Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables
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1 Appendix A Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables 129 Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables A.1 Four tables appear at the end of this appendix to assist the auditor in planning and evaluating a statistical sample of a fixed size for a test of controls. 1 They are as follows: Table A-1, "Statistical Sample Sizes for Tests of Controls 5 Percent Risk of Overreliance" 2 Table A-2, "Statistical Sample Sizes for Tests of Controls 10 Percent Risk of Overreliance" Table A-3, "Statistical Sampling Results Evaluation Table for Tests of Controls Upper Limits at 5 Percent Risk of Overreliance" Table A-4, "Statistical Sampling Results Evaluation Table for Tests of Controls Upper Limits at 10 Percent Risk of Overreliance" Using the Tables A.2 Chapter 3, "Nonstatistical and Statistical Audit Sampling in Tests of Controls," discusses the factors that the auditor needs to consider when planning an audit sampling application for a test of controls. For statistical sampling, the auditor needs to specify explicitly (a) an acceptable level of the risk of overreliance, (b) the tolerable rate of deviation, and (c) the expected population deviation rate. This appendix includes tables for 5 percent and 10 percent levels of risk of assessing controls as effective when they are not (overreliance). Either a table in another reference on statistical sampling or a computer program is necessary if the auditor desires another level of risk of overreliance. 3 A.3 The auditor selects the table for the acceptable level of risk and then reads down the expected population deviation rate column to find the appropriate rate. Next, the auditor locates the column corresponding to the tolerable rate of deviation. The appropriate sample size is shown where the two factors meet. A.4 In some circumstances, tables A-1 and A-2 may be used to evaluate the sample results. The parenthetical number shown next to each sample size is the expected number of deviations planned for in the sample. The expected number of deviations is the expected population deviation rate multiplied by the sample size. If the auditor finds that number of deviations or fewer in the 1 Auditors using a sequential sampling plan should not use these tables for designing or evaluating the sample application. See the discussion of sequential sampling in appendix B, "Sequential Sampling for Tests of Controls." 2 The risk that the tolerable rate of deviation is exceeded by the actual rate of deviation in the population (also, the risk that the controls will be assessed as more effective than they actually are). 3 Other methods in this guide may also provide acceptable approximations of attribute sample sizes; for example, the discussion in paragraph 4.72 and table 4-6, "Confidence (Reliability) Factors," of chapter 4, "Nonstatistical and Statistical Audit Sampling for Substantive Tests of Details," of this guide. Audit Guide: Audit Sampling, First Edition. AICPA American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 130 Audit Sampling sample, he or she can conclude (at a minimum) that at the desired risk, the projected deviation rate for the population, plus an allowance for sampling risk, is not more than the tolerable rate. In these circumstances, the auditor need not use table A-3 or A-4 to evaluate the sample results. A.5 If more than the expected number of deviations are found in the sample, the auditor cannot conclude at the desired risk of overreliance that the population deviation rate is less than the tolerable rate. Accordingly, the test would not support his or her planned assessment of control risk; however, the sample might support some lesser assessment (for example, at a higher level of risk or a greater level of tolerable deviation rate). A.6 If the number of deviations found in the sample is not the expected number of deviations shown in the parentheses in tables A-1 or A-2, and the auditor wishes to calculate the maximum (for example, upper statistical limit) deviation rate in the population, he or she can evaluate the sample results using either table A-3, for a 5 percent acceptable risk of overreliance, or table A-4, for a 10 percent acceptable risk of overreliance. Space limitations do not allow tables A-3 and A-4 to include evaluations for all possible sample sizes or for all possible numbers of deviations found. If the auditor is evaluating sample results for a sample size or number of deviations not shown in these tables, he or she may be able to use either a table in another reference on statistical sampling or a computer program. Alternatively, the auditor might interpolate between sample sizes shown in these tables. Any error due to interpolation is generally not significant to the auditor's evaluation. If the auditor wishes to be conservative, he or she can use the next smaller sample size shown in the table to evaluate the number of deviations found in the sample. A.7 The auditor uses the table applicable to the acceptable level of risk of overreliance and then reads down the sample-size column to find the appropriate sample size. Next, the auditor locates the column corresponding to the number of deviations found in the sample. The projection of the sample results to the population plus an allowance for sampling risk (that is, the maximum population deviation rate) is shown where the two factors meet. If this maximum population deviation rate is less than the tolerable rate, the test supports the planned assessment of control risk. Applying Nonstatistical Sampling for Tests of Controls A.8 The auditor, using nonstatistical sampling for tests of controls, uses his or her professional judgment to consider the factors described in chapter 3 in determining sample sizes. The relative effect of each factor on the appropriate nonstatistical sample size is illustrated in chapter 3 and is summarized in exhibit A-1.
