Comparison of lip prints, palatal rugae with blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala population

Transcription

1 Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights (2014), 1, ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparison of lip prints, palatal rugae with blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala population Santosh Hunasgi 1, Anila Koneru 1, Hamsini Gottipati 2, M. Vanishree 1, R. Surekha 1, Sangameshwar Manikya 1 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India, 2 General Dentist, Raichur, Karnataka, India Keywords Blood groups, Kerala population, lip prints, Manipuri population, palatal rugae Correspondence Dr. Santosh Hunasgi, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur , Karnataka, India. Phone: , drsantosh31@gmail.com Received 02 August 2014; Accepted 15 September 2014 doi: /ins.jcri.22 Abstract Background: In the literature, there is no data for the study done to compare lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups. Correlating lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups may be valuable in forensic science in precise identifi cation of an individual than by means of lip prints or palatal rugae only. The present study was carried out to establish the allocation of different lip print patterns and palatal rugae among the subjects having diverse ABO and Rh blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala population. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 100 subjects, which included 50 Kerala and 50 Manipuri subjects in the age group of years. All the individuals lip prints, palatal rugae and blood groups were studied. Statistical comparison between the groups was done using the Chi-square test or Fisher s exact test for small samples. Results: Type 2 was found to be the predominant lip print pattern (45%) in both the populations. The major rugae shape in both the populations was wavy pattern and less commonly curved and straight. Left side of the palate showed relatively more number of rugae. Blood Group A showed highest Type 3 lip print, B showed Type 2 pattern, AB showed Type 1 and Type 3 patterns and O showed Type 2 patterns. In blood Group A, curved palatal rugae were predominant whereas, in blood Group B, AB and O wavy patterns were predominant. Conclusion: In the present study, it is noted that there is no association between lip prints and blood groups. However, comparison of palatal rugae with blood groups showed a statistically signifi cant difference. Thus, our present showed a correlation between palatal rugae and blood groups. Introduction Identity is a set of substantial distinctiveness, purposeful or psychic, usual or pathological, which describes an individual. Identifi cation of a person is of paramount importance in a medico-legal investigation. It is based on scientifi c principles, largely involving dental records, fi ngerprints and DNA comparisons. At times, it becomes essential to apply slighter known and remarkable techniques like cheiloscopy and palatoscopy. Lip prints and palatal rugae patterns are found to be unique to the individual and therefore embrace the possibility for identifi cation. [1-3] Lip prints are common lines, fi ssures in the appearance of wrinkles and grooves seen in the zone of transition of lip in the middle of the inner labial mucosa and outer skin. Cheiloscopy (from the greek: Cheilos- lips and skopein- to see ) is a given name to the lip pattern studies. [3] It is probable to identify that lip print patterns form as before 6 th week of uterine life. Since that instant on, the lip patterns hardly ever modify, resisting many affl ictions and therefore lip prints assist as a means in human identifi cation. Yasuo Tsuchihashi considered the lip prints of 757 males and 607 females of Japanese subjects and classifi ed them into six types based on shape and way of the grooves. [1,4] Palatal rugae, in adding together are unique to an individual, protected from trauma by their internal location in the head. Once shaped, rugae do not go through any changes with the exception of length, due to regular growth, enduring in the same arrangement right through the complete person s life. Diseases, chemical violence or trauma do not appear to change the palatal rugae form. [5] The purpose of palatal rugae patterns intended for personal recognition was foremost suggested by Harrison Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights Vol. 1:3 Nov-Dec

