Fingerprints as an Alternative Method to Determine ABO and Rh Blood Groups

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1 OGNAL ACLE J Nepal ed Assoc 7;(): Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups onam Chaudhary, ajana Deuja, unna Alam, Poonam Karmacharya, onami ondal Department of Physiology, anipal College of edical ciences, Pokhara, Nepal, Nepalese Army nstitute of Health ciences, Bhandarkhal, anuvaryang, Kathmandu, Nepal. ABAC ntroduction: Blood grouping is conventionally done with invasive method by taking blood samples. he objective of this study is to determine blood group with uninvasive procedure by taking fingerprints of the participants and know the associations between their fingerprints and blood groups. ethods: even hundred participants of both genders with no any age limitation from anipal eaching Hospital and anipal College of edical ciences were randomly selected. he blood grouping was done by cross reacting blood sample with the antibodies. he fingerprints were taken with the help of stamp pad imprinting the finger ridges over A size white papers. he loop, whorl and arch patterns were studied. esults: O+ve blood group (%) was most prevalent among 7 participants. he loop pattern was highly distributed 7 (%) in all blood groups except in Ave blood group with highest distribution of whorl (%). he mean comparisons of specific fingerprint in total and also in individual fingers with different ABO and ABOh blood groups showed no any statistical association with P>.. However, the loop distribution in individual finger was highest in right middle finger () of Bve blood group (%). he whorl distribution in individual finger was highest in right index (), left thumb () and left ring () fingers of AB+ve blood group (.% each). imilarly, the arch distribution was highest in right index fingers of Ave blood group (%). Conclusions: he mean comparison of different fingerprints with ABO and h blood groups showed no significant statistical association concluding fingerprints cannot be used for blood grouping. Keywords: arch; blood group; fingerprints; loop; whorl. NODUCON Blood grouping is the classification of blood based on the inherited antigenic substances on the ed Blood Cell s surface. A total of human blood group systems have been recognized. Clinically ABO and hesus blood groups are more likely to cause blood transfusion reactions. Fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger which do not change throughout life. heyaredivided by Henry Classification ystem into loop, whorl and arch, which constitutes %, % and % respectively. tudies showed high loop distribution in blood group A+ve and O+ve, high whorl distribution in blood group AB(h +ve and ve), 7 and high arch in Ave and AB+ve blood groups. A significant association between fingerprints and blood groups was reported.,,9 Correspondence: Dr. onam Chaudhary, Department of Physiology, anipal College of edical ciences, Pokhara, Nepal. sunamch@gmail.com, Phone: JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7

2 Chaudhary et al. Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups his study aims to find the association of blood groups with fingerprints in Nepalese population. EHOD his crosssectional study was carried out in anipal eaching Hospital and anipal College of edical ciences after getting ethical clearance from the nstitutional eview Committee in between June and August of 7. A total of 7 samples from students, faculties and patients were included of any age and gender. he participation was done by verbally informed consent. he blood grouping was done by conventional invasive procedure in which the blood sample was taken by finger pricks under aseptic conditions followed by reacting it with antibodies antia, antib and anti h in the glass slides. he presence of agglutination to specific antibody will determine the presence of corresponding antigen in the surface of red blood cell of that individual which gave the blood group of the participants. he fingerprints of all ten fingers of the participants were taken by the help of stamp pad that imprinted the fingerprints over clear A size white papers. he whorl, loop and arch pattern among the fingers were thus interpreted. Participants if had permanent scars on their fingers or with any hand deformities due to injury or had any unwillingness were excluded from the study.he data were entered in P and the descriptive analysis was done. he association between blood groups and fingerprints were calculated by comparing mean among various groups by one way anova test considering P>. as not significant; P<. as significant and P<.as highly significant taking confidence interval of 9%. EUL ale participation was 7 (.7%) in 7 samples and the remaining was female. O+ve was the highly prevalent blood group among male participants whereas A+ve was highly prevalent blood group in female participants. he primary fingerprint pattern was loop followed by whorl and arch in total as well as gender distribution of subjects (able ). able. Distribution of Blood Groups and Fingerprints in the participants (n=7). Variables Blood group Finger Prints Gender ale n(%) Female n(%) otal n(%) O+ve 9(.%) 9(.%) (%) A+ve 7(.%) (.%) (.%) B+ve (.%) (.%) (9.%) AB+ve 9(.%) 7(7.%) (.%) Ove (.%) (.7%) (.%) Ave (.%) () (.7%) Bve (.9%) (.%) (.7%) ABve () () () otal 7(.7%) 9(.%) 7(%) 7 Arch 79(.%) 7(.%) (.7%) 7 Loop 7(7.7%) 7(.9%) (.%) Whorl (.7%) (.%) (.%) he comparison of mean of total arch, loop and whorl in different blood groups showed no any statistically significant association of fingerprint with blood groups [P>.].imilarly, there was no significant association of mean of loop, whorl and arch with h+ve and hve cases (able ). JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7 7

3 Chaudhary et al. Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups able. otal fingerprint distributions and its mean comparison in different blood group systems. h ystem ABO ystem A+ve B+ve AB+ve Ove Ave Bve ABve otal Blood Group ystem Arch n (%) Loop n (%) Whorl n (%) Fingerprint patterns in all fingers O+ve (.%) 7(.%) (.%) (.%) 7(.%) 77(.%) 9(%) (.%) 7(.%) (7.7%) 9(.%) (.%) (%) 9(%) (%) (%) 9(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 7(%) 7(%) (%) ean.7±.9.±..±. P... h+ve 9(%) (%) (%) ean.7±.9.9±..±. hve (.%) 9(7.%) (.%) ean.±.99.7±..±. P.9.. he maximum number of loops was seen in left small () finger of O+ve blood group. However, the percentagewise loop distribution was highest in right middle fingers of Bve blood group. here was statistically no any association between mean of loop in individual finger when compared with different blood groups (able ). able. Loop distribution and its mean comparison in individual fingers with the blood groups. Blood Group ight Left otal O+ve A+ve B+ve AB+ve Ove JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7