3 Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables 131 Exhibit A-1 Determining Sample Sizes Factor Tolerable rate increase (decrease) Risk of overreliance increase (decrease) Expected population deviation rate increase (decrease) General Effect on Sample Size Smaller (larger) Smaller (larger) Larger (smaller) Population size Virtually no effect 1 1 Unless the population is very small. A.9 Neither paragraph.a14 of AU-C section 530, Audit Sampling (AICPA, Professional Standards), nor this guide requires the auditor to compute the sample size for a nonstatistical sampling application with a corresponding sample size calculated using statistical theory; however, in applying informed professional judgment to determine an appropriate nonstatistical sample size for a test of controls, an auditor might find it helpful to be familiar with the tables in this appendix. The auditor using these tables as an aid in understanding relative sample sizes for tests of controls will need to apply professional judgment in specifying the risk levels and expected population deviation rates in relation to sample sizes. For example, an auditor designing a nonstatistical sampling application to test compliance with a prescribed control procedure might have assessed the tolerable rate as 8 percent. If the auditor were to consider selecting a sample size of 60, these tables would imply that at approximatelya5percentrisklevel,theauditorexpectednomorethanapproximately 1.5 percent of the items in the population to be deviations from the prescribed control procedure. These tables also would imply that at approximately a 10 percent risk level, the auditor expected no more than approximately 3 percent of the items in the population to be deviations. A.10 These tables were designed for attributes sampling (for example, tests of controls) where a deviation is or is not present in each individual sample item. They may be used for determining a monetary unit sampling sample size when expected misstatement is zero or where the expected taint of any misstatement found is assumed to be a 100 percent taint (a conservative planning assumption). Basis for Tables A-1 A-4 A.11 The tables were computed using the binomial distribution and assume a large population. Sample sizes in tables A-1 and A-2 were rounded upward (for example, becomes 52). Evaluations in tables A-3 and A-4 were rounded upward (5.01 percent becomes 5.1 percent). The expected number of deviations in tables A-1 and A-2 was rounded upward (0.2 deviations becomes 1 deviation) and the sample size computed is based on the rounded number of deviations expected.
4 132 Audit Sampling Table A-1 Statistical Sample Sizes for Tests of Controls 5 Percent Risk of Overreliance (with number of expected errors in parentheses) Tolerable Deviation Rate Expected Deviation Rate 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 15% 20% 0.00% 149 (0) 99 (0) 74 (0) 59 (0) 49 (0) 42 (0) 36 (0) 32 (0) 29 (0) 19 (0) 14 (0) 0.25% 236 (1) 157 (1) 117 (1) 93 (1) 78 (1) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 0.50% 313 (2) 157 (1) 117 (1) 93 (1) 78 (1) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 0.75% 386 (3) 208 (2) 117 (1) 93 (1) 78 (1) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 1.00% 590 (6) 257 (3) 156 (2) 93 (1) 78 (1) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 1.25% 1,030 (13) 303 (4) 156 (2) 124 (2) 78 (1) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 1.50% 392 (6) 192 (3) 124 (2) 103 (2) 66 (1) 58 (1) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 1.75% 562 (10) 227 (4) 153 (3) 103 (2) 88 (2) 77 (2) 51 (1) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 2.00% 846 (17) 294 (6) 181 (4) 127 (3) 88 (2) 77 (2) 68 (2) 46 (1) 30 (1) 22 (1) 2.25% 1,466 (33) 390 (9) 208 (5) 127 (3) 88 (2) 77 (2) 68 (2) 61 (2) 30 (1) 22 (1) 2.50% 513 (13) 234 (6) 150 (4) 109 (3) 77 (2) 68 (2) 61 (2) 30 (1) 22 (1) 2.75% 722 (20) 286 (8) 173 (5) 109 (3) 95 (3) 68 (2) 61 (2) 30 (1) 22 (1) 3.00% 1,098 (33) 361 (11) 195 (6) 129 (4) 95 (3) 84 (3) 61 (2) 30 (1) 22 (1) 3.25% 1,936 (63) 458 (15) 238 (8) 148 (5) 112 (4) 84 (3) 61 (2) 30 (1) 22 (1) 3.50% 624 (22) 280 (10) 167 (6) 112 (4) 84 (3) 76 (3) 40 (2) 22 (1) 3.75% 877 (33) 341 (13) 185 (7) 129 (5) 100 (4) 76 (3) 40 (2) 22 (1) 4.00% 1,348 (54) 421 (17) 221 (9) 146 (6) 100 (4) 89 (4) 40 (2) 22 (1) 5.00% 1,580 (79) 478 (24) 240 (12) 158 (8) 116 (6) 40 (2) 30 (2) 6.00% 1,832 (110) 532 (32) 266 (16) 179 (11) 50 (3) 30 (2) 7.00% 585 (41) 298 (21) 68 (5) 37 (3) 8.00% 649 (52) 85 (7) 37 (3) 9.00% 110 (10) 44 (4) 10.00% 150 (15) 50 (5) 12.50% 576 (72) 88 (11) 15.00% 193 (29) 17.50% 720 (126) Note: Sample sizes over 2,000 items not shown. This table assumes a large population.