2 Lip prints, palatal rugae and ABO blood groups Hunasgi, et al. Allen in Thomas and Kotze in 1983 detailed the various patterns of palatal rugae and classified based on the shape, unification, direction, and length. [6] In the literature, there is no data for the study fi nished to compare lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups. Correlating lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups may be valuable in forensic science in precise identifi cation of an individual than by means of lip prints or palatal rugae only. The present study was carried out to establish the allocation of different lip print patterns and palatal rugae among the subjects having diverse ABO and Rh blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala Population. In our study, we have also searched for the predominant lip print type and palatal rugae patterns among the persons from Karnataka and Kerala states in India. Materials and Methods Subjects The sample consisted of 100 BDS students studying in Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, involving of 50 subjects (25 male and 25 female) from Karnataka and 50 Kerala subjects (25 male and 25 female), in the age group ranging between 17 and 21 years. Approval of all the individuals and ethical clearance was also obtained to conduct the study. Each individual subject lip prints, palatal rugae and blood groups were studied. Recording the lip prints Lips free from some pathology, having extremely normal transition zone linking the mucosa and the skin were incorporated in the study. Lips of the subjects were cleaned, and lipstick was applied all over the lips. Lip impressions were traced in the usual rest place of the lips by applying a ribbon of cellophane tape, that is 10 cm long. The cellophane strip was consequently fi xed on to the white chart paper for everlasting documentation and then the recorded lip prints be visualized with a magnifying lens [Figure 1]. Examination of the lip prints Each individual s lips were divided into 4 compartments and seen for the type of lip print in each compartment [Figure 2]. Classifi cation scheme as proposed by Tsuchihashi was used: [4,7] 1. Type 1: Clear-cut vertical grooves that run across the entire lips 2. Type 1: Similar to Type 1, but do not cover the entire lip 3. Type 2: Branched grooves 4. Type 3: Intersected grooves 5. Type 4: Reticular grooves 6. Type 5: Grooves do not fall into any of the above categories. Recording the palatal rugae Alginate impressions of only maxillary arch were prepared and poured by means of dental stone. A dental plaster base was prepared, and casts were conserved for analysis. The rugae patterns were traced on these casts using a sharp graphite pencil below suffi cient light. The palatal rugae patterns were subsequently explored on these casts with the facility of magnifying lens [Figures 3 and 4]. Examination of the palatal rugae Thomas and Kotze in 1983 classifi ed a variety of patterns of primary rugae based on the shape, direction, and unifi cation. [8] A. The shapes of individual rugae were categorized into four main types: 1. Curved: Crescent shaped and curved gently 2. Wavy: Slight curve at the origin or termination of curved rugae, it was classifi ed as wavy Figure 2: White chart paper with recorded lip prints Figure 1: Materials used in the study for recording of lip prints Figure 3: Materials used in the study for recording of palatal rugae 84 Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights Vol. 1:3 Nov-Dec 2014

3 Hunasgi, et al. Lip prints, palatal rugae and ABO blood groups were analyzed using software SPSS version (Minitab 16.0 Statistical Software Minitab Inc. State College, United States of America). Results Figure 4: A dental plaster cast of maxilla showing the outline of rugae patterns 3. Straight: Ran directly from their origin to termination 4. Circular: Formed from a defi nite continuous ring. B. The direction of the rugae was determined by measuring the angle produced by the line joining its origin and termination and the line perpendicular to the median rugae: 1. Forwardly directed: Rugae associated with positive angles, 2. Backwardly directed: Rugae associated with negative angles. C. Unifi cation occurs when two rugae are joined at their origin or termination: 1. Diverging: Two rugae having the same origin, but immediately branched, 2. Converging: Rugae with different origins joined on their lateral portions. Recording the blood groups Each subject s blood groups were evaluated by inserting a drop of blood on the slide furthermore treated by means of anti-a and anti-b sera. Positive agglutination of the blood taking place on treating with anti-a is well thought to be blood Group A, positive reaction with anti-b is deliberated as blood Group B, if no agglutination is created subsequently the blood group is O and if agglutination is observed with both anti-sera at that time blood Group AB is considered. In the same way, positive agglutination response with Rh antigen is well thought to be Rh-positive or else as Rh-negative. