Investigation of the relationship between coping styles and early maladaptive schemas

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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 20 Available online at ISSN 22-88X / Vol, 0 (7): 8-89 Science Explorer Publications Investigation of the relationship between coping styles and early maladaptive schemas Ali Afshari, Mehdi Zemestani 2. Department of Psychology, University of Maragheh 2. Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coping styles with early maladaptive scheme. This study was descriptive and correlational study in a university student population. The target populations of between 00 through multistage random cluster sampling were selected. The data collected, Young Schema Questionnaire and Cassidy maladaptive coping style Questionnaire. Analysis of the results using Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis was performed. The results showed that between early maladaptive schemas with avoidant coping styles in components, inhibits mold and helplessness in solving the problem there is a significant relationship but coping styles do not have the predictive power of early maladaptive schemas. Keywords: early maladaptive schemas, coping styles. INTRODUCTION There are some predisposing factors, because this is that many people deal with problems more vulnerable later in life experience. Orientations of many theoretical models as well as the results of various studies in this area indicate that some of his past experiences that a person has been institutionalized (Harris& Curtin, 2002). The Bowlby (99) believed that the practice of parents in childhood, cause the development models within cognitive organization of people. In fact, it is what it referred to as schemas or schema. This prospective schemes later in life, act as lenses to interpret, select, and evaluate the shape of her experiences. Although multiple investigations at any time to review the effectiveness of the scheme dealt with in the framework of his theory but the results are always the validity of the claims reported (Harris& Curtin, 2002). Parents performance or what the children positively or negatively oriented toward personal growth experiences led to his scheme is the adaptive and maladaptive (Young, 999). According to Yang (999), the formation of early maladaptive schema, affect the way of thinking, feeling and behavior in next intimate relationships and other aspects life. Young believes that Schema because of unfulfilled basic emotional needs arise childhood that these needs are: secure attachment to others, autonomy, competence and identity, freedom to express normal needs and emotions, spontaneity and fun, real limits sighted and self-restraint. Research conducted in conjunction with the early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of psychopathology always on the importance of this scheme in the form of symptoms endorsed. Some of these symptoms include personality disorder and social phobia (Cicero & Young, 200; Griffiths, 200; Thames, 200) and narcissism (Torres, 2002). However, the existence of such schemes, could justify the claim that the person is incompatible with the scheme, particular coping styles to deal with personal and social problems is in advance. Freeman andfaskow (200) argue that the schemas underlying assumptions or rules that control their own individual thoughts and behaviors. Content schemas, all life, whether consciously or unconsciously takes. We can not simply abandon the scheme because the scheme of our knowledge about ourselves and the world around us and what we are and determine how to understand the world. Which is perhaps why psychologists believe that cognitive schemas difficult to change (Young and Kloskov, 200). Schema formed from the beginning of life and in all life, affect the individual (Young et al., 999) but the earlier scheme beliefs about the self, others and the environment, and are normally not satisfy basic needs especially during childhood emotional needs arise (Zhang and He, 200). In fact, early maladaptive schemas and persist throughout life are constant and form the basis of cognitive structures. These schemes help to someone about their experiences around the world organize and process the information received (Maltby and January, 200 team, 200). Since schemas are used as a framework for the processing of information and determining people's emotional reactions to life situations and interpersonal relations are said to be associated with life satisfaction. (Papaliya, Gras and Feildman, 200). Maladaptive cognitive schemas something other than your emotions and not harmful that at the beginning of the roots and

