MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Department of Science BIO 140 Lecture Outline Chapters 21, 22 and 23

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1 MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Department of Science BIO 140 Lecture Outline Chapters 21, 22 and 23 Chapter 21 I. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN A. Defense 1. Keratin 2. Sweat ducts 3. Oil glands 4. Normal flora B. Bacterial Infections previously discussed 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes 3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa C. Viral Infections DNA previously discussed 1. Warts Papillomavirus (DNA) 2. Smallpox Variola virus 3. Chickenpox Herpes zoster 4. Herpes simplex D. Viral Infections RNA 1. Measles rubeola 2. Rubella

2 E. Fungal Infections previously discussed 1. Dermatophytes superficial 2. Sporothrix schenkii subcutaneous 3. Candidiasis II. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE EYES A. Defenses 1. Mucous membrane 2. Tears 3. Eyelashes B. Bacterial Infections previously discussed 1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2. Chlamydia trachomatis 3. Pseudomonas (rare) 4. Haemophilus influenzae C. Fungal Infections previously discussed 1. Opportunistic molds D. Viral Infections previously discussed 1. Herpes simplex 2. CMV E. Protozoa 1. Acanthamoeba

3 Chapter 22 III. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM A. Structure 1. Brain 2. Skull 3. Spinal Cord 4. Peripheral nervous system 5. Central nervous system B. Entrance To CNS 1. Trauma 2. Along peripheral nerves 3. Through the bloodstream and lymphatic system C. Bacterial Infections previously discussed 1. Neisseria meningitidis 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae 3. C. tetani tetanus 4. C. botulinum botulism 5. M. leprae leprosy D. Other Infections previously discussed 1. Cryptococcus neoformans 2. Prions E. Additional Infections 1. Haemophilus influenzae 2. Listeria monocytogenes 3. Poliomyelitis 4. Rabies

4 Chapter 23 IV. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM A. Infections Previously Discussed 1. Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease 2. Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis 3. Plasmodium spp. Malaria 4. Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 5. Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis 6. B. anthracis anthrax B. Additional Infections 1. Endocarditis 2. Plague C. Review Rheumatic Fever

5 MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Department of Science BIO 140 CHAPTER 24: MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I. ANATOMY AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS A. Anatomy B. Defense Mechanisms 1. Coarse hairs 2. Ciliated mucous membranes of the nose and throat 3. Lymphoid tissue (Secondary) 4. Ciliary escalator 5. Alveolar macrophages 6. Secretory IgA II. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS A. Strep Throat B. Scarlet Fever C. Diphtheria D. Otitis Media 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Haemophilus influenzae E. Sinusitis F. Colds

6 G. Mononucleosis III. LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS A. Pertussis B. Community Acquired Pneumonias; Bacterial 1. S. pneumoniae 2. H. influenzae 3. Mycoplasma pneumoniae 4. Legionellosis 5. Chlamydia pneumoniae C. Community Acquired Viruses 1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 2. Influenzae virus 3. Herpes varicella-very rare 4. Hantavirus D. Nosocomial Pneumonias 1. Staphylococcus aureus 2. Pseudomonas aeurginosa 3. Other Gram negative rods

7 D. Fungal Diseases 1. Histoplasmoisis 2. Coccidiodomycosis 3. Aspergillus fumigatus IV. TUBERCULOSIS INTRODUCTION A. Decline Of TB As A Public Health Threat B. Resurgence Beginning In 1985 C. New Threat In Addition To Seriousness Of Infection D. Population At Greatest Risk V. PATHOGENESIS 1. Homeless 2. Prisoners, IV drug abusers 3. Immigrants a. Mexico b. Philippines c. Vietnam 4. Persons with AIDS A. Route Of Transmission 1. Aerosol 2. Unpasteurized milk B. Primary Infection 1. Bacterium inhaled and phagocytized by macrophages 2. Organisms multiply; irritate lung tissue 3. Fluid, lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in lungs; destroy bacteria or engulf 4. A tubercle is formed and infection arrested 5. Tubercle calcifies C. Progressive Tuberculosis 1. Tubercle not formed 2. Lung tissue destroyed; cavity develops with caseous (cheesy) necrotic material; organisms multiply in air filled cavities

8 3. Symptoms a. fever b. night sweats c. cough d. fatigue D. Reactivated Tuberculosis 1. Cell mediated immunity no longer functioning or reduced function due to age, disease, therapy 2. Calcified tubercle breaks down 3. Same course as progressive disease VI. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS THE ORGANISM A. Gram Positive Bacilli; Acid-Fast; Positive FA B. Non-Motile; No Spores; No Capsule; Obligate Aerobe C. Cell Wall: Contains Long Chain Fatty Acids = 60% Lipids Resistant To Drying D. Slow-Growing, Divides Once Every 20 Hours E. Usually Grows From Clinical Specimens After 3-4 Weeks On Lowenstein-Jensen Medium With 7% CO 2 ; Colonies Rough And Buff F. Identification: Niacin And Nitrate Positive; Or Nucleic Acid Probe; Or Gas Chromatography G. Susceptibility Testing 1. Solid media - 3 weeks 2. Radiometric - 1 week Research 3. Nucleic acid probe 4. PCR H. No Toxins VII. TREATMENT A. Isolate Patient If Degree Of Suspicion B. Primary Drugs - At Least Two To Prevent Resistance Developing C. MDR = Multiple Drug Resistance (Resistance To 2 Or More) 1. Primary resistance 2. Acquired resistance 3. Treatment with secondary choices

9 VIII. CONTROL AND PREVENTION A. Early Detection B. Improve Crowded Conditions In Holding Cells, Prisons, Detention Areas For Immigrants, Etc. C. PPD (Tine Or Mantoux) Testing: Exposed Persons Including Families, Friends, Co-Workers, Health Workers; Children; Prison Guards, Prisoners, HIV Positive Persons; Persons With AIDS D. Prophylactic Treatment With INH; Rifampin If INH Resistant E. Isolation Rooms, HEPA Filters, Masks, UV Lights, Disinfectants, Laminar Flow Hoods In Microbiology Lab F. Develop More Rapid Methods For Laboratory Detection 1. Nucleic acid probes 2. PCR G. Vaccinations? H. Surveillance - Epidemiology I. Better Treatment Through Research 1. Develop new drugs/antibiotics 2. Vaccines 3. Improve delivery system of drug 4. Learn more about how drug resistance develops BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Cowley, G., Leonard, E.A., and Hagar, M. March 16, Tuberculosis, a deadly return. Newsweek pp Koneman, E.W. et al., Diagnostic Microbiology. J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia pp Kopanoff, D. The resurgence of tuberculosis. ASTPHLD and CDC seminar, January 15, 1993.

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