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed for percentage proportions and compared. Statistical comparison between the groups was done using the Chi-square test or Fisher s exact test for small samples. A P < 0.05 were considered to be signifi cant. Data Lip prints Taken as a whole, not even one individual had a single kind of lip prints in all the compartments, and no individual had and a like lip print patterns. When sex was assessed in both the populations combined, males demonstrated principally Type 3 lip print pattern (43%) whereas, females showed principally Type 2 (49%). Comparison of all lip print patterns among males and females using the Chisquare test showed no statistically signifi cant difference [Table 1]. In the Karnataka population, Type 2 lip print pattern was set up to be largest (48%), followed by Type 3 (40%), Type 1 (8%)and Type 5 (4%). Type 1 and Type 4 patterns were zero in Karnataka population. In Kerala population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be predominant (42%), followed by Type 3 (28%), Type 1 (26%)and Type 4 and Type 5 (2%)[Table 2]. When the overall patterns were evaluated in the entire study subjects (in both Karnataka and Kerala), Type 2 was found to be the majority of all lip print patterns having 45% in contrast to additional types of lip print patterns. The Chi-square test association of all lip print patterns between Karnataka and Kerala population revealed no signifi cant differences except for Type 1 pattern [Table 2]. Table 1: Comparison of lip print patterns between males and females across both populations of the study Lip prints Male (%) Female (%) Total χ 2 value P value Type 1 5 (12) 12 (22) P=0.18 Type Type 2 21 (41) 24 (49) P=0.55 Type 3 22 (43) 12 (24) P=0.06 Type 4 1 (2) P=0.99 Type 5 1 (2) 2 (5) P=0.61 Total Table 2: Comparison of lip print patterns between Karnataka and Kerala population Lip Karnataka Kerala Total χ 2 value P value prints (n=50) (%) (n=50) (%) Type 1 4 (8) 13 (26) P=0.02 Type Type 2 24 (48) 21 (42) P=0.69 Type 3 20 (40) 14 (28) P=0.29 Type (2) P=0.49 Type 5 2 (4) 1 (2) P=0.99 Total Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights Vol. 1:3 Nov-Dec

4 Lip prints, palatal rugae and ABO blood groups Hunasgi, et al. Palatal rugae The largest rugae shape in all populations was wavy pattern and smallest being curved and straight. However, wavy and curved patterns were predominant in Karnataka compared to Kerala population and whereas straight was slightly more in Kerala population. When unifi cation of rugae was analyzed, diverging type of rugae pattern was predominant in both the populations. However, no statistical signifi cant difference was observed. On observing the direction of rugae, forwardly directed rugae were predominant than backwardly directed rugae in both the populations. In addition, forwardly directed rugae were more in Karnataka population than Kerala, whereas backwardly directed rugae were more in Kerala population than Karnataka. In Karnataka population left side of the palate demonstrated relatively extra number of rugae apart from the right side, whereas, in Kerala, right side of the palate showed more number of rugae [Table 3]. Blood groups and Rh system Majority of the subjects (44%) in Karnataka population belonged to blood Group A; followed by blood Group O (34%), B (16%) and AB (6%). Whereas frequency of blood Group O (50%) was higher in Kerala population followed by blood Group B (34%), A (10%) and AB (6%). In Karnataka population, 98% of subjects had the Rh-positive factor, and only 2% of cases belonged to the Rh-negative factor. In Kerala population, 90% of subjects had the Rh-positive factor. Comparison of all blood groups between both the populations showed a statistical signifi cant difference only for A and B groups. In addition, there was no signifi cant difference observed for Rh-positive and negative factor between both the populations [Table 4]. Table 3: Comparison of palatal rugae between Karnataka and Kerala population Palatal rugae Karnataka (%) Kerala (%) χ 2 -value P-value Shape Curved 142 (39) 135 (38) 0.62 P=0.73 Wavy 175 (49) 168 (48) Straight 43 (12) 49 (14) Unification Converging 3 (21) 11 (79) 0.37 P=0.54 Diverging 31 (34) 61 (66) Direction Forwardly directed 138 (51) 135 (49) 0.54 P=0.46 Backwardly directed 115 (47) 130 (53) Side Right 184 (51) 173 (48) 0.03 P=0.85 Left 189 (52) 175 (49) Comparison of lip prints and palatal rugae in relation to all blood groups Among blood Group A highest was Type 3 lip print pattern (44%), blood Group B showed highest Type 2 pattern (48%), blood Group AB showed highest Type 1 (50%) and Type 3 (50%) patterns and blood Group O showed highest Type 2 (55%) patterns. On statistical comparison between different lip prints in all the blood groups, no signifi cant difference was observed. In blood