4 Chaudhary et al. Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups Ave 9 Bve ABve ean 7.±. 7.±..±. 7.±..±..7±..9±..±. 7.±..±. P he maximum number of whorls was seen in right ring finger of O+ve blood group. he percentagewise whorl distribution was highest in right index, left thumb and left ring fingers of AB+ve blood group. here was statistically no any association between mean of whorls in individual fingers when compared with different blood groups (P>.) (able ). able. Whorl distribution and its mean comparison in individual fingers with the blood groups. Blood Group O+ve 9 ight 9 Left 9 otal. A+ve B+ve AB+ve Ove Ave Bve ABve ean.±..±..±..±..±..±..±..±..±..±. P JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7 9

5 Chaudhary et al. Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups able. Arch distribution and its mean comparison in individual fingers with the blood groups. ight Left Bloodgroup otal O+ve A+ve B+ve AB+ve Ove Ave Bve ABve ean.±..±..±..±..±..7±..±..±..9±..±. P he maximum number of arch was seen in left index finger of O+ve blood group. he percentagewise arch distribution was highest in right index fingers of Ave blood group. here was statistically no any association between mean of arch in individual finger when compared with different blood groups (P>.) (able ). DCUON n this study, O+ve was the most prevalent blood group in 7 participants with no any subject with ABve blood group. he predominance of O+ve blood group in Nepalese student had also been previously reported. However; the female participants in this study had A+ve blood group with the highest distribution. he distribution of loop fingerprint was the highest followed by whorl and arch in general and according to the blood groups as well which was consistent with previous studies.,, he exception to finding was seen in Ave blood group participants where whorl was predominating to loop followed by arch in this study. imilar exception was seen in ABve blood group and Ove blood group in ndian population., Loop was predominating in both gender which contrasts with the literatures.,9, All the fingerprints were highly distributed in O+ve blood group which may correlates with the fact that maximum participants in this study have O+ve blood group. However, percentagewise loop distribution was highest in right middle fingers of Bve blood group. he percentagewise whorl distribution was highest in right index, left thumb and left ring fingers of AB+ve blood group and percentagewise arch distribution was highest in right index fingers of Ave blood group. imilar increase percentage of whorls in AB blood groupand arch in Ave blood grouphave been found previously., JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7

6 Chaudhary et al. Fingerprints as an Alternative ethod to Determine ABO and h Blood Groups he mean of total loops when compared with different blood groups showed no any statistical association with P>.. imilar was the result when mean of total whorls and arches compared with different blood groups. his result contrasts with the studies which claimed association of fingerprint with blood group.,, However, no such association was also reported in ABO blood group system. 9 Also, the mean comparison of fingerprints in individual fingers with different blood group was done. here was no any statistical association when mean of fingerprint in individual finger was taken as well. he study also showed that the mean of loop, whorl and arch has no any statistical association when compared with h positive and h negative blood group. his result also contrasts with the previous findings which showed association of fingerprint with hesus blood group. 9 his study has focussed on the patterns of fingerprints only. However, if the study was done with total ridge count present in fingers, the result may be different and more valuable. CONCLUON his study finds no association of blood groups with fingerprints among participants. However, further researches with account of many other blood groups and higher techniques to identify fingerprints may highlight some new perspectives regarding the topic. ACKNOWLEDGEEN would like to acknowledge anipal College of edical ciences, Pokhara, Nepal for facilitating me to conduct research. Conflict of nterest: None. EFEENCE. oman, Avadhani, Jacob, Nallathamby. tudy of fingerprint patterns in relationship with blood group and gender. nternational Journal of Current esearch.;():997. [Full ext]. itra, ishra N, ath GP. Blood group systems. ndian J Anaesth. ;():.[PC DO]. Guyton AC. extbook of edical Physiology, th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier;.[Fullext]. Nath. Finger Print dentification. Delhi: Gita Press; 9. [Fullext]. Henry E. Classification and Uses of Finger Prints. London: George utledge & ons Ltd; 9. [Fullext]. Bharadwaja A, araswat PK, Aggarwal K, Banerji P, Bharadwaja. Pattern of fingerprints in different ABO blood groups. J ndian Acad Forensic ed. ;():9.[Full ext] 7. Fayrouz NE, Farida N, rshad AH. elation between fingerprints and different blood groups. J Forensic Leg ed. Jan;9():. [Pubed DO]. angam, Babu A, Krupadaram K, Anasuya K. Fingerprint pattern in different blood groups. J ndian Acad Forensic ed. Dec;():. [Full ext] 9. Eboh D. Fingerprints patterns in relation to gender and blood group among students of Delta tate University, Abraka, Nigeria. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy.;():. [Full ext]. oy B, Banerjee, athian B, ondal, aha CG. Blood group distribution and its relationship with bleeding time and clotting time: A medical school based observational study among Nepali, ndian and rilankan students. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology.;():. [Full ext]. Desai B, Jaiswal, iwari P, Kalyan JL. tudy of fingerprint patterns in relationship with Blood group and gendera statistical review. esearch Journal of Forensic ciences. arch;():7. [Full ext]. Karki K, ingh PK. Gender Determination from fingerprints. J Universal Coll ed ci.;():. [Full ext]. ehta AA, ehta AA. Palmar dermatoglyphis in ABO, H Blood groups. nt J Biol ed es.;():9. [Full ext] JNA VOL UE OCDEC, 7