Appendix. Argentina: Patricia Carrascosa, MD PhD and Carlos Capuñay, MD

Transcription

1 Appendix Argentina: Patricia Carrascosa, MD PhD and Carlos Capuñay, MD Austria: From left to right: Thomas Mang, MD, Andrea Maier, MD, Wolfgang Schima, MD, MSc. 295

2 296 Appendix Belgium: From left to right: Philippe Lefere M.D., Stefaan Gryspeerdt M.D. Canada: Tanya Chawla, MD France: Mehdi Cadi, MD

3 Appendix 297 Israel: Jacob Sosna, MD Germany: Patrick Rogalla Ireland: Matina Morrin, MD

4 298 Appendix Italy: From left to right: Emanuele Neri (University of Pisa), Daniele Regge (Institute for cancer research and treatment, Candiolo), Andrea Laghi ( Sapienza University of Rome), Franco Iafrate ( Sapienza University of Rome), Cesare Hassan (Gastroenterology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome), Gabriella Iussich (Institute for cancer research and treatment, Candiolo). Japan: Japanese CTC members of the CTC training course in JRC 2010, from right side: Technician Mr. Yushi Hirano, Dr. Hideto Tomimatsu, Prof. Yutaka Imai of Tokai University, Dr. Mototaka Miyake, Dr. Gen Iinuma, Dr. Satoshi Nozu, Dr. Kenichi Utano, Dr. Tamaki Ichikawa, Technician Mr. Michihiro Yamazaki, Technician Mr. Masahiro Suzuki, Dr. Tsuyoshi Morimoto.

5 Appendix Korea: Seong Ho Park, MD Professor Steve Halligan, MD and Stuart Taylor, MD 299 Sweden: Valeria Fisichella, MD

6 Numbers in boldface type indicate pages with illustrations. A Acar, B., 165 Acceptance, 11, 16, 17, 27, 30, 44 Accuracy, 65 67, 69, 77 ACRIN, 69, 71 Adenocarcinoma flat-type laterally spreading (LST-F), 139 rectum, 266 Adenoma, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141 adenoma-carcinoma sequence, advanced adenoma, 66 colorectal adenomas, 59 flat lesions flat tubulovillous, flat villous, 236 fold, mid-transverse colon, 245 proximal ascending colon, 245 transverse colon, 241 rectal IIa (LST-G) type, 39 sensitivity, 69 Adenomatous polyposis, familial, 59, 207 Adenomatous polyps adjacent to haustral fold, 205 from haustral fold, 208 sessile, sigmoid colon, 225 Air, residual, three-dimensional dataset collection, patient position and, 150 Ajaj, W.M., 149 American Cancer Society (ACS), 4 American College of Radiology, National Registry CTC Metrics, American Medical Association (AMA), 5 Annular mass ascending colon 2D CTC axial, coronal and 3D endoluminal view, pericolonic fat stranding, cecum, barium enema examination, large mass ascending colon with diffuse pericolonic infiltration and lymphadenopathy, 260 sigmoid tumor with obstructive symptoms, rectal collapse, 285 sigmoid colon abdominal pain and colorectal cancer, 259 vs. spasm, 285 Appendix, normal anatomy, 193 Apple-core lesion, sigmoid adenocarcinoma, 257 Argentina, 9 11 colorectal cancer, 9 10 virtual colonoscopy, evolution, health services, 11 indications, 11 presentation, 10 professional and patient acceptance, 11 Artifacts, 83 3D colonography, 85 2D CT colonography, 84 Ascending colon annular mass, 260 flat lesions, 227 normal anatomy, 185, 191 Atlas annular mass, colorectal segments, 185, diverticulosis, ileocecal valve, 288, 291 pitfalls, Austria, colorectal cancer, 12 computed tomographic colonography, consensus statement, 14 distribution and reimbursement, implementation, 12 indications, 14 research, training and education, 13, 13 Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14 Austrian Society of Radiology, 14 B Bag-maneuver, 96, Band view. See Panoramic endoluminal display Barish, M.A., 108 Barium sulfate-based fecal tagging, 81, 147 Barlow, D., 70 Beaulieu, C.F., 122, 129 Belgium, CTC, computer-assisted detection (CAD) system, 15 medical education, A.H. Dachman and A. Laghi (eds.), Atlas