Hyphomycetes from Taiwan - Endophragmia and Allied Species

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1 Taiwania, 55(1): 37-42, 2010 建電 Hyphomycetes from Taiwan - Endophragmia and Allied Species Jin- Li ang Chen(l) and Shean-Shong Tzean(2η Deparll11 enl 可 Hospilal and Heallh Care Adl11 inislratio月 Chia-Nan Universily o[ Phar l11 acy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan 2. Deparlmenl o/planl Palhology and Microbiology, National Taiwan Uni vers i紗 Taipei 1061 久 Taiwan * Corresponding aulhor. Tel: ; Fax: ; El11 ail:ssl@nlu.edu.m 1. (如l an ll sc ript received 20 AlIgllst 2009; accepted 28 October 2009) ABSTRACT: FOllr hyphomycetolls flln 凹 inclllding Endophragmia dimo/"phospora, Epicoccu l11 purpurascens, Helicol11 a dennisii and Helicoma palmgenum, were newly recorded from Taiwan. These taxa were isolated from air, soi l or decaying wood stem or litter covertime by single or mass spores iso lation techniqlles, respectively. The morphological characteristics of the four taxa were closely exam ined, diagnosed and illllstrated. Comparison of the taxa with conspecific isolates from varied geographic regions revealed a sli ght difference in sporlllating strllctllres. The distinctions among th 巴 m were briefly discllssed. KEY WORDS : Hyphomycet郎 Taiwan, Taxonomy, 8iodiver叫y INTRODUCTION In traditional c\ assification scheme, fungi without accessed sexua l stage usually were being c\ assified in the Sub-phylu ll1 Deuteromycotina. Mainly based on the macro- and ll1 icro-morphological characteristics, Saccardo and a lli 巴 d workers categori zed the ll1 embers of this gro up of fungi into four Classes: Hypho ll1 ycetes, Blasto ll1 ycetes, Coe lo ll1 ycetes and Agono ll1 ycetes (mycelia steri le) (Saccardo, 1880, 1886; Talbot, 197 1) Of the Hyphomycetes, Moniliales is the key order which enco ll1 passed ana 1l1 0rphic fung i with sporu lating structures born on the discrete conidiophores or aggregated synematous or cushion-shaped sporodochia (Barnett and Hunter, 1998). Furtherll1 ore, Moniliales was further divided into two fa ll1 ilies: Moniliacece and De ll1 atiacea巴 the latter characterized with pig 1l1 ented 1l1 yceliu ll1, conidiophore or conidiu ll1 (Barnett and Hunter, 1998). Actually, except for the 1l1 0rphological features, the conidiogenesis patterns defined and ill1 ple ll1 ented by Hughes (1953), Subra ll1 anian ( 1962), Tsubaki (1958) and Barron ( 1968) were extre 1l1 ely valuab le for 1l1 0re rapid and precise distinction and c\ assification of the Hyph0 1l1 ycetes. The the 1l1 es, in tenns of ll1 acro-sporulating structure and ll1 icro-scopic characteristics for taxon0 1l1 ic conid iogenes is syste 1l1 atics, later have even been extended and applied to Coe lo ll1 ycetes by Sutton (1980). More recently, the phylogenetic relatedness of these fungi ill1 perfect with respect to their Ascomycetes or Basidio ll1 ycetes counter partners were being establi shed via the molecular syste ll1 atic approaches derived fro ll1 the genetic evolutionary hierarchy (Loutozoni, et 刻 2004) Evidently, by combination of the genotypic and phenotypic traits, the biological entity for each taxon in nature will be established eventually. Mitosporic fllngi ln our laboratory, survey and construct the inventory of the anamo中 h ic fungi originated from Taiwan to illustrate their biodiversity has been seω p as one our long-term goals since the early 1980 onwards. A series of papers in this regard were published and documented in the more recently published Fungal Flora of Taiwan" (Tzean et a 1., 2005). Our m句 or approach for identification of the members of the mitosporic fungi were pri ll1 arily based on the system proposed by the ell1 inent ll1 ycologists mentioned above (Hughes, 1953; Subra ll1 an ian, 1962; Tsubaki, 1958; Barron, 1968). In this co ll1 munication, we reported four newly fungi: Endophragmia recorded hypho ll1 ycetous dim Ol phospora Awao et Udagawa, EpicoccUlη purpur師:cens Ehreb. ex Schlech t., H elicoma dennisii M.B. Ellis and H elicoma palmgenum (Penzig & Saccardo) Linde r. These taxa were iso