Dr.Attawit Kovitvadhi, fvetawk@ku.ac.th 1
Outlines 1. Introduction 1.1 Current situation of animal production 1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals 1.3 Nutritional values of insects 2. Consequences of insect usage as animal feed 2.1 Experimental design 2.2 Poultry > Broilers, Layers, Quails, Turkey 2.3 Swine 2.4 Ruminant 2.5 Dogs 2.6 Conclusion 3. Challenge to use insects as animal feed 4. Conclusion : Potential of insects as animal feed 2
1.1 Current situation of animal production 3
1.1 Current situation of animal production <World population> World population is still increasing The increase of food demanding 4
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Human nutrition> Carbohydrate Vitamins & Minerals Protein Milk & Dairy product Fat & Sweet 5
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Meat production> Human need MORE PROTEIN MORE MEAT MORE MEAT PRODUCTION 6
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Producers, Consumers and Trends> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food 7
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Functional food> Food containing properties that can provide an additional function, which is mainly involved in health-promotion or disease prevention Dalle Zotte and Szendrő, 2011 8
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Producers, Consumers and Trends> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics 9
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Why? Ban of growth promoter antibiotics> The supplement of lower therapeutic dose of ABO in the long period - Increase growth performances and decrease morbidity and mortality rate. Contamination from animals to human The selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria Antibiotic residues in meat products Consumers receive inappropriate dose of antibiotics. The selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria 10
1.1 Current situation of animal production <After the Ban of growth promoter antibiotics> - The reduction in some resistance bacteria. - The deterioration in animal health and performance. - The increment in usage of therapeutic antibiotics. 11 Derosiers, 2013
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Producers, Consumers and Trends> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics Animal welfare 12
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Animal welfare> Animals have feelings as humans. 13
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Animal welfare> 1. Hunger & Thirst 5 freedoms for animals 2. Discomfort 3. Pain, Injury & Disease 4. Express normal behavior 5. Fear & Distress 14
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Animal welfare> Free-range chickens 15
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Producers, Consumers and Trends> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics Animal welfare World friendly 16
1.1 Current situation of animal production <World friendly> Livestock production is a major contributor of polluting gases. Higher nutrient digestibility > Lower waste > Lower pollution 17 FAO, 2006
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Producers, Consumers and Trends> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics Animal welfare World friendly We need to SOLVE these PROBLEMS & SUPPORT the TRENDS 18
1.1 Current situation of animal production <How we solve the problem and support the trends?> Breed and genetics Management program Environment (Housing) Economic & Financial Nutrition 19
1.1 Current situation of animal production <Nutrition can solve these problems?> High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics Animal welfare World friendly Yes. It is possible. 20
1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals 21
1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals <Animal nutrition and requirements> Animals need Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Vitamins & Minerals Amino Acids Fatty Acids Energy Premix Essential AA Essential FA 1. Animal species 2. Physiological state 3. Environment 4. Management programs 5. Others 22
1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals <How we made feed?> Raw material selection Feed formulation (Animal requirements) Mixture, Process Complete diet 23
1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals <Ideal of raw materials for feed> 1. Nutrition (Quality) 2. Stability of quality 3. Digestibility & Palatability 4. Contamination 5. Easy to access & quantity 6. Prices 24