of Virtual Colonoscopy, DOI: / , Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 patient compliance, 15 validation period, 16 Bielen, D., 15, 16 Bogoni, L, 169 Böhm, Gernot, 13 Borden, Z.S., 80 Bowel cleansing, 10, 46, 83, 146, 147 Bowel distension, air insufflation, water-based enemas, 148 Bowel preparation, 105 excellent vs. poor, 250 flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), 57 limitation, fecal tagging, 148 stool and, endoluminal views, 250 Bright-lumen magnetic resonance colonography, 147 colonic distension, 150 transverse colon lesions, 151 T1-weighted sequences, Burling, David, 13, 48 C Cadi, M., 9 Canada, Canadian health care system, colorectal cancer CTC, epidemiology, FOBT screening, 21 22, Manitoba and Alberta, Ontario, 20 Ontario Health and Technology Assessment Centre Recommendations, 23 Saskatewan, Quebec, and British Columbia, 21 screening initiatives Canada guidelines, CTC barium enema examination, 23 current clinical status, future directions, 26 implementation, 23 interface with gastroenterology, reimbursement, 25 waiting times, 24 funds, physicians and radiological equipment, 18,

7 302 Canada Health Act (CHA), 18 Canadian health care system, Cancer American Cancer Society, screening guidelines for colorectal cancer, colon colorectal, screening guidelines for, American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer (see Colorectal cancer (CRC)) post operative changes adenocarcinoma, rectum, 266 annular mass (see Annular mass) colonic wall thickening, pathological lymph nodes, 261 colorectal cancer, 264 ileocecal valve, tumor mass (see Ileocecal valve) sigmoid tumor with synchronous polyp, 265 ulcerative colitis, 267 Carpet lesion. See Laterally spreading tumor (LST) Carrascosa, P., 9, 10 Cash, B., 70 Cathartic and oral tagging agent, barium, 91 bisacodyl, 90 patient preparation, 89 polyethylene glycol, prepless procedures, 89 prone view, 90 residual fluid, 90 saline cathartics, sodium phosphate, 90 Cathartic preparation. See also Tagging, fecal ACRIN trial, bisacodyl sodium, 80 current practice, magnesium citrate, 80 Massachusetts General Hospital, 85 polyethylene glycol-based electrolyte solution, sodium phosphate solution, 80 University of Wisconsin, Cecal mass, Cecum annular mass, flat lesions, 236 normal anatomy, 185, 192 Chang, K.J., 111 Chawla, Tanya, 9 Chin, M., 159 Chiu, H.M., 135, 140 Choi, J.R., 45, 108 Cleansing, bowel, 10, 46, 83, 146, 147 Clinical trials, CTC Europe alarm symptoms, 77 average-risk individuals, CRC risk, personal history, 76 FOBT positive subjects, 77 increased CRC risk, family history, 76 performance assessment, 75 US, colorectal cancer screening, definitive CTC clinical validation, Department of Defense trial, early CTC, future clinical trials, 71 meta-analysis, polyp detection per patient analysis, 72 polyp histology, size and management, 66 sensitivity/specificity, 67 Clinical validation, ACRIN I/II trials, 69 National Naval Medical Center Colon Health Initiative, 70 non-us-based clinical trials, University of Wisconsin trials, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 70 Coin, C.G., 3 Coin, J.T., 3 Colon descending diminutive polyps, 222 normal anatomy, 185, 188 sessile adenomatous polyps, 225 sigmoid annular mass, 259 flat lesions, 235 normal anatomy, 185, 187 tumor with synchronous polyp, 265 transverse flat lesions, 241 normal anatomy, 185, 190 Colonic cleansing, 15, 79, 80, 82 83, 87, 89, 249 Colonic distension, Colonic insufflation. See Insufflation, colonic Colonic ischemia, 278 Colonoscopy, Colorectal cancer (CRC), Argentina, 9 10 Canada CTC, epidemiology, FOBT screening, 21 Manitoba and Alberta, Ontario, 20 Ontario