2 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 0 (7), 8-89, 20 evolution of the mind are formed in the course of routine life. Behavior of an individual, therefore, not considered part of the scheme but according to Young, maladaptive behaviors in response to the schema is created. Thus, the behavior of schemas arise, but is not considered part of schemas (Young, Clostelo and Yshar, 200). When activated schemas, into the control room thoughts are negative and a negative bias in the data. In fact, when schemas are saved so that under certain conditions, be active. Thoughts and behaviors are coping strategies that people face after a stressful event are used While coping resources are a manifestation of one's own characteristics that exist before the occurrence of stress, Such as self-esteem, sense of control over the situation, cognitive styles, locus of control, self-efficacy and problem solving abilities. Among the important issues in this regard, individual assessment of their own capabilities to deal with the issue. These assessments may be individual in accordance with the facts and actual abilities or in accordance with the facts and not his abilities, whatever the perceptions of the abilities and capabilities to deal with the difficulties is the main determinant. If a person feels unable to do despite all the skills learned would not be able to cope with problems successfully. Coping styles are the sum of cognitive and behavioral efforts to prevent, manage and stress reduction (Penley & Tomaka, 2002). In general, the public deal, the terms of three basic types make distinctive styles which include problem-oriented coping style, emotion-focused coping style avoidant coping style. Problem-focused coping strategies describes the ways in which individual actions that should do to reduce or eliminate a stress Returns. Find out more about problem behaviors, including problem-oriented, cognitive restructuring and prioritizing the issue of steps to address the issue. On the contrary, emotion-focused coping strategies describes the ways by which one focused on themselves and make every effort to reduce unpleasant feelings he found himself. Oriented coping responses, including crying, nervous and upset, dealing with censorious behaviors, preoccupation and fantasize, and eventually avoidant coping strategies involve activities and cognitive changes that aim to avoid situations is stressful. In addition, Schema have a significant relationship between coping styles and personality traits. Studies suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between conscientiousness, extraversion and problemoriented coping style. As well as the results of early maladaptive schemas problem-focused and emotion-focused coping in couples showed significant differences among couples with problem focused coping and emotion-focused style of early maladaptive schemas exist in all sub-scales (Freeman, 999). Couples with emotion-focused coping style in all sub-scales initial schema gained higher scores. According to what was discussed and what the results of previous research in this area showed the existence of a significant relationship between copings styles with EMSs are individually It seems that by identifying these relationships can provide appropriate solutions help people to solve problems and adaptability. Considering the importance of the topic, this study also takes into account the role of coping strategies in the prediction of early maladaptive schemas, examined and studied. RESEARCH METHOD The study is correlational studies. The study population was all undergraduate students of a university out of which 00 persons were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. In order to describe the details of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and to examine the relationship between variables Pearson correlation matrix and multivariate statistical methods were used. RESEARCH TOOLS Young Schema Questionnaire (SQ-SF) To measure the schema, the Young Schema Questionnaire (SQ-SF) was used. This questionnaire is a tool of 90 questions with Likert six degrees be graded. The survey measures five areas schema that include: the area of cuts and rejection, Impaired Autonomy and Performance domain, domain restrictions disrupt another area orientation, scope and inhibit excessive vigilance. Test-retest reliability using Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained. Cronbach's alpha obtained is %. Cassidy & Lang Coping Style Questionnaire This scale made by Cassidy & Lang (99) and has 2 questions and operating measures. These factors include the helplessness, the Problem-Solving Control, creativity style, Problem-Solving Confidence, avoidance style and approach style. Cronbach's alpha for internal validity of %7 is obtained. 8

3 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 0 (7), 8-89, 20 Findings SD Table. Descriptive data related to research variables mean subscale 8.0 Disconnection and exclusion Autonomy and Impaired Performance 0.79 Impaired limits 0.02 Other orientation.8 hypervigilance.9 Overall schemas.79 Innovative.2 confidence.0 approach. avoidance. helplessnass.0 Problem solving Overall coping style variable Initial maladaptive schemas Coping styles Table. Shows Descriptive data related to variable initial sample schema. In the field of Disconnection and exclusion mean and standard deviation is 8.0 and.92. And the variable overall schema mean and standard deviation is.9 and /97. Also in variable coping styles and its components in the innovative coping style variable mean and standard deviations is.79 and.80. In the variable confidence, mean and standard deviations is.2 and. and in overall coping style mean and standard deviationis and.. 8 Table 2.correlation matrix between early maladaptive schemas, coping styles and its components 7 2 variable schemas innovative confidence *-0. ** approach ** *0.2- **0.7 avoidance ** *0.- **0.22 helplessness 0.0 * ** **0.8 Problem solving **0.78 **0.2 **0.0 **0.89 **0.0 **0.07 **0.8 Coping styles P<0/0 ** P<0/0 * Table. Correlation matrix between early maladaptive coping styles and components Schema 2 variables Coping styles **0.27 Disconnection/Rejection * * P<0/0 ** P<0/0 * **0.282 ** Impaired Autonomy and/or Performance Impaired Limits Other-Directedness Overvigilance/Inhibition Table. Summarizes the results of regression analysis standard error R2 justified R2 R model inter Table. One-way analysis of variance sig F Mean Square Degrees of freedom Sum of squares model regression residual overall 87