lated fr0 1l1 the decayed ste ll1 s and air in several localities of Taiwan overti ll1 e, by using the single or ll1 ass spore techniques. The co ll ection, identification and preservation of the ana 1l1 0rph i c 仇mg i ll1 ay not only enrich and en lighten our understanding of their biodiversity, but also provide the precious ll1 icrobial resources for potential application for the betterll1 ent of hu ll1 an welfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sa ll1 ples co ll ected fro ll1 various rotten vegetations fro ll1 severa l locations in Taiwan were incubated in 1l1 0ist cha ll1 bers (p lastic boxes, 30 x 20 x 12 C Il1, with three layers of 1l1 0istened papers) to faci litate the sporulation of the fungi associated on the co llected sa ll1 ples. The axenic cu ltu res were obtained by sing le or ll1 ass spores isolation techniqu e. The isolation wa s performed under a stereo ll1 icroscope using a sterile ll1 icro-glass needle to Ill ove th 巴 s pore s and also se parated the possible 37

2 響 Taiwaniα contaminants. Th巴 agar disc bearing single or mass spores but visualized to be identical were transferred to oat meal agar (OMA), V8 juice aga r or corn mea l agar (CMA) slants or pl ates depending for their nutri ent preference. The practice served for iso lation and also for identification purpose. For so il-borne hyphomycetes, soil sampl es co ll ected from vari ed niches were sprinkled onto water agar, incubated at room temperature for adequate time period to allow the hyphal growth or limited sporulation. Pure cultures were secured by the same sing le or mass spores iso lation techniques aforementioned, or by single hyp hal-tip isolation techniques, which was also performed under a stereom icroscope with a steril e sharp scaple. For collection and iso lation of air-born e fungi, Burkard spore trap (B urkard Manufacturing Co. Lt d., U K) was used. Details of morphological characte ri sti cs and conidiogenesis were illustrated and photographed with an O lymp us light microscope (B H-2) built with a drawing tube. The taxonomic systems of Barron (1 968), Barnett and H li nter (1998), E lli s (1 971), H li ghes ( 1953), Kendrink (1971), Saccardo (1 880), S li bramanian ( 1962) and T li baki (1958) were followed for identification. Dried vollcher spec imens were deposi ted in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan Univers ity, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O. C., for further comparative stlldy pllrpose TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS Endophr gmia dim Ol phospora A wao et Udagawa, Trans. myco 1. Soc. Jap. 15 : 99. Figs. 1 & 2 Co loni es diameter on Oat Meal Agar 50 mm in 50 days at 25 0 C, effuse, incon spi cllou s, olive to olive brown or dark brown; reverse o li ve brown. Mycelium mostly immersed, composed of branched, septate, subh yaline to dark reddish brown, smooth hyp hae. Conidiophores macronematolls, monon ematous, simpl e, tl ex llolls, e lon gated-pro lifì巴 rat ion pale brown to dark reddi sh brown, smooth, X μm occas ionall y with very short conid iophore 6.7μ111 long, 4.2μ111 wide. Conidi ogenolls ce ll s 11l 0noblastic, perccurent. Conidia obovoid 0 1' pyriforl1l, l-septate, api ca l cell dark-black 0 1' dark brown and basa l cell conico-truncate, pale brown to middle brown, x ~lin. Speci l1l ens examined: Taiwan, Wll l訓 Taipei COllnty, on rotten stem, May leg. J. L. Chen. TNTU 843 Di striblltion: Taiwan, U.S.A., Kenya, A li strali a, Hong Kon g, USSR, C li ba, Mexico. Notes: The genlls Endophragmia was establi shed by D li vernoy and Maire ( 1920) to accom l1l odate a 38 Vo l. 55, No. I single spec i 郎 E. mirabi!i s D li vernoy & Maire. Thereafter twelve allied spec ies have been described and li sted in CABI Bioscience Databases (2009) Endophragm ia dimorphospora was first described by Awao et Udagawa (1 974) from so il in Japan. Hughes (1979) who treated Endophragmia dimorpho spora A wao et Udagawa as a basionym, and transferred it to the genlls Endophragmiella B. Sutton as Endophragmiella dimorphospora (Awao et Udagawa) S. H li ghes, ho wever, the r巴 v i s i o n appears not accepted. Thi s species is easil y distingllished by its l1l acronematolls, mononematolls, sil1l ple, tlexllolls, elongatedproliferation conidiophores with monobl astic, perccllrent conidiogenous c巳 IIs and obovoid 0 1' pyrifonn, I-septate, apical cell dark-black or dark brown and basal cell conico-trllncate, pale brown to l1l iddle brown conidia. The Taiwanese's isolate was very sil1l il ar to the type species of E. dimorphospora in shape and pigmentation of its conidia, bllt differed in having larger and broader conidia ( li P to 27. 