Health and Technology Assessment Centre Recommendations, 23 Saskatewan, Quebec, and British Columbia, 21 screening initiatives Canada guidelines, epidemiology, 55 high-risk individuals familial adenomatous polyposis, 59 family/personal history, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, 59 inflammatory bowel disease, 60 juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers polyposis syndrome, pathogenesis, screening colonoscopy, computed tomographic colonoscopy, 58 fecal occult blood test, 57 flexible sigmoidoscopy, 57 guidelines, secondary prevention, 56 US polyp histology, size, and management, 66 screening options, Colorectal cancer, screening guidelines for, American Cancer Society, Colorectal segments, normal anatomy, 185, Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) colorectal cancer screening, 9 11, 58 implementation Argentina (see Argentina) Austria (see Austria) Belgium (see Belgium, CTC) Canada (see Canada) France (see France, CTC) Germany (see Germany) Ireland (see Ireland) Italy (see Italy, CTC) Japan (see Japan, CTC) Korea (see Korea) Sweden (see Sweden) United Kingdom (see UK, CTC) nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia appearance, mimickers, 138, 141 sensitivity, visualization, reporting (see Reporting) scheduling and performance (see Scheduling and performance) Computer-aided detection (CAD) in academic institutions, with endoluminal display method, , 131 false-positive reduction in, 165, , 167 flat-lesion database, flat neoplasms detection limitations, morphologically flat neoplasms, industry (nonacademic) CAD software, 169 multi-reader/multi-case observer performance study, 163, 177 difficult polyps, 173 easily detectable polyp, 174 FP effects, 176 polyps missed by readers, 175 reading modes, 176 segment-level and patient-level ROC curve analysis, 177 observer performance study FP sources, 177 missed polyps, 179 MTANN system, nonpolpys, erroneous detection, 178, 180 positive predictive value (PPV), 178, 179

8 303 polyp candidates, 163 polyps detection, 164 reader trial false-negative CTC case, , 171 secondary read mode, stand-alone FP sources, 170, 170, 172 technical development, Conventional colonoscopy pitfall on, 279 Conventional colonoscopy, magnetic resonance colonography, compared, 145 Cotton, P.B., 46, 67 CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS), 6. See also Reporting CT protocols, 88 D Dachman, A.H., 87, 155, 163, 169 Dark-lumen magnetic resonance colonography, , 151 Data acquisition patient preparation, 79 protocol 3D endoluminal view, 3D endoscopic view, 102 Database, image, computer-assisted diagnosis, 168, Data interpretation, 122 prone CT image, narrow WL settings, descending colon, 222 Deflation maneuver, D endoluminal fly-through method, 3, 119, 122, 129 Department of Defense (DoD) clinical trial, Descending colon diminutive polyps, 222 normal anatomy, 185, 188 pedunculated polyp, 292 Diagnostic accuracy, magnetic resonance colonography, 146 Diminutive flat lesions, Diminutive polyps, D approach, 121 sessile polyp descending colon, 222 hyperplastic, 221 sigmoid arising from haustral fold, 225 Diverticulosis extraluminal phlegmon, 252 gas containing abscess, 251 impacted diverticulum, inverted diverticulum, 254 Diverticulum fecal residue impacted in, sessile polyps, differentiating, 206 Donderlinger, Robert, 13 E Edwards, J.T, 160 Electronic cleansing computer-aided detection, , 131 patient perapation and tagging, 82 83, Electronic subtraction, Endoluminal view diverticulum, 253 sigmoid/descending colon junction, 265, 281, 282 transverse colon, 190 Extracolonic findings (ECF) ACR guidelines, 156, 158 C-RADS classification, 156 