4 Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 0 (7), 8-89, 20 sig Table. Results of standardized regression coefficients for the variables Not standardized Standardized coefficients T coefficients variable Beta Standard error B Interaction innovative confidence approach avoidance helplessness Problem solving DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Young (200) argues that the transformation and growth of personality disorder are dysfunctional schemas. This scheme through negative experiences with important people in life come into existence. Unpleasant events and chronic creates a set of beliefs about themselves and others that it is inflexible beliefs. This belief systems guide information processing and behavior in childhood and gradually expanded and consolidated and are inefficient (Young et al., 200). The results show that the relationship between early maladaptive schemas with avoidant coping style is at a high level And the helplessness and the avoidance coping style in problem solving communication is at a lower level Healthy and problem-solving components, including innovative, reliable and meaningful relationship tends poor. In its explanation we can say that the problem is an important coping strategy that can enable a person, Everyday problem situations and emotional impact as well as control and thereby reduce psychological stress, to minimize or prevent. If this model is correct, then the problem-solving ability was significantly associated with psychological stress. That is, the ability to solve the above problem, a predictor for stress level down, resulting in a high amount of health. In the process of solving the problem by avoiding negative orientation or withdraw from the deal with your problem away from a challenge And we can say that the basic schema component co avoidant coping style have and those negative aspects of orientation to problem solving and risk avoidance are the source schema. And also explain the lack of correlation with positive coping style orientation can be said that this style of healthy and positive emotions associated with schemas. It can be predicted that this communication occur in this study. According to the results, we can say that coping with cuts and exclusion areas, disrupt and self-restraint the initial schema components were higher in low and not correlated with other orientation vigilant (Clifton, 99). In its explanation can be said that the issue of orientation is as one component of motivation for problem solving. In other words, a series of cognitive responses emotional, behavioral extended one moved it into position causing the problem. Generally, these components are affected by the problem-solving experiences in the past.cognitive aspects of responses including variables such as the assessment, causal attributions and expectations are clear control. Emotional aspects of emotional states such as anxiety, anger and depression is devoted to trends and behavioral orientation, emphasizes avoid. In explanation of the relationship between early maladaptive copings with schema components, including the orientation and vigilance can be said The orientation, a schema obedience, sacrifice and acceptance is saving And in this area of extreme focus on the desires, feelings and responses of others in such a way that their needs will be ignored And so in order to receive love and acceptance, ongoing relationships with others or avoid reprisals carried out And overvigilance and prevent the backlash extreme emphasis on feelings, impulses and spontaneous choices to meet individual with flexible rules and expectations and internal performance And ethical behavior that led to the loss of happiness and peace of mind and health gets close relationship In explaining the lack of association of these two components can be said that these two components with an emphasis on avoiding And avoid engaging people in solving the problem and resign The lack of foresight and the relationship between these two components are coping style. REFERENCES Bowlby, J. (99). Attachment nd Loss: Attachment (). Newyork: Basic Books. Cecero, J. J, Young J. E. (200).Case of Silvia: A schema-focused approach. J Psychother I ntegration: (2): Chatman, J. A. (989). Improving interactional organization research: A model of person organization fit. Academy of Management Review,, 9. Clifton, J. A. (99). The effects of parenting style, attachment, and early maladaptiveschema on adult romantic relationships (Doctoral dissertation, University ofgeorgia). Dissertation Abstracts International, (0-B), 7-9. Freeman. (999). Constructive thinking and carly maladaptive schemas as predictor of interpersonal adjustment and marital satisfaction, dissertations abstracts international: PP, 9-98.Gullone / Clinical Psychology Review 2 (200) Harris, A.E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2,,0-. 88

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