1μm long and 18.3μm wide) EpicoCCll1l1 nigrum Link, Magaz in Ges. natl叫 Frellnde, Berlin 7: 32. Figs. 3 & 4 Co loni es dia l1l eter on Corn Meal Agar larger than 65 mm in 48 days at 25 0 C, effllse, ve lvety to moderately tl occose, white to olive brown ; reverse ye llowi sh white to yell owish brown or brown. Sporodochia present Mycelillm partly sllperfi cial, partly il1ll1l ersed, composed of branched to anastomosis, sep ta 仗 smooth to verruclllose or verrllcose, hya line to dark brown, μm wide hyphae. Conidiophores macronematolls, monone l1l atolls, often d e n s 巳 c lusters sporodochia, short, erect or curved, li nbranched or branched, pale ye llowi sh brown to yellowish brown, smooth or rollghened, x μm. Con idi ogenolls cells monoblasti c. Conidia acrogenous, g lobose to sllbglobose, μm muriform, verruclll ose to verrllcose, ye ll owish brown to dark brown, often with a pal er protllberant basal cel l. Specimens examined. Taiwan, Ta ipci Main Train Station, Taipei City, air-borne, Oc t leg. J.L Chen. TNTU 1038 Di stribllti on: Taiwan, Japan, Uruguay, China, Scotland SOllth Africa, U.S.A., Paplla New G li inea, Ukrain巴 Kenya, Brazil, Canada, Switzerland, Western Cape, Ethiopia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Mauritills, Malawi, Spain, lndia, Scotland, Mal aysia, A li stralia, Poland, ltaly, Zimbabwe, EC llador, Czech Republic, Ukra in 巴 United Kingdom, New Zealand, Greece, Malawi, Zambi a, Germany, Russia, Nepal, Venezu巴 la Mexico, Czechoslovakia, Kerea, Cuba, R li ssia, Tanzani a.

3 March, 2010 Chen & Tzean: Endophragmia and allied species Fig. 1. Endophragmia dimorphospora. A: Conidiophores. Fig. 3. Epicoccum nigrum. A: Conidiophores. 8: Conidia. Scale B. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 IJm. bar = 10μm. ' 官, B- Figs. 2. Endophragmia dimorphospora. A & 8 : Simple conidiophores with monoblastic, perccurent conidiogenous cells and obovoid or pyriform conidia Scale bars A & 8 = 10μm. Notes: Since the establi shment of the genus Epicoccum typed with E. nigrul11 by Link in 18 15, the rea 自 er about one hundred allied species have been described (CABI Bioscience Databases, 2009). It is Fig. 4. Epicoccum nigrum. A: Conidia arising from conidiophores. 8: Short and branched conidiophores. C: Globose, muriform and verruculose conidia. Scale bars A-C = 10μm. easil y distinguished by its macronematous, mononematous, often dense clusters, sporodochia, short, erect or curved, unbranched or branched, pale yellowish brown to yell owish brown conidiophores with monoblastic 39

4 響 conidiogenous c巳il s and globose to subg lobose, murifonn, verruculose to verrucos巴 yell owish brow n to dark brown conidia. Our co ll ection in a g lobal view was very similar to the type species of Epicoccum nigrum in shape and pigmentation of its conidiophores and conidia, but differed in hav ing longer conidiophores (up to μm ) and small er conidia (up to 23.8μm wide) He /i coma dennisii M.B. Elli s, Myco l. Pap. 87: Figs. 5 & 6 Colonies growing slowly, on Oat Meal Agar attaining 40 m l1l in 57 days at 25 0 C, ef仇ise ve lvety to hairy, present fas iculate, o li ve brown to ye llowi sh brown ; reverse olive brown to dark brown. Mycelium mostl y superficia l, composed of branched 01 anastomosis, septate, smooth or verrucose, subh yaline to pale ye llowish brown hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, monone l1l atous, stra ight or fl exuous, septate, often in dense fascicles or directly raising from the creeping h