Rationality in Sexual Decision Making Evidence from the Kenya Adolescents Sex Education (KASE) study
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1 Rationality in Sexual Decision Making Evidence from the Kenya Adolescents Sex Education (KASE) study Matthew Jukes, Partnership for Child Development, Imperial College London
2 Success of HIV/AIDS education programs in sub-saharan African Youth Failed Succeeded Knowledge Attitudes to Abstinence Attitudes to Condoms Abstinence Intention Condom Intention Abstinence Condom Use Number of Studies
3 Theory of Planned Behaviour Demographic variables Age, sex, occupation, Socioeconomic status, religion, education Attitude Towards Behaviour Subjective Norm Intention Behaviour Personality traits Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientious Neuroticism Openness Perceived Behavioural Control e.g. Ajzen (1985). From intentions to actions. The theory of planned behaviour
4 Rationality Rational thinking leads to the answer that is most likely to be correct, given the knowledge one has A rational action is one that, given the person s knowledge, is most likely to meet the person s goal Sutherland (1992). Irrationality: the enemy within.
5 Busia
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9 Acknowledgments James S. McDonnell Foundation - Dr. John Bruer - Dr. Susan Fitzpatrick World Bank - Prof. Don Bundy PCD - Dr. Lesley Drake PACE Center, Yale University - Prof. Bob Sternberg - Prof. Elena Grigorenko - Dr. Linda Jarvin Harvard University - Prof. Michael Kremer Columbia University - Pascaline Dupas University of Nairobi - Prof. David Ndetei - Dr. Lincoln Khasakhala - Gideon Odhiambo Kenya Medical Research Institute - Beatrice Wasunna International Child Support, Kenya - Chip Bury - Robert Namunyu - Moses Osia - Laban Benaya - Charles Asoka - Christina Obwaku - Reuben Mugangai - Francis Juma - Charity Jane Ochollah
10 Acknowledgments National AIDS Control Council (NACC) - Dr. Frederick Mwendwa Ministry of Education, Science and Technology - Albert K. Lang at Primary Education Directorate - Laban Ayiro Kenyan Exams Council - Zipporah Mutea Kenya Institute of Education - Robert Kamau - Rosemary Kamau - Mercy Karogo
11 Background Boys comments on self-control If our private parts were destroyed then we would have control. School 9 Class 7 Boys God created me and gave me a penis and it is expected to do some work. - School 9 Class 7 Boys If I do not find a girl, after some time I will have to jump on a goat. - School 1 Class 7 Boys
12 Background Payment for sex If your step mother mistreats you and [hasn t] cooked, now you will get a boyfriend who will give you money to buy the food you are going to eat. - School 1 Class 5 Girls
13 Background HIV Causality AIDS is sometimes like a devil. this devil will disturb you every day it will come a time when you will go to that hole and then you will commit that sin and you will get AIDS. - School1 Class7 Boys
14 Target Psychological Factors Causal Understanding of HIV infection Belief in control you have over your behaviour (locus of control) The life skills you have to exercise this control HIV-relevant attitudes to authority, gender, cultural practices
15 Self-reported sexual behavior M F I have had sex 50 (36%) 45 (33%) No sex before marriage 51 (37%) 62 (45%) No sex at school 16 (12%) 15 (11%) No sex now but later 22 (16%) 16 (12%) Always use condom 23 (46%) 14 (31%) I will never get HIV 73 (53%) 67 (49%) I would pay / be paid for sex 42 (31%) 53 (35%)
16 Sexual activity by age % Sexually Active 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Boys Girls 0% <11 (N=21) 12 (N=50) 13 (N=57) 14 (N=56) 15 (N=48) 16 (N=22) >17 (N=16) Age
17 Predictors of abstinence 70% 65% Skill Score (%) 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% Boys Girls 30% Sex no condom (M-27; F-31) Sex with condom (M-23; F-14) Current sexual behavior No sex (M-87; F- 93)
18 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Where do cognitions come from? Girls School class Church Village Household Variance Explained Understanding disease causality Skills Boys Locus of Control Attitudes School class Church Village Household 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Understanding disease causality Skills Locus of Control Attitudes Variance Explained
19 Results Summary Cognitions predict girls behaviour better than boys behaviour The most significant predictor of abstinence for girls is having good skills Schools and communities make a difference to cognitions more so for girls than boys.
20 Wilson & Daly, 2004 Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? PRSL Series B- Biological Sciences OR 3 months
21 Wilson & Daly, 2004 Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? PRSL Series B- Biological Sciences OR 3 months
22 Wilson & Daly, 2004 Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? PRSL Series B- Biological Sciences OR 3 months
23 Wilson & Daly, 2004 Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? PRSL Series B- Biological Sciences OR 3 months OR 3 months
24 Wilson & Daly, 2004 Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? PRSL Series B- Biological Sciences OR 3 months OR 3 months
25 Implications If girls are more rational than boys in their sexual decision making Girls are easier targets for HIV prevention education Improving the rationality of boys decision making may be crucial
26 Locus of control and perceived HIV susceptibility Locus of Control Score 80% 78% 76% 74% 72% 70% 68% 66% 64% 62% 60% I will probably get HIV (M-15; F-22) I will get HIV only if I am unlucky (M-49; F-49) HIV infection prognosis I will never get HIV (M-73; F-73) M F
27 Predictors of abstinence 60% 50% Sexual Activity 40% 30% 20% 10% Boys Girls 0% Risky Attitudes Safe Attitudes Risky Attitudes Safe Attitudes Poor Skills Good Skills
28 Where do cognitions come from? Locus of Control Parental Attitudes; teacher age Attitudes Teacher knowledge Knowledge Teacher knowledge Skills Teacher knowledge
29 Predictors of abstinence intentions 1.4 General Locus of Control Boys Girls 0 Possibly / Certainly (M-52; F- 52) No (M-85; F-86) Will you have sex before you marry?
30 Correlations amongst scales Skills 0.40*** Understanding Skills Attitudes Spiritual control General control Attitudes 0.22*** 0.18** Spiritual control 0.17* 0.14* 0.11 General control 0.13* 0.14* Exam score 0.45*** 0.33*** 0.17** * p <.05, ** p <.01, *** p <.001 Controlling for age, sex, standard
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