CRC screening, 155 E2 findings, 155, 156, 157 E3 findings, , 157 E4 findings, 156, 158 incidence and cost effectiveness, asymptomatic vs. symptomatic patients, 158, 161 benefit and cost, 161 meta-analysis, 161 screening, 159 surveillance, 160 Extrinsic defects, 279 F False positives, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 59 Familial polyposis syndrome, Fecal material. See also Stool recognizing, mimicking polyp, 250 residual, 146, 150, 250 Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) annual/biennial, 19, 29 asymptomatic average risk individuals, 23 Canada guidelines, clinical trials, 65, 75 CTC, 77 vs. CTC, 26 effectiveness, 39 guaiac-based, 57, immunochemical-based, 57, IMPACT trial, 77 Medicare approval, 60 mortality benefit, 65 OHTAC recommendations, 23 optical colonoscopy, participation, performance, 26 position statement, 60, 61 positives, 77 screening, 16 uptake statistics, 24 validation period, 16 Fecal tagging. See also Tagging, fecal barium-based agents, 81 barium sulfate-based, 147 cathartic preparation, 81 gadolinium-based, ionic iodine-based agents, 81 non-ionic iodine-based agents, sensitivity, 147, Fenlon, H.M., 4, 26, 31, 32, 46, 66 Ferrucci, J.T., 4, 31, 46 Field of view (FOV), 115, , 122, 126 Filet view, Filing defect, with stool, 209, 248 Fisichella, V.A., 9 Flat, 133, 134 Flat lesions adenoma flat tubulovillous, flat villous, 236 fold, mid-transverse colon, 245 proximal ascending colon, 245 transverse colon, 241 ascending colon, 227 carpet-like appearance, 233 cecum, 236 central depression, 231 cigar-like appearance, 232, 235 diminutive, on a fold, haustral fold, 228 ileocecal valve, 234 sigmoid colon, 235 Flat rectal cancer, Flat tubulovillous adenoma, Fletcher, J.G, 169 Flexible sigmoidoscopy, 57 Flicker, M.S., 160 Florie, Jasper, 13 Fluid tagging, Fly-through, 111, , 126, 129 Focal masses, large, 263 Fold flat lesion, distinguishing polyps, colonic wall, volumetric shape index, differentiation, CT, 3D endoscopic views France, CTC, Frans Vos, 13 Frew, M., 70 Frost, Roger, 13 Future developments in computer-aided diagnosis, in virtual colonoscopy, 5 6 G Gadolinium-based fecal tagging, See also Fecal tagging Galifianakis, Alex, 65 Gelfand, D.W., 3, 10, 34 Germany, CT colonography, 30 geography and demography, 28 health care system, 28 medical education, optical colonoscopy, radiation protection, ionizing radiation, 29 Gluecker, T.M, 159 Goehde, S.C., 147 Gokturk, S.B., 165 Grijspeerdt, Stefaan, 13, 15 H Halligan, S., 13, 68 Hara, A.K., 160 Hassan, C., 34, 55, 161 Haustral fold adenomatous polyps, 205, 208 flat lesions, 228 sessile polyps adjacent to, endoluminal view, 205 Height, ,

9 304 Hellstorm, M., 160 Hepatic flexure, 189 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), 59 Hernia, inguinal, 95 Historical perspective, colon cancer screening, 3 5 Hock, D., 126 Huang, A., 130 Hurlstone, D.P., 140 Hyperplastic polyps diminutive, 221, 239, 240 sessile flat, 210 in sigmoid colon, 224 small-sized, descending colon, 222 I Iafrate, F., 77, 185, 199, 213, 221, 227, 247, 255, 269 Iinuma, G., 9 Ileocecal valve adjacent polyp, 288 flat lesions, 234 lipoma, 272 lipomatous infiltration, 288 lymphosarcoma, 291 normal anatomy, 185, tumor mass colorectal cancer, 263 CTC 2D coronal and 3D endoluminal image, 262 double contrast enema, 2D supine and coronal images, 3D endoluminal image, 262 large cecal mass, Image display method combined 2D/3D approach, D interpretation, D interpretation, 115, electronic cleansing and computer-aided detection, , 131 novel display method advantage and drawbacks, filet view, panoramic endoluminal display/band view, , 130 unfolded cube projection, 126, 