drug discovery 8 9, 36, 42, 70, 73, , , 169, 172, , , 231, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) 93

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1 Index ADNI see Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative adoption, clinical 90, 92 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , 159, 161 AIDS vaccine 242, , 253 AIDS vaccine research , 251 ALKsee anaplastic lymphoma kinase Alzheimer s disease 39, 58, 63, 69, 73, 89, 167, , 185 Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 69, 73 AMDsee age-related macular degeneration anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) 67, 86, 94 animal models experimental preclinical asthma bacteriology Basic Program Logic Model 103 5, 107 8, , 116 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) , 253 bioimaging 64 65, 67 69, bioinformatics 40, 63 65, 67, 69 70, 75, 79 80, 107, 118, 169, 184, 189, 191, 194, , biomarker discovery 66, , biomarker validation 216, biomarkers 3, 9, 56, 63 69, 71 72, 74 75, 106 7, , , , 176, , 184, 216, anatomical 171 mechanistic 132 biomedical enterprise 20 22, 32, 34 35, 37 38, 47 48, 202, 204, 268 biomedical innovation 8, 19, 22, 29, 31, 35, 45 46, 49, 220 biomedicine 13, 19, 22, 28 29, 51, 201, 205 biotechnology 37, 39, 52 53, 207, 210, , 255 BMGFsee Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation cancer 35, 39, 50, 66, 77, 131, 136, , 144, , 185, 267 colorectal 142, 157 cancer cells 139, 142 cartilage CATWOE mnemonic 103, 105 central nervous system (CNS) 58, 71, 172 CFTR gene 85

2 276 Index chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 144, 159, 167, , 186 clinical care 26, 185, , 264, 266 clinical informatics 191, 203 clinical research 7, 20 22, 24 25, 29 34, 38, 40, 42 45, 47 49, 51 53, 105 6, , 137, 180, 222, clinical research enterprise 35, clinical translation 164, , 176, , 183, 270 clinical trial designs 7, 13, 74, 88, 169, 228 CNS see central nervous system CNS drug development 71, 73 commercialization 230, 245 computed tomography 58, 78, 164, 167, 171, COPD see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease crizotinib 86, 88, 94 degenerative diseases 13, , 137, dementia 89, 173, 185 DILIsee drug-induced liver injury disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 170, disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) diseases chronic 131 genetic 28, 39 molecular 28, 51 neurodegenerative 267 DMARDssee disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs DMOADssee disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs drug discovery 8 9, 36, 42, 70, 73, , , 169, 172, , , 231, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) 93 EAU see experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis EMAsee European Medicines Agency embryonic stem emphysema , 186 European Medicines Agency (EMA) 65 66, 68, 181, 264 experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) , 159 FDA see Food and Drug Administration, US fine needle aspirates (FNA) FNA see fine needle aspirates Food and Drug Administration, US (FDA) 13, 49, 64, 65 68, 78, 82 88, 90, 92 93, 106, , gene expression profiling 148, 155, , 160 genes 7, 27 28, 30, 38, 67, 86 87, 136, , 143, 148, 192, 205, 232 genetic epidemiology genome sequence 31, 39 40, 42, 45 genomes 40, 141, , 197 genomic medicine 83, , 208, 271 genomics, clinical

3 Index 277 HAART see highly active anti-retroviral therapy HCV see hepatitis C virus hepatitis C virus (HCV) 132, 143, 151, 156, 158 highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) 236 human genome 34, 39 41, 44, 83 human pathophysiology , 134, 168 IAVI see International AIDS Vaccine Initiative imaging biomarkers 68, , 175, immune responsiveness , 144, 155 immunization 138, 141, 152, 154, 195, 240 immunotherapy 136, 139, 142, 144, 154 innovation 4 6, 8, 10 12, 14 15, 19, 21 22, 29, 31, 32, 34 35, 37, 39 40, 43, 45 46, 48 49, 64, 68, 73 74, 87, 102, 105, 107, , 193, , 198, 202 5, , , , , 229, , 239, , 260, 266, 271 intellectual property 37, 218, 220, 225, 261, 269 interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) 143 International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) 14, , , 242, 245, ISGssee interferon stimulated genes joint space narrowing (JSN) JSN see joint space narrowing knowledge representation standards lesions 76, life sciences 5, 7 8, 11, 37, 41, 213, , , 229, 238, 262 lungs 144, , 186 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 77 78, , 167, 169, 171, , MBDDsee model-based drug development Medical Research Council, UK (MRC) 24, 28, 45, 49, 109 melanoma 132, 137, 139, 142, 144, melanoma metastases 133, 141, 143, 152, 157 metagenomic approaches model-based drug development (MBDD) 64, 74, 80 molecular biology 20, 26 30, 32, 37 39, 47, 51 52, 64, 104, 208, 236 molecular imaging 76, , 169, , molecular imaging biomarkers , 185 molecularly targeted microbubbles MRC see Medical Research Council, UK MRIsee magnetic resonance imaging National Institutes of Health (NIH) 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 33, 39 46, 48, 50, 56, 78, 87, 102, 146, , 193, 204, 228, 240, 250, , 264

4 278 Index non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 67, 86, 88, 157 NSCLC see non-small-cell lung cancer NIH see National Institutes of Health PAH see pulmonary arterial hypertension patents 37, 73, 109 payers 59, 61, 263, 271 PDPssee product development partnerships personalized medicine 13, 64, 67, 72, 78 80, 83 85, 90, 197, 206, 260, 263, PETsee positron emission tomography pharmaceutical industry 8, 15, 22, 31, 35, 40, 42, 44 45, 48 49, 99, 105, , 125, , 231 pharmaceutical sector 98, 227, 231 pharmacogenomics 69, 95, , 206, 259 policy 3 5, 10 11, 13, 20 22, 31 32, 34 35, 41, 46, 48, 49, 110, 112, 118, 229, , 247, 251, 269 polymorphism 132, 139 positron emission tomography (PET) 58, 68, 164, , , 264 precompetitive collaboration 73, 259 product development partnerships (PDPs) 14, , 237, public private partnerships 12, 14, 73, 181, , 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 255 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 90 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) 59 regulation 11, 225, 236, 248, 253 RCTs see randomized clinical trials rejection 136, 138, , 270 acute rheumatoid arthritis 175, SCA see sickle cell anaemia sequencing technologies 192, 206 sickle cell anaemia (SCA) 28, 49 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 58, 164, 172 SPECT see single-photon emission computed tomography surrogate endpoints 172, 176, 181 surrogate markers 166, 176, 178 systems thinking 103, 105, 107 targeted therapies 76, 131 TBI see translational bioinformatics therapeutic intervention 76 77, 88, 131, 176 tissue-specific destruction (TSD) 136, TMRsee translational medicine research definition of , 104, 107 9, , 120 evaluation of translational approaches 73 74, 77, 217, 234, 271 translational barrier 198, 204, 223 translational bioinformatics (TBI) 14, , 194, , 200 6, 208, 210

5 Index 279 translational mechanism 14, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256 translational medicine research (TMR) , , 261 TSD see tissue-specific destruction tumor antigens 122, 138, 141 tumors 140, , , 165, 184 UMLSsee Unified Medical Language System Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) 199, 201, 209 uveitis , 160 warfarin 87, 91

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