CHEMICALS THAT HARM WITH PLEASURE...
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1 CHEMICALS THAT HARM WITH PLEASURE... MARY ET BOYLE, PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE
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3 DRUG ADMINISTRATION Ingestion Preferred for many drugs Ease and safety Carried through the body in bloodstream Unpredictable dosage Injection Preferred by medical professionals Predictable, fast, strong drugs Drug users: IV (in the vein)
4 INHALATION & ABSORPTION Inhalation Through the lungs to the capillaries Anesthetics Tobacco and Marijuana Difficult to regulate dose Lung damage Absorption through mucous membranes Nose, mouth cocaine
5 Actions of drugs are terminated in liver. METABOLISM, ELIMINATION, TOLERANCE metabolism
6 DOSE RESPONSE CURVE...
7 DOSE RESPONSE CURVE...
8 Drug effect RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWAL Withdraw from drug
9 Drug effect Withdrawal effect
10 PLEASURE CENTERS OF THE BRAIN... ICSS: intracranial self-stimulation
11 MESOTELECEPHALIC DA SYSTEM Nigrostriatal pathway Mesocorticolimbic pathway
12 INCREASE IN DA RELEASE IN N. ACCUMBENS...
13 A rat repeatedly receives a drug in one of two distinctive comparts. Then, on the test, the tendency of the rat now drug-free, to prefer the drug compartment is assessed. MOTIVATION AND ADDICTION
14 Minds and Brains PROJECTIONS OF NOREPINEPHRINE- CONTAINING NEURONS
15 Minds and Brains
16 Minds and Brains SEROTONERGIC PROJECTIONS
17 Minds and Brains
18 Minds and Brains DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS
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20 By Emanuel Sferios THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON ECSTASY. REALLY! Minds and Brains
21 Minds and Brains
22 Minds and Brains Ecstasy is MDMA, or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. It belongs to a family of drugs called "entactogens," meaning "touching within." Other drugs in this category include MDA, MDE and MBDB. Before it was made illegal in 1985, MDMA was used by psychiatrists as a therapeutic tool. WHAT IS ECSTASY?
23 THE EFFECTS ARE... MDMA is a "mood elevator" that produces a relaxed, euphoric state. It does not produce hallucinations. MDMA takes effect a few minutes after taking a tablet, with little rushes of exhilaration which can be accompanied by nausea. 60 to 90 minutes after taking the drug, the user feels the peak effects. Minds and Brains
24 Sensations are enhanced and the user experiences heightened feelings of empathy, emotional warmth, and selfacceptance. The effects of 'real' ecstasy subside after about 3-5 hours. The drug is in your system for 20 hours. Users report that the experience is very pleasant and highly controllable. Even at the peak of the effect, people can usually deal with important matters.
25 The effect that makes MDMA different from other drugs is empathy, the sensation of understanding and accepting others.
26 IS IT ADDICTIVE? Ecstasy is not physically addictive. However, the drug can often take on great importance in people's lives, and some people become rather compulsive in their use. Taken too frequently, however, MDMA loses its special effect.
27 MOOD ELEVATION MDMA releases the brain chemical serotonin, elevating mood and acting as a short-term antidepressant. Compulsive users may be unconsciously trying to self-medicate for depression. Effective treatments for depression are available with the proper diagnosis by a qualified physician.
28 SEROTONERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM RAPHÉ NUCLEUS Minds and Brains
29 SEROTONERGIC AXONS-RAT
30 ECSTASY CAUSES MASSIVE RELEASE OF SEROTONIN Minds and Brains
31 INSIDE THE AXON TERMINAL - SEROTONIN XMTR Drawing by Gayle Gross de Nuñez and Savantes, 1996 Minds and Brains
32 Minds and Brains SEROTONERGIC SYNAPSE...
33 Minds and Brains REAL SEROTONERGIC SYNAPSE...
34 Minds and Brains
35 Minds and Brains ABOUT AN HOUR OR SO AFTER YOU TAKE ECSTASY
36 Minds and Brains SEROTONIN REUPTAKE TRANSPORTERS
37 Minds and Brains MONOAMINE OXIDASE BREAKS DOWN SEROTONIN
38 Minds and Brains WHEN YOU START COMING DOWN NO MORE SEROTONIN
39 THAT ATE UP FEELING... Minds and Brains
40 Minds and Brains MAKING MORE SEROTONIN...
41 Minds and Brains THE ECSTASY DEPRESSION...
42 Minds and Brains MDMA NEUROTOXICITY...
43 Minds and Brains ALL SHRIVELED UP...
44 Minds and Brains CAN PROZAC PROTECT?
45 Minds and Brains HOW DOES ECSTASY GET IN, ANYWAY.?
46 Minds and Brains MDMA MAKES THE SEROTONIN TRANSPORTERS WORK IN REVERSE
47 Minds and Brains THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON ECSTASY, REALLY.
48 Minds and Brains TAKING ECSTASY WHILE ON PROZAC..
Psychoactive drugs Drugs which affect mental processes. Legal but restricted (by prescription only)
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