128, 129 virtual dissection mode, supine-prone image synchronization, Impacted diverticulum, 254 IMPACT trial, 76, 77 Implementation (or International implementation), 9 48 Implementation (or National implementation), 1 6 Incisional hernia, 97 Incomplete colonoscopy, 14, 32 33, 77 Indications, 58 Inflammatory bowel disease, 60 Inguinal hernia, 95, 156 Insufflation, colonic, 106 balloon catheter, catheter with lidocane jelly, 92 E-Z-EM insufflator, 92, Foley catheter, 93 perforation risk, 92 turning maneuver, 93, Internal hemorrhoids, Interobserver agreement, computed tomography colonography, using different image display techniques, 115 Intravenous contrast colonic masses, 33 contrast enhanced CT, 3 dynamic scanning, 46 extracolonic findings, 107, 155 polyp detection, 31 Inverted appendiceal stump, 275 Iordanescu, G., 165 Ireland, Boston link, colorectal cancer, 31 CT colonography, 32 Israel, Italy, CTC education and training, 35 political situation, 35 research, Iussich, G., 75 J Japan, CTC, automatic CO2 insufflation system, 36 Band View combined with CAD, 42 computer-aided detection, 36 current status, digital preprocessing, 39 41, future prospects, IIa + IIc-type early-stage invasive cancer, 39 IIc-type early-stage invasive cancer, 38 JRC-CTC training course, 37 multi-slice CT, 36 rectal IIa (LST-G) type adenoma, 38 superficial colorectal tumors categorization, 42 diagnosis, tagging, Jerebko, A.K., 165, 168 Johnson, C.D., 4, 67, 69, 159 Johnson, Daniel, 4 Johnston, R.P., 79 Juvenile polyposis syndrome, K Kay, C.L., 46, 48 Keeling, A.N., 77 Keysor, K.J., 3 Khan, K.Y, 160 Kim, D.H., 69, 71, 80 Kim, S.H., 168 Kim, Y.H., 159 Kiss, G., 165, 168 Korea, 43 L Laghi, A., 9, 13, 75, 185, 199, 213, 221, 227, 247, 255, 269 Lang, G.D., 55 Large focal masses, 263 Laterally spreading tumor (LST), 134 flat-type, 139 granular-type, 138 Lefere, Philippe, 9, 13, 15 Leidenbaum, 103 Lenhart, D.K., 79 Leung, W.K., 149 Liedenbaum, M.H., 77, 101 Lipoma, Lobulated contours, 209, 218 Lobulated contours, sessile polyp with, endolumd view, 209 Luboldt, Wolfgang, 13 Luminal foreign body, 276 Lynch syndrome. See Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) M Macari, M., 80 Macari, Michael, 27 Magnetic resonance colonography, adenomas, 145 bowel cleansing, 146 bowel distension, air insufflation, water-based enemas, 148 bright lumen MR colonography, vs. CTC, 145 dark lumen MR colonography, diagnostic accuracy, 146 fecal tagging, barium sulfate-based, 147 gadolinium-based, sensitivity, patient acceptance, 146 patient preparation, 146 radiation exposure issue, 145 residual air, three-dimensional dataset collection, patient position and, 150 sensitivity and specificity, spasmolytic agents, 150 technique, 145 tesla MRI, Maier, A., 12 Mang, T., 9, 12 Map projections, panoramic viewing, advanced three-dimensional display, 120 Maynard, Douglas, 3 McFarland, E.G., 3, 103 Medicare, 4, 5, Meta-analysis, Morra, A., 34 Morrin, M.M., 9, 148 Mucous filament, 277 Mulhall, B.P., 68, 69 Multidetector CT scan, 3 Multiplanar reconstructions, value of, rectum, axial CT, 3D endoluminal, compared, axial CT, coronal image, compared, 27, 149 Multi-reader/multi-case observer performance study, 163, 177 difficult polyps, 173 easily detectable polyp, 174 FP effects, 176

