More informationStructure and Function of Cells
Structure and Function of Cells Learning Outcomes Explain the cell theory Explain why cell size is usually very small Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of membranes Describe similarities and differences
More informationThursday, October 16 th
Thursday, October 16 th Good morning. Those of you needing to take the Enzymes and Energy Quiz will start very soon. Students who took the quiz Wednesday: Please QUIETLY work on the chapter 6 reading guide.
More informationCells. Variation and Function of Cells
Cells Variation and Function of Cells Cell Theory states that: 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from
More informationBiology 12 Cell Structure and Function. Typical Animal Cell
Biology 12 Cell Structure and Function Typical Animal Cell Vacuoles: storage of materials and water Golgi body: a series of stacked disk shaped sacs. Repackaging centre stores, modifies, and packages proteins
More informationThe further from the nucleus, the higher the electron s energy Valence shell electrons participate in biological reactions
Chemistry of Life Revision: The further from the nucleus, the higher the electron s energy Valence shell electrons participate in biological reactions Atoms exchange electrons with other elements to form
More informationCellular Boundaries. Cell Organelles. The Nucleus and Cell Control. Cell Membrane. Cell Wall. Nucleus 10/11/2012. Cell Membrane Cell Wall
Cell Organelles Cellular Boundaries Protects cell Support and shape Controls what comes in and out of the cell Selectively permeable the process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through
More informationEukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specializations and the separation of functions within the cell.
Section 3: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specializations and the separation of functions within the cell. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions
More informationBIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Prof. J.H.P. Bayley, Dr. R.M. Adlington and Dr. L. Smith Trinity Term First Year. Lecture 2 Hagan Bayley
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Prof. J.H.P. Bayley, Dr. R.M. Adlington and Dr. L. Smith Trinity Term 2007 - First Year Lecture 2 Hagan Bayley Introduction to the macromolecules of life and cell structures. Introduction
More information1. endoplasmic reticulum This is the location where N-linked oligosaccharide is initially synthesized and attached to glycoproteins.
Biology 4410 Name Spring 2006 Exam 2 A. Multiple Choice, 2 pt each Pick the best choice from the list of choices, and write it in the space provided. Some choices may be used more than once, and other
More informationVesicle Transport. Vesicle pathway: many compartments, interconnected by trafficking routes 3/17/14
Vesicle Transport Vesicle Formation Curvature (Self Assembly of Coat complex) Sorting (Sorting Complex formation) Regulation (Sar1/Arf1 GTPases) Fission () Membrane Fusion SNARE combinations Tethers Regulation
More informationLecture 6 - Intracellular compartments and transport I
01.25.10 Lecture 6 - Intracellular compartments and transport I Intracellular transport and compartments 1. Protein sorting: How proteins get to their appropriate destinations within the cell 2. Vesicular
More information