1.2 Nutrition and requirements of animals <General raw materials of feed> Protein Lipid Soybean meal Fish meal Soybean oil Palm oil Sunflower oil Carbohydrate Minerals & Vitamins Rice product Corn Bone meal Shell flour Premix (Micro-mineral & Vitamins) 25
1.3 Nutritional values of insects 26
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <General protein sources> Soybean Meal Fish Meal - Essential amino acids - Anti-nutrient - Indigestible fiber - Essential amino acids - Disease transfer - Pollution What about the PRICE? 27
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Price of general protein sources> Increase & Fluctuation Fish meal Soybean meal 28
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <What about insect?> Palatability & Nutrition 29
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Palatability> Do they eat insects? 30
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Palatability> YES, they do!!!!! 31
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Nutrition: Chemical component> Black soildierfly 42,1 7,0 26,0 20,6 Larva Mealworm 48,1 5,1 40,0 3,1 Common housefly 50,4 13,8 18,9 10,1 70,8 15,7 15,5 7,7 Larva Larva Pupa Silk worm 60,7 3,9 25,7 5,8 Larva House crickets 63.3 18.3 17.3 5.6 Fishmeal 70.6 9.9 18.4 Soybean Meal 51.8 6.7 2 9.4 7.1 32 http://www.feedipedia.org
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Nutrition: Essential amino acids> Soybean Meal Common housefly larvae Field Cricket Fishmeal Silkworm pupae Histidine, Lysine & Tryptophan are low in insects 33
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Nutrition: Essential fatty acids> Linoleic acid (C18:2, omega6) Alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, omega3) Mealworm Silkworm larvae House crikets 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Tenebrio molitor Bombyx mori Acheta doméstica Acheta doméstica Soybean meal Fishmeal 34
1.3 Nutritional values of insects <Researchers VS Insects> Research articles and review is increasing. Number of articles Review articles Years 35
2.1 Experimental design 36
2.1 Experimental design Performances Health Meat quality Live weight Daily weight gain Feed intake Feed conversion ratio Digestibility Gut histology Morbidity & Mortality Health risk index Blood parameters Bacterial community Immunity Behavior Carcass trials Meat ph Meat colour Chemical composition Lipid oxidation Panel test 37
2.1 Experimental design In laboratory or In farms 38
Turkey 2.2 Poultry Quails Broilers Layers 39
2.2 Poultry <Broilers> 40
2.2 Poultry <Broilers vs Insects> Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) Elwert et al. (2010) De Marco et al. (2015) Field crickets (Gryllus testaceus) Wang et al. (2005) Silkworm caterpillar (Anaphe infracta) Ijaiya & Eko (2009) Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) Khatun et al. (2003) Mentang et al. (2013) Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) Dankwa et al. (2002) Awoniyi et al. (2003) Adenijii (2007) Hwangbo et al. (2009) Pieterse et al. (2014) Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Desiree et al. (2013) De Marco et al. (2015) Bovera et al. (2015) Biasato et al. (2016) Islam & Yang (2016) Bovera et al. (2016) Chinese grasshopper (Acrida cinerea) Wang et al. (2007) 41
Black soldier fly Grasshopper 2.2 Poultry <Performances: Insects vs Soybean meal> Mealworm larvae Housefly larvae Field cricket Elwert, 2010 Biasato, 2016 Bovera, 2016 Pieterse, 2014 Adeniji, 2007 Hwangbo, 2009 Wang, 2005 Ojewola, 2005 42
Black soldier fly Grasshopper 2.2 Poultry <Performances: Insects vs Fishmeal> Silkworm caterpillar Westwood Housefly larvae Chinese Grasshopper Silkworm pupae Wang, 2007 Elwert, 2010 Khatun, 2003 Mentang, 2013 Ijaya and Eko, 2009 Oyegoke, 2013 Awoniyi, 2003 Pieterse, 2014 Ojewola, 2005 43
2.2 Poultry <Digestibility> Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) Adenijii (2007) Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Bovera et al. (2016) a a b b Crude Protein Crude Fiber Crude Protein Organic matter 44
2.2 Poultry <Digestibility> Grasshopper Ojewola et al. (2005) Silkworm caterpillar (Anaphe infracta) Ijaiya & Eko (2009) b b b a b Crude Protein Crude Fiber Crude Protein Crude Fiber 45
2.2 Poultry <Meat quality> Soybean meal Mealworm larvae 29.6% 46 Bovera et al. (2016)
2.2 Poultry <Health> Orally Collected data 1-day chick Salmonella spp. b b a a ab b a ab b a c IgM b IgY IgA Final weight Mortality rate Soybean meal Mealworm larvae Super mealworm larvae (Zophobas morio) 47 Islam and Yang, 2016
2.2 Poultry <Layers> 48
