Ocean Acidification Research

Transcription

1 Ocean Acidification Research Challenges and Data Gaps Justin B. Ries MIT Sea Grant OA Workshop 23 January 2015

2 3 main areas (1) Sensor development (2) Characterizing the carbonate chemistry of coastal seas (3) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms

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4 1. Sensor Development

5 1A. Autonomous sensor development logging TA/DIC/pH/sal/temp SAMI CO2 (DIC) Byrne et al., 2009

6 1B. Development of a direct CO 3 2 sensor *spectrophotometric observation of Pb 2+ ion complexation with CO 3 2 Byrne, 2010

7 CO 2 1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + CORAL POLYP H + CORAL SKELETON DISSOLUTION Ca 2+ + CO 3 2 Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change

8 CO 2 1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + CORAL POLYP Ca 2+ CALCIFYING FLUID CO 2 H Mg ? H + CORAL SKELETON DISSOLUTION Ca 2+ + CO 3 2 Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change

9 1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry Ries, 2011, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta

10 CO 2 CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + CORAL POLYP H + CALCIFYING FLUID Proton pump H + Ca 2+ H + CORAL SKELETON DISSOLUTION Ca 2+ + CO 3 2 Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change

11 Positive Shell growth INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Parabolic Shell growth INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Negative Shell growth Ries, 2011, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

12 Negative Shell growth INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Parabolic Shell growth INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Positive Shell growth Ries et al., 2009 INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Ries, Cohen and McCorkle, 2009, Geology

13 2. Carbonate chemistry of coastal seas

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15 2A. Long term monitoring needed to establish high quality records of carbonate chemistry in critical coastal seas Waldbusser et al., 2011

16 Days Hoffman et al., 2011

17 2B. Short term, high spatial resolution monitoring needed to establish baseline spatial variability in carbonate system parameters Miller et al., 2009

18 2C. Reconstruction of past ph change in coastal seas Flinders Reef, Australia Pelejero et al., 2005

19 3. Biological Impacts

20 Lessons learned from ocean acidification research (Riebesell and Gattuso, 2015, Nat Clim Change)

21 3A. Impacts above species level

22 3A. Impacts above species level Calcification rate (wt-% per day) 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% -0.01% -0.02% -0.03% -0.04% Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog) R 2 = 0.76 Prey % 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Callinectes sapidus (crab) R 2 = 0.40 Predator Ω aragonite Ω aragonite Ries et al., 2009, Geology

23 3B. Field based experiments exploiting natural ph gradients Hall Spencer et al., 2008

24 3C. Impacts of OA on shell macrostructure Shell growth 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION DISSOLUTION Ries et al., 2009, Geology High CO 2 Normal CO 2 high CO 2 normal CO 2

25 3C. Impacts of OA on shell macrostructure Shell growth 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION High CO 2 Low CO 2 pco2 = 2850 ppm high CO 2 normal CO 2

26 Shell growth 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% High CO 2 INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION normal CO 2 3C. Impacts of OA on shell ultrastructure pco2 = 2850 ppm pco2 = 400 ppm high CO 2 normal CO 2

27 high CO2 normal CO2 Calcification rate (wt-% per 60 day) 3C. Impacts of OA on shellrates ultrastructure Calcification pco2 = 2850 ppm high CO2 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% -3% Ωaragonite pco2 = 400 ppm normal CO2

28 3C. Impacts of OA shell mineralogy Ries, 2011

29 Ries, 2010, AGU 3C. Impacts of OA shell strength

30 1600 3C. Impacts of OA shell strength Load at Fracture (Newtons) Ries, 2010, AGU Ω Aragonite

31 3D. Impacts of OA combined with other stressors (additive, mitigative, or synergistic?) Courtney, Ries, et al., 2013 Echinometra viridis

32 OA Harvey et al., 2013 Warming OA + Warming OA Warming OA + Warming

33 3E. Genomic response to OA (up/down regulation, evolutionary responses) Forereef corals Forereef corals Backreef corals Nearshore corals Castillo, Ries, et al., 2012

34 3F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages Calcification rate (% change/60 day) Ω A Adult limpets (Crepidula fornicata) Ries et al., 2009

35 3F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages pco 2 = 2850 ppm pco 2 = 400 ppm Larval limpets (Crepidula fornicata) Pechenik & Ries, in prep

36 Summary 1. Sensor development A. Autonomous sensor development TA/DIC/pH/salinity/temperature B. Development of a direct CO 3 2 sensor C. Miniaturization of micro sensors for in situ measurement of calcifying fluid chemistry (Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl, CO 2, H +, CO 3 2 ) 2. Characterizing the carbonate chemistry of coastal seas A. Most calcifiers live in coastal seas (estuaries, shelf, reefs) B. Coastal seas have unique carbonate chemistries that differ from the open ocean C. Long term monitoring is needed to establish high quality records at critical sites going forward D. Short term, high spatial resolution monitoring is needed across wide areas to establish baseline spatial variability in carbonate system parameters E. Reconstruction of paleo chemistry of coastal seas from long lived marine calcifiers (corals, coralline red algae, calcareous planktonic sediments forams, coccolithophores) 3. Biological impacts of ocean acidification A. Impacts of OA above species level (predator prey dynamics, ecosystem impacts) B. Field based experiments exploiting impact of natural ph gradients on organisms C. Impact of OA on shell properties (macrostructure, ultrastructure, mineralogy, strength) D. Impacts of combined stressors (OA, temperature, hypoxia, eutrophication) E. Genomic response to OA (up/down regulation of genes, evolutionary responses) F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages (larvae, juveniles)

37 Thank you