10 305 polyps missed by readers, 175 reading modes, 176 Muto, T., 133 N Näppi, J., 165 Narrow band imaging (NBI), 137, 141 National Naval Medical Center Colon Health Initiative, 70 Navigation 3D fly-through cine, 120 mucosa appearance, 294 pre-anastomotic ileal tract thickening, 293 software, 10 unidirectional, 129 user-directed, 118 Neri, E., 34, 35 Newcomb, P.A., 57 Nodularity, benign, at colonic anastamosis, 138 Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia air bubbles, 141 clinical presentation, 133 colonoscopic detection, 137 CT colonography appearance, mimickers, 138, 141 sensitivity, visualization, definition, 133 epidemiologic studies, 140 flat-type laterally spreading adenocarcinoma, 139 granular-type laterally spreading tubular adenoma, 138 IIa + IIc, 136 IIa nonpolypoid tubular adenoma, 135 IIc + IIa, 137 malignant potential, 136 morphologic subtypes, , 134 NBI, 137, 141 prevalence/frequency, sigmoid colon, 141 type IIa, 135 Normal anatomy appendiceal orifice, 193 ascending colon, 191 cecum, 192 colorectal segments, 185, descending colon, 188 ileocecal valve, rectum, 186 sigmoid colon, 187 transverse colon, 190 virtual dissection, O O Brien, M.J., 135, 140 Observer performance study, CAD FP sources, 177 missed polyps, 179 MTANN system, nonpolpys, erroneous detection, 178, 180 positive predictive value (PPV), 178, 179 Occlusive carcinoma, supine axial image, coronal view, 58 Optical colonoscopy, 89, Oral contrast, 82 appendiceal orifice, 193 axial images, 90 clinical validation, 69 electronic cleansing, 82 fecal tagging, residual, 113 residual fluid, 89 P Paik, D.S., 165, 168 Panoramic endoluminal display, Parkin, D.M., 20 Park, S.H., 9, 133, 135, 140 Passariello, R., 35 Patient preparation, cathartic preparation, fiber-restricted diet, 79 liquid diet, 79 tagging (see Tagging, fecal) Patient selection, computed tomography colonography, 44 Pavone, P., 35 Pedunculated lipoma, Pedunculated mass, enhancing, intravenous contrast, 214 Pedunculated polyp large polyps, 217 lobulated polyp, long stalk axial CT prone, supine and 3D images, 213 prone and supine imaging, axial CT, 3D endoluminal image, reformatted 2D image, 214 short stalk cecum, axial CT prone, supine images, reformatted 2D image, 218 sigmoid, prone, supine imaging, axial CT, Pelvis, normal anatomy, 185 Perforation, 88, 89, 92, 94, 97 99, 105, 106 deflation maneuver, 94, 95 risk minimization, 94, 95 Performance, interpretation of VC exam. See Scheduling and performance Perspective rendering, navigation, advanced three-dimensional display, 123 Petrick, N., 174, 177 Peutz-Jeghers polyposis syndrome, Pickhardt, P.J., 4, 15, 26, 27, 34, 43, 71, 82, 84, 90, , 159 Pitfalls appendiceal stump, inverted, sessile polyp, mimic of, 275 colonic distension, 283 colonic ischemia, 278 colonic mobility in polyp, mimicking mobile stool, 286 colonic spasm, mimicking neoplastic lesion, 273 conventional colonoscopy, 279 distraction, tagged stool, 282 fecal residue impacted on diverticulum, mimicking polyp, ileocecal valve and adjacent polyp, 288 image noise, 289 inflammatory change, mucosal contour distortion, 280 inflated rectal balloon, polyp obscuring, 287 internal hemorrhoids, long and thin filling defect, mimicking a pedunculated polyp, 277 ovoid filling defect, mimicking luminal foreign body, 276 pedunculated lipoma, polypoid lesion, polypoid filling defect, mimicking doubling of folds, 279 rectal catheter internal hemorrhoids, 287 polyps, anal verge, 287 sessile polypoid lesion, shigella, distal iletis, 290 spasm and annular mass, differentiation, 285 submucosal colonic lipoma, mimicking pedunculated oval lesion, suboptimal distension, 284 tagged fluid, submerged polyp, 283 translucency tool, untagged fluid, polyp hiding, 282 untagged, sticky stool, 281 virtual endoscopy navigation, Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI), 274 Polypoid carcinoma, 56 Polyposis syndrome, familial, Polyps ascending colon, 171, 223 computer-aided diagnosis, 164 detection per patient analysis, 72 histology, size and management, 66 sessile adenomatous (see