2.2 Poultry <Layers vs Insects> Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Maurer et al. (2015) Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Wang et al. (2015) Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) Khatun et al. (2005) 49
2.2 Poultry <Layers: Performances> Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Wang et al. (2015) Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) Khatun et al. (2005) Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Maurer et al. (2015) 50
2.2 Poultry <Quails> 51
2.1 Poultry <Quails vs insects> Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Widjastuti et al. (2014) & Cullere et al. (2016) 52
2.1 Poultry : Layers Quails <Performances> Fish meal 100% BSF larvae 75% 50% 25% 0% + + + + + 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 53 Widjastuti et al. (2014)
2.1 Poultry : Broiler Quails <Performances & Digestibility> Performances did not difference between groups. Apparent Digestibility (%) a b a 54 Cullere et al. (2016)
2.2 Poultry <Turkey> 55
2.2 Poultry : Turkey <Amino acid digestibility> Soybean Meal VS Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) 56 Zuidhof et al., 2003
2.3 Swine 57
2.3 Swine <Insects vs Swine> Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Newton et al. (1977) Black soldier fly pupae (Hermetia illucens) Kortelainen et al. (2014) Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) Dankwa et al. (2000) Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Jin et al. (2016) 58
2.3 Swine <Performances> Slaughter weight Black soldier fly pupae (Hermetia illucens) Kortelainen et al. (2014) Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) Dankwa et al. (2000) 59
2.3 Swine <Performances> Body weight (kg) Level on insect institution to soybean meal Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Jin et al. (2016) 60
2.3 Swine <Performances> ADG, Feed intake and Feed efficiency ratio Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Jin et al. (2016) Level on insect institution to soybean meal 61
2.3 Swine <Performances> Digestibility: Control (Soybean) VS Insects Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Jin et al. (2016) Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Newton et al. (1977) 62
2.4 Ruminant 63
2.4 Ruminant <Insects vs Rumen digestion> Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) Black soldier fly pupae (Hermetia illucens) Copper-bottom blowfly larvae (Chrysomya chloropyga) 64 Haasbroek, 2016
2.4 Ruminant < Insects vs Rumen digestion > After 48 hr Of rumen digestion Pupae Full fat Larvae Full fat Larvae Full fat Pupae De-fat Larvae De-fat 65 Haasbroek, 2016
2.5 Dogs 66
2.4 Dogs <Insects vs In-vitro digestion> In vitro Organic Matter & Crude Protein digestibility (%) 67 Bosch et al., 2014
2.6 Conclusion 68
2.5 Conclusion Insects as animal feed 1. Performances - Can replace Soybean meal and fish meal. - High variation of outcomes. - Behavior and welfare? 2. Digestibility - Animals can digest insects. - Chitin digestion? 3. Meat quality - Did not affect. 4. Functional properties - Worm > Antimicrobial peptide - Chitin 5. Cost? 6. Other animal species? > Insectivore animals Depend on - Animal species - Insect species - Stage of insect - Insect processing - Level of supplement - Other factors 69
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3. Challenge to use insects as animal feed EU legal (Ban on animal protein use in livestock) Consumer perception Digestibility Species, stage and process Cost VS Benefits 71
3. Challenge to use insects as animal feed Cost VS Benefits FCR x Diet Cost/kg = FCG (Feed cost per gain) Broilers (Wang et al., 2005) Field cricket = 160 Baht/kg Soybean meal = 17 Baht/kg Fishmeal = 52 Baht/kg FCR x (Soybean meal + Fish meal + Field cricket + others) = Baht/kg 0% 5% 10% 15% FCR=0.618 > 10.6 Baht/kg FCR=0.621 > 14.1 Baht/kg FCR=0.631 > 18.1 Baht/kg FCR=0.609 > 21.1 Baht/kg 72
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4. Conclusion : Potential of insects as animal feed Insects can solve these problems? High profits - Low investment cost - High production yield - High selling price - Valuable price - Perception & Taste - Food security Functional food Ban of Growth Promoter Antibiotics Animal welfare World friendly 74
Acknowledgements Food Security Center Faculty of Agro-Industry and Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Thailand Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), Torino University, Italy Department of Veterinary Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Padova University, Italy 75
Thank you Thank you for your attention 76