Group A, curved palatal rugae (49%) were predominant whereas in blood Group B, AB and O wavy patterns were predominant and was also statistically signifi cant (P=0.02) [Table 5]. Discussion In forensic identifi cation, the mouth allows for countless possibilities. Compilation of data from bite marks, lip prints and teeth in crime scenes such as murder and rape be capable of playing a major role in criminal investigations. Rarely, noticeable or latent lip prints are established at a crime scene which can be recorded and contrasted with the prints of assumed persons, and the donor is able to be recognized. The importance of cheiloscopy is associated to the information that lip prints are genetic, developed at 6 th month of uterine life, are permanent, unchangeable after death also, and unique to an individual. [2] Palatal rugae pattern may be precise to racial groups Table 4: Comparison of blood groups between Karnataka and Kerala population Blood group Karnataka (%) Kerala (%) Total χ 2 value P value A 22 (44) 5 (10) P= B 8 (16) 17 (34) P=0.06 AB 3 (6) 3 (6) P=0.99 O 17 (34) 25 (50) P=0.16 Rh-positive 49 (98) 45 (90) P=0.20 Rh-negative 1 (2) 5 (10) 6 Table 5: Comparison of lip prints, palatal rugae with blood groups across both the population Lip prints A (%) B (%) AB (%) O (%) χ 2 value P value Type 1 4 (15) 4 (16) 3 (50) 6 (14) 4.96 P=0.17 Type Type 2 10 (37) 12 (48) 0 23 (55) 5.08 P=0.16 Type 3 12 (44) 7 (28) 3 (50) 12 (29) 2.95 P=0.39 Type (4) P=0.38 Type 5 1 (4) 1 (4) 0 1 (2) 0.37 P=0.94 Palatal rugae Curved 86 (49) 72 (41) 12 (35) 117 (40) P=0.02 Wavy 80 (45) 101 (57) 21 (62) 151 (52) Straight 10 (6) 3 (2) 1 (3) 24 (8) 86 Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights Vol. 1:3 Nov-Dec 2014

5 Hunasgi, et al. Lip prints, palatal rugae and ABO blood groups facilitating the population recognition. Its individuality, postmortem resistance, on the whole stability and low cost creates palatal rugae an ultimate forensic detection parameter. [9] In the literature, a number of researchers have worked expansively on lip prints, palatal rugae and blood individually for sex and population identifi cation. In addition, there are no studies that compared lip print and palatal rugae with blood groups between two populations. Hence, in the present study an attempt is been made to contrast the lip print patterns and palatal rugae with blood groups in subjects from two different parts of India (i.e., Karnataka and Kerala). In the present study, the majority lip pattern seen in males was Type 3, and in females it was Type 2. This was in accordance with Gondivkar et al. [10] When the overall patterns were evaluated among in the entire study subjects, Type 2 was found to be the majority lip print pattern having 45% when compared to additional types of lip print patterns. These results were in accordance with Telagi et al., [11] Patel et al. [12] and Rastogi and Parida. [2] Within the Karnataka population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be largest, followed by Type 3, Type 1 and Type 5. This was in contrast to the study done by Vahanwalla and Parekh in Mumbai, in which they found that Type I was predominant. [13] Verghese and Mestri has conducted a study of cheiloscopy in south Karnataka districts in India and showed that Type 4 pattern was predominant in Karnataka population, in contrast to our study. [1] Within Kerala population, Type 2 lip print pattern was established to be largest, followed by Type 3, Type 1 and Type 4 and 5. In contrast to our study, According to Verghese et al. Type 4 to be major in both the genders in Kerala population. [14] Further, in our study, statistical association of all lip print patterns among Karnataka and Kerala population revealed no signifi cant differences except for Type 1 pattern. The major rugae shape in both the populations was wavy pattern and less commonly curved and straight and which is in with Kapali et al. [15] However, in our study, wavy and curved patterns were predominant in Karnataka compared to Kerala population. Straight was slightly more in Kerala population than Karnataka population. In addition, in the present study, when unifi cation of rugae was analyzed, diverging type of rugae pattern was predominant in both the populations. On observing the direction of rugae, forwardly directed rugae were predominant than backwardly directed rugae in both the populations. However, forwardly directed rugae were more in Karnataka population than Kerala, whereas backwardly directed rugae were more in Kerala population than Karnataka. When evaluated for the number of palatal rugae in Karnataka and Kerala population left side of the palate showed relatively more number of rugae. This interpretation was similar to Paliwal A et al. who as well reported with the intention