Adenomatous polyps) adjacent to haustral fold, endoluminal view, 205 diverticulum, differentiating, 206 familial polyposis syndrome, hyperplastic, flat, 210 large sessile polyp, positional change, 201 with lobulated contours, endoluminal view, 209 multiple polyps, 3D endoluminal view, polypoid mass, fold on endoluminal view, colonoscopy, CTC, 204 screening exam, 208 smooth morphology, colon, supine, prone axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 199 supine, prone imaging, axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 200 Postoperative colon, 264 Preparation of bowel, 5, 27, 31 32, 34, 77, 79. See also Patient preparation Processing time, computer-assisted diagnosis, , Prokop, M., 12 Prone, supine imaging, of sessile polyps, axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 166, 200

11 306 Q Quality assurance, 6, R Radiation dose ACR practice guidelines, 103 average background dose, 101 CTC vs. CT, 99, 101 3D visualization, 103 effective dose, 101, 103 magnetic resonance colonography, 145 Raptopolous, Vassilios, 31 Readers, computed tomography colonography, Rectosigmoid junction, normal anatomy, 186 Rectum, normal anatomy, 185, 186 Regge, D., 34, 35, 75 Reimbursement, 4 5, 12 14, 25, 26, 33, 35, 43, 45 Rembacken, B.J., 140 Reporting, colon findings, communication, abnormal results, 104 comparison, 106 C-RADS classification, detailed, 104 extracolonic findings, 107 final impression, 107 history/indications, 106 technique, 106 University of Chicago CT colonography template, 106 Residual air, three-dimensional dataset collection, patient position and, 150 Rex, D.K., 66 Rockey, D.C., 58, 67 Rogalla, P., 9 Rubin, T., 55 S Saitoh, Y., 140 Sali, L., 77 Saline cathartics, Scanning, 87, 88, 95 97, 108 Scan performance, 18 Scheduling and performance cathartic and oral tagging agent, barium, 91 bisacodyl, 90 patient preparation, 89 polyethylene glycol, prepless procedures, 89 prone view, 90 saline cathartics, sodium phosphate, 90 CT technologist training colonic insufflation, information sheet, 91 insufflator, 92 patient questionnaire, cold calls, 88 perforation risk minimization, 94, 95 post-optical colonoscopy, potential complications, 99 quality assurance site documentation, radiation dose concerns ACR practice guidelines, 103 average background dose, 101 CTC vs. CT, 99, 101 3D visualization, 103 effective dose, 101, 103 radiologist training requirements, scheduling process, scout view bag-maneuver, 96, colonic distension, CTC training simulator, decubitus view, 97, 100 factors, incisional hernia, 97 prone scans, 96 97, 99 scanning range, 96 transverse dimension measurement, 96 screening CTC checklist, 88 International Classification of Diseases codes, 88 requests, 87 Schima, W., 12 Schober, E., 12 Screening, colorectal cancer, 55 62, 155, checklist, 88 colonoscopy, computed tomographic colonoscopy, 58 fecal occult blood test, 57 flexible sigmoidoscopy, 57 guidelines American Cancer Society, US Multisociety Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and American College of Radiology, US Preventive Task Force, International Classification of Diseases codes, 88 requests, 87 secondary prevention, 56 sessile polyps, 208 Sensitivity, 65 72, Sessile polyps adenomatous adjacent to haustral fold, 205 from haustral fold, 208 sigmoid colon, 225 adjacent to haustral fold, endoluminal view, 205 diverticulum, differentiating, 206 familial polyposis syndrome, hyperplastic descending colon, 222 flat, 210 sigmoid, 224 large sessile polyp, positional change, 201 with lobulated contours, endoluminal view, 209 medium-sized, ascending colon, 223 multiple polyps, 3D endoluminal view, polypoid mass, fold on