Experience Sampling. Sampling of Events. Applications of ES. PSY 395 Fred Oswald

Transcription

1 Experience Sampling PSY 395 Fred Oswald Sampling of Events In addition to sampling people, it is possible to sample Events or Experiences Use technology to prompt people to report experiences, thoughts, or feelings that they experience either randomly or in response to some event Sampling in real time over short time periods Becoming very common Applications of ES Flow research Perceptions of time passing Time management research Age differences in emotional experiences Thinking during sleep Motives for drinking Anger in the workplace Job satisfaction in the workplace Schizophrenia research 1

2 Signaling Sampling Strategies Use an electronic device to signal/remind the participants to complete a questionnaire Set schedule determined by the researcher Daily Diary End of day reporting about experiences and reactions Subject to more biases due to memory Doesn t require electronic devices Sampling Strategies Sampling at Random Used to assess the quality or quantity of specific experiences (e.g., upsetting events) Signaling device beeps at random periods throughout the day Event-based Sampling Answer a short questionnaire after an event of interest occurs (argument, desire to eat, etc...) Timing of response is determined by the participant Duration of Sampling? Standard is 7 days one week Common to use 30 day periods This results in huge, poorly structured data sets 2

3 General Issues General Issues Brevity (numerous time periods) Frame of reference ( at this moment ) Methods Paper/Pencil Computer-Assisted Other Duration of Sampling? Standard is 7 days one week Common to use 30 day periods This results in huge, poorly structured data sets Programs for conducting ESP ESP: The Experience Sampling Program A free software package for conducting experiments by experience sampling Runs on PDAs (Palm Pilots) Asks questions of the participant and records the answers and the participant's response time. The data may later be uploaded to a computer for analysis. 3

4 Experience sampling How do you feel right now? Please rate each feeling on the scale given. A rating of 0 means that you are not experiencing that feeling at all. A rating of 6 means that this feeling is a very important part of the experience. Not at all Very Much Happy Frustrated/annoyed A profile of affect can be generated, and aggregated objectively with duration weights ESM also correlated with biological responses Cortisol measurement by quintile of happiness over the working day Mean Salivary Cortisol Source: Steptoe, Wardle and Marmot (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Summary of ESM Findings on Adaptation Experience sampling studies suggest that hedonic adaptation takes place e.g., Riis, et al s (2005) study of patients undergoing kidney dialysis and matched comparisons. ESM finds as much adaptation as global questions. New 9/11 results Hedonic adaptation may be understated by global satisfaction measures. 4

5 Wisconsin Sample (ESM) Data provided by T. Baker, M. Fiore & S. Shiffman (Grant: Pharmacotherapies: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Algorithms). Enthusiasm Before and After 9/11 Data provided by T. Baker, M. Fiore & S. Shiffman (Grant: Pharmacotherapies: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Algorithms). A More Efficient Alternative to ESM The research team: Daniel Kahneman, Princeton University Alan Krueger, Princeton University David Schkade, University of Texas Norbert Schwarz, University of Michigan Arthur Stone, Stony Brook University Looking for an alternative measure of well-being -- alternative to Overall Life Satisfaction, ESM and GDP. 5

6 Procedures of DRM Studies Participants were 909 working women in Texas. Over sample teachers and nurses and then weight. Survey administered in large groups at a central location, where they received instructions and had an opportunity to ask questions Procedures of the DRM Studies Ask respondents to segment the preceding day (a work day) into episodes, like scenes in a film (mean = 15 episodes); didn t collect diaries from them at the end. Answer detailed questions about the setting of each episode and about their feelings DRM Episode Questions: What were you doing? (check all that apply) commuting working shopping preparing food doing housework taking care of your children eating pray/worship/meditate socializing watching TV nap/resting computer/internet/ relaxing on the phone intimate relations exercising other (please specify ) 6

7 DRM Episode Questions: Where, Who With DRM Episode Questions: Feelings How did you feel during this episode? Please rate each feeling on the scale given. A rating of 0 means that you did not experience that feeling at all. A rating of 6 means that this feeling was a very important part of the experience. Please circle the number between 0 and 6 that best describes how you felt. Not at all Very much Impatient for it to end Happy Frustrated/annoyed Depressed/blue Competent/capable Hassled/pushed around Warm/friendly Angry/hostile Worried/anxious Enjoying myself Criticized/put down Tired Findings: A Suvey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method, Science, December Allocation of time over the course of the day seems reasonable. Much of variability across episodes is due to individual differences in affect. Use scale differently? Much is unexplained variance. Results mirror Experience Sampling 7

8 Comparison of of DRM DRQ and EMA ESM Affect over Time of Day Affect over Time of Day DRQ (duration weighted) EMA ESM (momentary; Coping Study) Tiredness (standard scores) Time of Day (24 hour clock) People Who Sleep Less Per Night Report Being More Tired Similar Use of Scales Mean "Tired" hours 7 hours Hour of Day Activities (DRM) Activity % N Time Spent Net Affect intimate relations socializing after work dinner relaxing lunch exercising praying socializing at work watching TV phone at home napping cooking shopping computer at home housework childcare evening commute working morning commute Net Affect = Avg. of 3 Positive Adjectives less avg. of 5 Negative Adjectives Enjoyment; Warm; Happy Frustrated; Worried; Depressed; Angry; Hassled; Criticized 8

9 Interaction Partners (DRM) Average Net Affect friends 3.69 relatives 3.38 spouse/so 3.32 children 3.29 co-workers 2.84 clients/customers 2.84 alone 2.71 boss 2.43 The overwhelming importance of social contacts. 9