Case study: An overview of progress on modifying the composition of meat in relation to dietary guidelines for heart health Katleen Raes Stefaan De Smet Ghent University Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality
Relevance Wadge (2004) J Sci Food Agric 84: 1079 2
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WHO Technical Report Series 916 (2003) 4
Givens D. (2005) Proc Nutr Soc 64: 395 5
Contribution of animal food groups to Milk and dairy products Meat and meat Products human fatty acid intake (%) Total fat SFA MUFA PUFA 25.5 (14-40) 21.2 (11-29) Eggs 2.2 All animal fats excl. fish (1-4) 47.5 (28-72) Median value (min max) for 13 EU countries 39.8 16.4 4.3 18.9 27.1 15.3 1.8 2.6 2.3 61.4 48.1 20.0 TRANSFAIR Study Hulshof et al (1999) Eur J Clin Nutr 53: 143 6
% contribution of food groups to PUFA intake Meyer et al (2003) Lipids 38: 391 7
Objectives Fatty acid intake recommendations % of total E Total fat < 30 SFA < 10 PUFA 5.3 10 n-6pufa 4-8 LA > 2 n-3pufa 1.3 2 LNA > 1 EPA+DHA > 0.3 Trans < 1 Optimal ratio s: n-6/n-3 = 4-5 or lower P/S = 0.5 or higher Normen Hoge Gezondheidsraad (Belgium) (2003) 8
P/S ratio ~ beef 1,0 0,8 P:S ratio 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 % intramuscular fat Compilation of literature data De Smet et al (2004) Anim Res 53: 81 9
Protected lipid supplements 0.3 0.25 P/S ratio 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Megalac Megalac + PLS PLS Scollan et al. (2003) Brit J Nutr 90: 709 10
C18:2n-6 C18:3n-6 C20:3n-6 C20:4n-6 C22:4n-6 PUFA metabolism 6 -desaturase elongase 5 -desaturase elongase elongase 6 -desaturase β-oxidation C18:3n-3 C18:4n-3 C20:4n-3 C20:5n-3 C22:5n-3 C24:5n-3 C24:6n-3 C22:6n-3 11
Veg oils Grains Anim Fat C18:2n-6 C18:3n-6 C20:3n-6 C20:4n-6 C22:4n-6 PUFA metabolism 6 -desaturase elongase 5 -desaturase elongase elongase 6 -desaturase β-oxidation C18:3n-3 C18:4n-3 C20:4n-3 C20:5n-3 C22:5n-3 C24:5n-3 C24:6n-3 C22:6n-3 Linseed(oil) pastures Fish oil/algae Fish oil/algae 12
Animal nutrition strategies Most research has focused on effects of fat source (at normal dietary fat levels) in (finishing) concentrate diets Ruminants : lipolysis and biohydrogenation Interference of animal and other dietary factors 13
Dietary LA/LNA ~intramuscular n-6/n-3 Intramuscular n-6/n-3 ratio Intramuscular n-6/n-3 ratio 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 y = 0.46x + 3.47 R = 0.82 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Dietary Dietary Linoleic/Linolenic LA/LNA ratio ratio Compilation of literature data Raes et al (2004)Anim Feed Sci Tech 113:199 14
Dietary oil source and duration ~ pork FA 1.4 1.2 g/100g FAME 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 SS LL FF LNA EPA DHA Haak et al (in prep) 15
Dietary oil source and duration ~ pork FA 1.4 1.2 g/100g FAME 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 SS SL SF LL FF LNA EPA DHA Haak et al (in prep) 16
Dietary oil source and duration ~ pork FA 1.4 1.2 g/100g FAME 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 SS SL SF LL LF FL FF LNA EPA DHA Haak et al (in prep) 17
Poultry Rymer & Givens (2005) Lipids 40: 121 18
UFA metabolism in the rumen O Rumen Triacylglycerols lipolysis O H 2 C -O-C-R R -C-O-CH H 2 C -O-C-R O Free fatty acids CH 3 ---CH=CH-CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 ---COOH biohydrogenation More saturated + intermediates CH 3 ---CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 2 ---COOH 19
Time of n-3 feeding ~ beef FA 40 mg/100 g muscle 30 20 10 0 n-31 n-6 n-3 2 n-63 n-3 C18:3 C20:5 C22:5 C22:6 Raes et al (2003) Reprod Nutr Dev 43: 331 20
