A Cerebellar Conundrum

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1 BHIVA AUTUMN CONFERENCE 2011 Including CHIVA Parallel Sessions Dr Lavanya Raman Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London November 2011, Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre, London A Cerebellar Conundrum Lavanya Raman 1

2 Miss R 33 year-old Brazilian lady Presented to GP in Nov 2010: Headache Vertigo Watchful waiting advised Symptoms persisted; February 2011 Worsening headaches Vertigo Nausea Left ear heaviness Prescribed Betahistine and referred to ENT 2

3 Back in Brazil... Returned to Brazil for further medical advice Feb 2011 Diagnosed with HIV- Efavirenz/Combivir started MRI LP Brain biopsy CSF Lymphocytic Toxoplasma PCR +ve TB PCR ve Results Virology, culture and syphilis serology ve Biopsy CaseatingGranulomata 3

4 MRI Brazil Leptomeningeal enhancement with left cerebellar lesion What are the top differentials? 4

5 Treatment in Brazil March 2011: Quadruple therapy for CNS TB 6/52 Toxo Rx Follow up in England Returned in May 2011 Switched to Efavirenz/Atripla Headaches improving CD4 210 cells/ul VL 65 copies/ml LP : Unremarkable MRI repeated 5

6 MRI JUNE 2011 No significant change from imaging in Brazil MRI report June 2011 Discussed at radiology MDT Changes consistent with TB Management Ongoing outpatient TB treatment 6

7 July 2011 Worsening occipital headaches Unsteadiness Slurred speech Good compliance with meds; ARVs and TB therapy TB Elispot negative MRI JULY 2011 Compare to previous 7

8 Radiological findings CT/MRI head: Worsening oedema cerebellar vermisextending into cerebellar hemispheres More prominent ring enhancement of left cerebellar lesion Number and size of cerebellar lesions unchanged More prominent leptomeningeal enhancement CSF analysis July 2011 Opening pressure 19mmH2O Glucose 3.8, Protein 1.39 WCC 58 AFB & TB culture negative CSF gram stain & culture negative Toxo PCR positive TPPA & syphilis IgG/IgM EIA positive but VDRL negative EBV 4450 copies/ml All other virology negative CRAG negative 8

9 Has our differential changed? IRIS? Neurosyphilis? Toxoplasmosis?...But treatment completed Progression of TB?...But on treatment and blood/csf -ve Is the CSF virology relevant? Lymphoma? DIAGNOSIS? TB IRIS Commenced on 4mg Dexamethasone QDS Symptoms improved; discharged 9

10 One Week later...august 2011 Worsening headaches Worsening balance impairment New right facial weakness Slurred speech Nystagmus Dysdiadochokinesis Ataxic gait CD4 252 cells/ul VL <40 Repeat MRI August 2011 Where is the new abnormality? New focal high signal area R thalamus consistent with new inflammatory lesion. Otherwise stable appearances. Consistent with IRIS 10

11 Repeat CSF analysis August 2011 Opening pressure 28mmH2O Glucose 5.2, protein 1.63 WCC 7, RCC 12 VL<47 CSF culture, AFB/TB culture negative Syphilis TPPA/VDRL negative, IgG/IgMEIA equivocal CRAG negative EBV copies/ml Other virology negative How would you proceed? 11

12 Ongoing Treatment Steroids; diagnosis still considered most likely IRIS Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethaminein light of positive T.GondiiPCR in CSF July days Benzylpenicillinin light of previous CSF STS results and compatible MRI features Ongoing TB treatment (to complete total 1 year) Repeat MRI end August: stable appearances Had we really coined the diagnosis? 12

13 The final straw...a trip to Brazil Biopsies from Feb 2011 collected from Brazil Re-analysed at St Thomas Hospital Biopsy of cerebellum 13

14 Encephalitis Vasculitis 14

15 CD8 T-cells EBER in situ hybridisation. EBV+ cells in and around the vessel 15

16 BIOPSY OUTCOMES Negative IHC: Toxo JC HIVp24 HSV CMV Treponema pallidum Positive EBV- In situ hybridisation CSF PCR VZV Our working diagnosis EBV-associated encephalitis/vasculitis Valganciclovir commenced Steroids continued with an aim to wean Miss R improved Scans objectively improved Interval LP Oct 2011: EBV 225 copies/ml 16

17 BUT...Represented 28/10/11 Worsening R leg weakness Worsening slurred speech New headaches Still on Valganciclovir BUT Steroid dose weaned to 1mg Latest CD4 205, VL <60 O/E L Reflexes brisk NOVEMBER 11 ANY SIMILARITY? JUNE/JULY 17

18 MRI Spine Nov 2011 Appearances consistent with acute myelitis at C6-7 Aetiology presumably the same as underlying cerebral vasculitis BUT...cannot exclude lymphoma Where is the abnormality? What would you do next? 18

19 Repeat LP EBV undetectable PET Scan Normal Steroids increased Miss R discharged What we did Where do we go from here? Continue higher dose of steroids Review in 1 month with interval scans brain/spine Aim to wean steroids in 1 month If reduced steroid dose not tolerated consider Rituximab 19

20 WHY RITUXIMAB? Dr M. Nelson Professor S. Lucas Dr A. Pozniak Dr S. Papineni Dr E. Page Dr J. Roe Dr S. Jacoub Dr P. Holmes Dr K. Wheatley Dr I. Kooner Dr S. Dhoot Dr S. Portsmore Acknowledgements 20

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