A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using SAS

Transcription

1 A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using SAS SECOND EDITION Geoff Der Statistician MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland and Brian S. Everitt Professor of Statistics in Behavioural Science Institute of Psychiatry University of London London, U.K. SUB Gottingen A CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

2 Contents 1 A Brief Introduction to SAS Introduction The Microsoft Windows User Interface The Editor Window The Log and Output Windows Other Menus The SAS Language All SAS Statements Must End with a Semicolon Program Steps Variable Names and Data Set Names Variable Lists The Data Step Creating SAS Data Sets from Raw Data The Data Statement The Infile Statement 12 " The Input Statement Reading Data from an Existing SAS Data Set Storing SAS Data Sets on Disk Modifying SAS Data Creating and Modifying Variables Deleting Variables Deleting Observations Subsetting Data Sets Concatenating and Merging Data Sets Merging, Data Sets: Adding Variables The Operation of the Data Step The proc Step The proc Statement The var Statement 25 vii

3 viii A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SAS, Second Edition The where Statement The by Statement The class Statement Global Statements ODS: The Output Delivery System SAS Graphics Proc gplot Overlaid Graphs Viewing and Printing Graphics Some Tips for Preventing and Correcting Errors 32 2 Data Description and Simple Inference: Mortality and Water Hardness in the U.K Description of Data Methods of Analysis Analysis Using SAS 36 Exercises 55 3 Simple Inference for Categorical Data: From Sandflies to Organic Particulates in the Air Description of Data Methods of Analysis Analysis Using SAS Cross-Classifying Raw Data Sandflies Acacia Ants Piston Rings Oral Contraceptives Oral Cancers Particulates and Bronchitis 75 Exercises 78 4 Multiple Regression: Determinants of Crime Rate in the United States Description of Data The Multiple Regression Model Analysis Using SAS 83 Exercises 99 5 Analysis of Variance I: Treating Hypertension Description of Data Analysis of Variance Model Analysis Using SAS 103 A;-..

4 Contents ix Exercises Analysis of Variance II: School Attendance Amongst Australian Children Description of Data Analysis of Variance Model Type I Sums of Squares Type III Sums of Squares Analysis Using SAS 122 Exercises Analysis of Variance of Repeated Measures: Visual Acuity Description of Data Repeated Measures Data Analysis of Variance for Repeated Measures Designs Analysis Using SAS 134 Exercises...; Logistic Regression: Psychiatric Screening, Plasma Proteins, and Danish Do-It-Yourself " Description of Data The Logistic Regression Model Analysis Using SAS GHQ Data ESR and Plasma Levels Danish Do-It-Yourself 158 Exercises Generalised Linear Models: School Attendance Amongst Australian School Children Description of Data Generalised Linear Models Model Selection and Measure of Fit Analysis Using SAS 169 Exercises Longitudinal Data I: The Treatment of Postnatal Depression Description of Data The Analyses of Longitudinal Data Analysis Using SAS Graphical Displays Response Feature Analysis 188 Exercises 195

5 x A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SAS, Second Edition 11 Longitudinal Data II: The Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Description of Data Random Effects Models Analysis Using SAS 201 Exercises Survival Analysis: Gastric Cancer and Methadone Treatment of Heroin Addicts Description of Data Describing Survival and Cox's Regression Model Survival Function Hazard Function Cox's Regression Analysis Using SAS Gastric Cancer Methadone Treatment of Heroin Addicts 229 Exercises Principal Components Analysis and Factor Analysis: The Olympic Decathlon and Statements about Pain Description of Data Principal Components and Factor Analyses Principal Components Analysis Factor Analysis Factor Analysis and Principal Components Compared Analysis Using SAS Olympic Decathlon Statements about Pain 252 Exercises Cluster Analysis: Air Pollution in the U.S.A Description of Data Cluster Analysis Analysis Using SAS 266 Exercises Discriminant Function Analysis: Classifying Tibetan Skulls Description of Data Discriminant Function Analysis Analysis Using SAS 291 Exercises 304

6 Contents xi 16 Correspondence Analysis: Smoking and Motherhood, Sex and the Single Girl, and European Stereotypes Description of Data Displaying Contingency Table Data Graphically Using Correspondence Analysis Analysis Using SAS Boyfriends., Smoking and Motherhood Are the Germans Really Arrogant? 319 Exercises 325 Appendix A: SAS Macro to Produce Scatterplot Matrices 327 Appendix B: Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises 331 References 347 Index 351