ypha巴 simpl e or branched, subhyaline to pale yellow ish brown or reddish brown, x μm; sometimes swo ll en at the base. Conidiogenous cells sympod ial, with shol1 denti cle scattered. Con idi a acrop l e urog巳 n o u s helicospore, hyaline to subh ya line or pale ye llowi sh brow n, smooth, rounded at th 巴巴nd coni co-truncate at the base, coil ed into 1 1/4 spiral s, (4)5-8-septate, μ dia l1l eter, μm wide. Specimens exam in ed: Taiwan, Chihpcn, Taitllng COllnty, On rotten stem, Ma r eg. J. L. Chen. TNTU 795 Di stribution: Taiwan, Russia, U.S.A., Japan, [ndia, South Africa, Cuba, Venezuela. Notes: The genus He/icoma was established by Corda (1837) to accom l1l odate a sing le spec ies, H. muelleri Corda. Thereafter fifty seven alli ed sp ec ies have been described (CAB [ Biosc ience Databases, 2009). He/icoma dennisii was first described by M.B. E llis ( 1963) from dead wood in Venezuela. lt was easi ly recognized by its macro nematous, mononematous, straight or flexuou s, septate, simp le or branched conidiophores with sympod ial conidiogenous cell s and acropl eurogenous, h巴 li cospo l 巴 hyaline to subhyaline or pale ye llowi sh brown, smooth conidia. The type spec ies of Helicomσ den月 isii was very simil ar to our co llection in shape and pigmentation of its con idi ophores and con凶 a but differed in havi 時 10月er con i diop hor巳 s (up to μm) and smaller conidia (up to 22.0 μm ll1 diameter). The Taiwanese 's isolate wa s comparable to those of Papua New Gu inea ' s collection described by Matsushima (1 971) in shape, septat巴 pigm巴ntation and ontogeny of its conidia and sympodia l con idiogenous cells. However, the conidia in the fonn er (up to 24.2μm 40 Vo l. 55, No. 1 Taiwania in di ameter) we re smaller contrast to those in the latter (up to m). Helicoma palmigenum (Penzig & Saccardo) Linder, Ann. Mo. Bo t. Gd n. 16: 306. Figs. 7 & 8 Co loni es diameter on Oat Meal Agar larger than 60 mm in 38 days at 25 0 C, effuse, plane, w ith more or less fl occose at the center, brownish grey to greyish brown ; reverse grey ish brown to brown or dark brown 扎1yce lium mostl y il11 mersed, composed of branched, septate, smooth, subh ya line to pale brown or middl e brown, μm h ypha巳 Co nidiophores macronematous, mononemato us, single or cluster, sil11pl e or bran ched, strai ght or slightly curved, septate, s l11 00th, brown, paler towards the apex, X μm often elongated-proliferation. Conidiogenous cell s mon ob l ast此 sympod ia l. Conidia helicospore, septate, smooth, pa le brown to yellowi sh brown, μm in diameter; indivudi al threads μm wide, often with a conspicuously darker scar at the base. Spec imens examined: Ta iwan, Chi1an, l1 an COllnty, on rottcn stelll, Sep. 20, eg. J.L. Chen. TNTU Di stributi on: Taiwan, A u s tral 悶 N ew Guinea, Seyche ll es, U.S.A., Japa n, Cuba. Notes : This fu ngus was originally recorded by Linder ( 1929), w ho treated He/icosporium intermedium va r. pa/migenum Penzig and Saccardo as a basionym, and tran sferred it to the genus He /i coma Corda as H pa/migenu l11 (Penz ig & Sacca rdo) Linde r. lt was easil y recogn ized by its macronematous, mononematous, si ngle or cluster, simple or branched, stra ight or slightl y curved, septate conidi op h or巴s with monoblastic, sympodi al conidiogenous ce ll s and helicospore, septate, smooth, pale brown to ye ll owish brown conidia. The Taiwanese's isolate was comparabl e to those of Papua New Guinea ' s co llection fro m rotten leaf of Cocos 叫cifera by Matsushima (1 97 1) in shape, septation, pi gmentation of its conidi a. However, the conidia in the former (up to 35.0μm in diamet巳 r) were smaller than in the latter (up to 42.0 μm). [n additi on, o ur collection also showed similarity to those of Indonesia, New G uin巴a Trinidad and Hawai i's co ll ections from decaying palm litters by Goos ( 1986) in shape of its conidiophores and conidia, but conidiophores were shorter and conidia sma ll e r. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The stlldy was sli pported by grant ( I 子 MY3) from Nationa l Science COllncil (NS C), Exec li ti ve YlI an, Ta iwan, R.O. C. to S.S. Tzean. Th 巴 authors are indebted for the long lasting S li pp O此 from the NSC