that right side of the palate had a smaller number of rugae than the left side. This may be owed to the observable fact of regressive advancement, dominating the right side of the palate. [9] Further in our study, statistical analysis showed that there was no difference found in the total number of rugae seen for shape, unifi cation, direction and side of the palate between the two populations. In the present study, the predominant blood group among all the subjects was blood Group O. These fi ndings were similar to the results obtained by Bharadwaj et al., [16] Rastogi and Pillai. [17] Majority of the subjects in Karnataka population belonged to blood Group A, whereas the frequency of blood Group O was higher in Kerala population. 98% of subjects in the Karnataka population had the Rh-positive factor, and 90% of Kerala population had the Rh-positive factor. Comparison of all blood groups between both the populations showed a statistical signifi cant difference only for A and B groups. In addition, there was no signifi cant difference observed for Rh-positive and negative factor between both the populations. Frequency of Type 3 lip print pattern was more in blood Group A. Distribution of Type 2 lip print pattern was highest blood Group B and O. Further Type 1 and Type 3 were predominant in blood Group AB. When comparison between different lip prints in all the blood groups was done, no statistical signifi cant difference was observed. These results coordinated with earlier studies done by Telagi et al. [11] Sandhu et al. [18] and Verma et al. [19] Coming to the palatal rugae distribution, curved rugae were predominant in blood Group A, whereas, in blood Group B, AB and O, wavy patterns were predominant. Further on comparison of different rugae patterns among different blood groups showed a statistically signifi cant difference. Conclusion In the present study, it is noted that there is no association between lip prints and blood groups. However, comparison of palatal rugae with blood groups showed a statistically signifi cant difference. Thus, our present showed a correlation between palatal rugae and blood groups. Further, there are no studies available on palatal rugae comparison with blood group in English language literature search. Thus, our study remains the fi rst study to compare both lip prints and palatal rugae with blood groups. References 1. Verghese AJ, Mestri SC. A study of efficacy of lip prints as an identification tool among the people of Karnataka in India. 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6 Lip prints, palatal rugae and ABO blood groups Hunasgi, et al. 7. Koneru A, Surekha R, Nellithady GS, Vanishree M, Ramesh D, Patil RS. Comparison of lip prints in two different populations of India: Reflections based on a preliminary examination. J Forensic Dent Sci 2013;5: Thomas CJ, Kotze TJ. The palatal ruga pattern: A new classification. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1983;38: Paliwal A, Wanjari S, Parwani R. Palatal rugoscopy: Establishing identity. J Forensic Dent Sci 2010;2: Gondivkar SM, Indurkar A, Degwekar S, Bhowate R. Cheiloscopy for sex determination. J Forensic Dent Sci 2009;1: Telagi N, Mujib A, Spoorthi B, Naik R. Cheiloscopy and its patterns in comparison with ABO blood groups. J Forensic Dent Sci 2011;3: Patel S, Paul I, Madhusudan AS, Gayathri R, Sowmya GV. A study of lip prints in relation to gender, family and blood group. Int J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2010;1: Vahanwalla SP, Parekh BK. Study on lip prints as an aid to forensic methodology. J Indian Dent Assoc 2000;71: Verghese AJ, Somasekar M, Babu UR. A study on lip print types among the people of Kerala. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2009;32: Kapali S, Townsend G, Richards L, Parish T. Palatal rugae patterns in Australian aborigines and Caucasians. Aust Dent J 1997;42: Bharadwaj A, Saraswat PK, Aggarwal SK, Banerji P, Bharadwaja S. Pattern of finger-prints in different ABO blood groups. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2004;26: Rastogi P, Pillai KR. A study of fingerprints in relation to gender and blood group. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2010;32: Sandhu SV, Bansal H, Monga P, Bhandari R. Study of lip print pattern in a Punjabi population. J Forensic Dent Sci 2012;4: Verma P, Sachdeva SK, Verma KG, Saharan S, Sachdeva K. Correlation of lip prints with gender, ABO blood groups and intercommissural distance. N Am J Med Sci 2013;5: How to cite this article: Hunasgi S, Koneru A, Gottipati H, Vanishree M, Surekha R, Manikya S. Comparison of lip prints, palatal rugae with blood groups in Karnataka and Kerala population. J Adv Clin Res Insights 2014;3: Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights Vol. 1:3 Nov-Dec 2014