endoluminal view, colonoscopy, CTC, 204 screening exam, 208 small-sized, descending colon, 222 smooth morphology, colon, supine, prone axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 199 supine, prone imaging, axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 200 Sethi, I., 155 Sigmoid colon annular mass, 259 flat lesions, 235 normal anatomy, 185, 187 tumor with synchronous polyp, 265 Slice thickness, 33, 155 Smooth morphology polyp sessile polyp, colon, supine, prone axial CT, 3D endoluminal views, compared, 199 Soetikno, R.M., 135, 140 Sosna, J., 9, 66, 68 Soto, J.A., 111 South America, 9 11 Spasmolytic agents, 150 Specificity, 65 70, 76, 77 Spiral CT scanner, 3 Splenic flexure, 189 Spreng, A., 160 Stalk, pedunculated polyp, 113, 121, 127, 214 Stoker, J., 145 Stoker, Jaap, 13 Stool. See also Diverticulosis bowel preparation, endoluminal views, 250 fecal residue, mimicking polyp, 250 nontagged stool air bubbles, 247 positional change, solid stool, 248 poor colonic cleansing, 249 tiny particulate stool, completely tagged, 248 Stryker, S.J., 56 Submucosal colonic lipoma, Summers, R.M., 165, 168, 169 Supine-prone image synchronization, Supine, prone imaging, stool and, 247 Surveillance colonoscopy, 76 Suzuki, K., 163, 165, 167, 169, 172, 177 Sweden, T Tagging, fecal ACRIN trial, artifacts, 83, cathartic preparation (see Cathartic preparation) electronic cleansing, 82 83, fecal and fluid, Massachusetts General Hospital, 85 University of Wisconsin trials, Taylor, S.A., 9, 176 Taylor, Stuart, 13 Technical improvements, computer-aided diagnosis, Technical scan parameters, 33, 79 Thickness, slice, 33, 155

12 307 Three-dimensional (3D) image display, 115, advantages, colon maps, 118, 120 vs. 2D image, disadvantages, 121 field of view increment, 122 panoramic view, 119 sessile polyp, 121 translucency tool, 118, user training, 115, 118 workflow, Transverse colon flat lesions, 241 normal anatomy, 185, 190 Tsuda, S., 140 Tubulovillous tumor, transverse colon, prone axial, sagittal view, CT, 243 Two-dimensional (2D) image display, advantages, D/3D correlation, 113 3D endoluminal images, disadvantages, 115 2D multiplanar view, 112 electronic subtraction, flat lesion, 115, polyps behind haustral folds, , submerged polyps, workflow, U UK, CTC, current implementation, early research and implementation, 46 research and development, training courses, 48 Ulcerative colitis, CTC, 267 Unfolded cube projection, 126, United States Department of Defense trial, University of Wisconsin clinical trials, U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF), 4 5 V Valori, Roland, 48 van der Paardt, M.P, 145 Van Geertruyden, M.P., 65 Van Gelder, R.E., 76 van Gelder, Rogier, 13 Vining, D.J., 3, 10, 34, 46 Virtual colonoscopy (VC). See also Computed tomographic colonography challenges implementation, 5 6 reimbursement, 4 5 clinical trials, 3 4 early development, 3 4 future development, 5 6 Virtual dissection, 113, annular constricting mass, 125, 127 distortion elongated lesions, 123, 124 sessile polyp, 123, 125 flattened view, 123 lobulated sessile polyp, 125, 126 normal anatomy, pedunculated polyp, 125, 127 point-to-point correlation, 123, 124 residual fluid, 125, 128 Virtual pathology, Volume-rendering methods, advenced three-dimensional display, 172, 199, 248, 250 Volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE), 151 Volumetric shape index (SI), 164, 165 Vos, F.M., 128 W Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 70 Wang, Z., 165 Whelan, P., 31 Window-level settings, changing, wide W/L setting, narrow W/L setting, 112, 250, 270 Y Yee, J., 66, 67, 159 Yung Nio, 13 Z Zalis, M.E., 79, 106, 108 Zijta, F.M., 145, 151