5 Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables 133 Table A-2 Statistical Sample Sizes for Tests of Controls 10 Percent Risk of Overreliance (with number of expected errors in parentheses) Tolerable Deviation Rate Expected Deviation Rate 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 15% 20% 0.00% 114 (0) 76 (0) 57 (0) 45 (0) 38 (0) 32 (0) 28 (0) 25 (0) 22 (0) 15 (0) 11 (0) 0.25% 194 (1) 129 (1) 96 (1) 77 (1) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 0.50% 194 (1) 129 (1) 96 (1) 77 (1) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 0.75% 265 (2) 129 (1) 96 (1) 77 (1) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 1.00% 398 (4) 176 (2) 96 (1) 77 (1) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 1.25% 708 (9) 221 (3) 132 (2) 77 (1) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 1.50% 1,463 (22) 265 (4) 132 (2) 105 (2) 64 (1) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 1.75% 390 (7) 166 (3) 105 (2) 88 (2) 55 (1) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 2.00% 590 (12) 198 (4) 132 (3) 88 (2) 75 (2) 48 (1) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 2.25% 974 (22) 262 (6) 132 (3) 88 (2) 75 (2) 65 (2) 42 (1) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 2.50% 353 (9) 158 (4) 110 (3) 75 (2) 65 (2) 58 (2) 38 (1) 25 (1) 18 (1) 2.75% 471 (13) 209 (6) 132 (4) 94 (3) 65 (2) 58 (2) 52 (2) 25 (1) 18 (1) 3.00% 730 (22) 258 (8) 132 (4) 94 (3) 65 (2) 58 (2) 52 (2) 25 (1) 18 (1) 3.25% 1,258 (41) 306 (10) 153 (5) 113 (4) 82 (3) 58 (2) 52 (2) 25 (1) 18 (1) 3.50% 400 (14) 194 (7) 113 (4) 82 (3) 73 (3) 52 (2) 25 (1) 18 (1) 3.75% 583 (22) 235 (9) 131 (5) 98 (4) 73 (3) 52 (2) 25 (1) 18 (1) 4.00% 873 (35) 274 (11) 149 (6) 98 (4) 73 (3) 65 (3) 25 (1) 18 (1) 5.00% 1,019 (51) 318 (16) 160 (8) 115 (6) 78 (4) 34 (2) 18 (1) 6.00% 1,150 (69) 349 (21) 182 (11) 116 (7) 43 (3) 25 (2) 7.00% 1,300 (91) 385 (27) 199 (14) 52 (4) 25 (2) 8.00% 1,437 (115) 424 (34) 60 (5) 25 (2) 9.00% 1,577 (142) 77 (7) 32 (3) 10.00% 100 (10) 38 (4) 12.50% 368 (46) 63 (8) 15.00% 126 (19) 17.50% 457 (80) Note: Sample sizes over 2,000 items not shown. This table assumes a large population.
6 134 Audit Sampling Table A-3 Statistical Sampling Results Evaluation Table for Tests of Controls Upper Limits at 5 Percent Risk of Overreliance Actual Number of Deviations Found Sample Size Note: This table presents upper limits (body of table) as percentages. This table assumes a large population.
7 Table A-4 Attributes Statistical Sampling Tables 135 Statistical Sampling Results Evaluation Table for Tests of Controls Upper Limits at 10 Percent Risk of Overreliance Actual Number of Deviations Found Sample Size Note: This table presents upper limits (body of table) as percentages. This table assumes a large population.
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