5 Chen & Tzean: Endophragmia and March, 2010 a lli 巴d species 已 e Fig. 5. Helicoma dennisií. A: Simple conidiophore with sympodial, short denticle conidiogenus cell on the top. B: Helical form conidia. Scale bar 10μm. = Fig. 7. Helicoma palmigenum. A: Simple conidiophore with sympodial, denticle conidiogenus cel l. B: Helical form conidia. Scale bar 20μm. = B 一 Fig. 6. Helicoma dennisií. A: Conidiophore and conidia. B: Conidia. Scale bars A & B 10μm. = Ll TERATED CITED Awa o, T. and S. L Udagawa Endophragmia dimorphospora, a new H yphomycetes. Trans. Myco l. Soc Jap. 15: Ba rnett, H. L. and B. B. Hunte r Illllstrated G 巴 nera of Imperfect Fungi. APS press, Minnesot且 USA. 218pp Fig. 8. Helicoma palmigenum. A & B: The upper pa 叫 of conidiophores with monoblastic, sympodial conidiogenous cells. C & 0 : Helical form conidia. Scale bars A-D = 5μm. Barron, G. L The Genera of Hypholllycetes from Soil Williallls & Wilkins, Ba ltim Ol巴 Maryland, US A. 364pp CABI Bioscience Oatabases Index /úngorum. [Online] Avai l able http :// iesflln gorlllll. org/n allles月~ allles.asp Corda, A. C. J Icones F li ngorllm hllcllsqlle cogmtorlllll. 1:

6 導 Taiwania Vol. 55, No. 1 Duvernoy, A. and R. Maire Une nouve ll e Dématiée à conidies pseudo-endogènes. Bu lletin de la Société mycologique de France 36: Ellis, M. B Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. IV. Mycol. Pap. 87: Ellis, M. B Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes Comlllonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew. 608pp. Goos, R. D A review of the anamorph genus Helicoma Mycologia 78: Hughes, S. J Conidiophores, conidia and classification. Can. 1. Bot. 31: Hughes, S. J Revis iones Hyphomycetum aliquot CUIll appendice de nomimibus rejiciendis. Can. 1. Bot Hughes, S. J Relocation of species of Endophragmia auc t. With notes on relevant generic nallles. N. Z. J. Bot 17: Kendrick, B. (ed.) Taxonollly of Fungi Imperfecti. Univ. oftoronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 309pp. Linder, D. H A monograph of the helicosporolls Fungi Illlperfecti. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16: Lutozoni, F., F. Kaukk, C. J. Cox, D. McLanghlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemarker, G. H. Sung, R. L Ucking, T. LUlllbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Er 紹,c. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y. 叭 '. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, l. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr, and R. Vilgalys Asselllbling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. Alller. J. Bot. 91: Matsushima, T Microfungi of the Sololllon Islands and Papua-New Guinea, Matsushima, Kobe. 78pp Saccardo, P. A Conspectus generum italiae inferiorulll nelllpe ad Sphaeropsideas, Melaconieas et Hypholllyceteas pertinentiulll, systelllate sporologico dispositoru. Michelia 2: Saccardo, P. A Sylloge Fungosulll Omnium Hucusqlle Cognitorum. Vol. IV. Hyphomyceteae. Published by the author, Pavia, Italy. 807pp Subl'amanian, C. V The classification of the Hyphomycetes, BlIll. Bot Surv. India 4: Sutton, B. C The Coelomycetes, CMI, Survey, England. 696pp. Talbot, P. H. B Principles of Fungal Taxonomy, New York, USA. 273pp Tubaki, K Studies on Japanese hyphomycetes V. Leaf and stem grollp, with a discllssion of the c l assi 日 cation of hyphomycetes and their perfect stages. Jour. Hattori Bot Lab. 20: Tzean, S.- S., 明 '.- R. Hsieh, T.-C. Chang and S.-H. Wu FlIngal of Taiwan, Nation Science Council Press, Taipei, Ta iwan. 2422pp 臺灣產絲子包是岡不完全菌 Endophragmia 和近似種之探討 陳城森 ( 1 ) 曾顯雄 (2*) 1. 嘉南蔡豆豆科技大學醫務管理系 台南縣 仁德鄉二仁路一段 60 號, 壹灣 2. 國立臺灣大學植物病理學與微生物學系 10 6 台北市羅斯福路四段 1 號, 臺灣 * 通信作者 Tel: ; Fax: ; sst@ntu.edu.tw (~ 文稿日期 : 2009 年 8 月 20 日 ; 接受日期 : 2009 年 1 0 月 28 日 ) 摘要 : 本文詳細繪圖 描述四種臺灣產隸屬於不完全菌絲抱網 (Hyphomycetes) 之新紀錄種 真菌 Endophraglη ia dimorphosporα, Epicoccum purpurascens, Helicoma dennisii 以及 Helicoma pαlmgenum' 並簡扼比較討論此類真菌之形態鑑定特徵 ' 以及和分布於其它不同 地域之同種真菌之異同 關鍵詞 : 絲抱綱 不完全菌 分類學 生物多樣性 臺灣 42