6 Fish oil ~ lamb g/100g FAME 5 4 3 2 1 Dietary FA profile LO FO FO/algae LA 15.4 9.6 8.3 LNA 31.9 2.1 1.4 EPA - 4.0 2.3 DHA - 3.9 9.0 0 LA AA LNA EPA DHA LO FO FO/algae Cooper et al (2004) J Anim Sci 82: 1461 21
Grass feeding ~ beef 3.5 3 2.5 g/100g FAME 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 LA n-6pufa LNA n-3pufa GO GC CG SC French et al (2000) J. Anim. Sci 78: 2849 22
Effects on human intake 20 50 % 15 10 5 % 40 30 Stand Pork + 20 All + 10 Stand Pork + All + 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 (a) α-linolenic acid intake (E%) (b) long-chain n-3 PUFA intake (E%) Distribution of adolescent average daily intake for: Stand = standard fatty acid composition of animal food products Pork + = pork enriched in n-3 PUFA All + = all major meats, milk and eggs enriched in n-3 PUFA (Pork + and All + derived from animals receiving LNA rich feeds De Smet et al. (2004) Proc. ICoMST 23
Effects on human intake Adolescent average daily intake for different scenarios Stand = standard fatty acid composition of animal foods Pork + = pork enriched in n-3 PUFA All + = all major meats, milk and eggs enriched in n- 3PUFA Mean E% intake (% of population meeting recommendation) LNA LCn-3 PUFA 0.87 (36) 0.12 (10) 1.04 (54) 0.13 (10) 1.21 (82) 0.17 (16) De Smet et al. (2004) Proc. ICoMST 24
Functional animal products? n-6/n-3 15 12 9 6 3 n-6/n-3 ratio in humans on diet with milk and dairy products meat (pork, chicken) eggs originating from animals with linseed in diet 0 Serum Red blood cells Control diet n-6/n-3 = 13.5 Exper. diet n-6/n-3 = 5.9 Weill et al. (2002) Ann Nutr Metab 25
Nutrition and health claims EC Commission proposal on nutrition and health claims and CIAA amendments LOW FAT : no more than 3g of fat per 100g or 1.5g of fat per 100ml (1.8g of fat per 100 ml for semi-skimmed milk) HIGH PUFA : at least 45% of the fatty acids in the product derive from polyunsaturated fat HIGH MUFA : at least 45% of the fatty acids in the product derive from monounsaturated fat HIGH IN OMEGA 3 : at least one of the following conditions are met: minimum 600mg α-linolenic acid per 100g or 100ml product minimum 60mg very long chain omega-3 fatty acids per 100g or 100ml product as long as 30% of the dietary recommendation is met per average daily intake of product SOURCE OF OMEGA 3 : at least one of the following conditions are met: minimum 300mg α-linolenic acid per 100g or 100ml product minimum 30mg very long chain omega-3 fatty acids per 100g or 100ml product as long as 15% of the dietary recommendation is met per average daily intake of product In the case of foods naturally low in fat, the term naturally may be used as a prefix to this claim. CIAA, 2003 26
Nutrition and health claims LOW FAT : may be fulfilled for beef and pork (< 3g fat per 100g or < 1.5g fat per 100ml) HIGH PUFA : criterium never fulfilled (> 45% PUFA) HIGH MUFA : criterium at the borderline fulfilled for beef and lard (> 45% MUFA) 27
Nutrition and health claims Nutritional criteria ALA or DHA 15% RI LA/LNA 5 Types of claim Quantitative nutritional claim: Source of w3 FA (i.e. 300 mg LNA or 18 mg DHA) Rich in w3 FA (i.e. 600 mg LNA or 36 mg DHA) Fat content Fat content < 33% E 33% E SFA/TFA < 30% Cholesterol content 150 mg Claim Rebalancing w3 FA intake Functional claim w3 FA contribute to healthy cardiovascular function Affsa, 2003 28
Nutrition and health claims ω3 fatty acids Source: (1) >300mg LNA/100g (2) >18mg DHA/100g Rich: (1) >600mg LNA/100g (2) >36mg DHA/100g Rebalancing Functional Beef Lamb -/+ (2) -/+ (2) Pork -/+ (2) -/+ (2) -/+ -/+ Lard + (1) + (1) -/+ _ Chicken + + (2) -/+ -/+ + : may fulfill, _ : may not fulfill, -/+: difficult to fulfill criteria 29
Further information Katleen.raes@ugent.be Stefaan.desmet@ugent.be www.lanupro.ugent.be CIAA, 2003 30