Table 2.3 Case-control studies of exposure to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx

Transcription

1 Table 2. Case-control studies of to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx categories Olsen et al. (19) Olsen & Asnaes (196), Denmark, incident patients [sex reported] selected from the Danish Cancer Registry including carcinomas of the nasal cavity and sinuses and 266 carcinomas of the nasopharynx 265 patients with cancers of the colon, rectum, prostate and breast; frequencymatched by sex, age (± 5 years) and year of diagnosis (± 5 years);.2% of men and 0.1% of women exposed to formaldehyde Record linkage with pension fund with compulsory membership; job title from Central Pension Registry; assessed blindly as certain, probable, unlikely, unknown (16) (ICD revision not Industries and occupations with certain or possible Men Women NR NR 0.7 (0. 1.7) 2.6 ( ) Unadjusted Among,.2% of men exposed, 0.1%of women al. (196a), USA, incident [sex distribution not reported] identified by the local Cancer Surveillance System, aged 20 7 years, including oroand hypopharynx (205), nasopharynx (27) and sinuses (5) 552 identified by random-digit dialling Job linkage system based on industry and occupation, resulting in four categories: high, medium, low and Low Medium or high # years background Score (0.5.) 1. (0..7) 1.2 (0.5-.1) 1.6 (0.-5.) 0.9 ( ) 2.1 (0.6 7.) Cigarette smoking and race 1

2 Table 2. Case-control studies of to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx categories al. (196b), USA, incident [sex reported] identified by the local Cancer Surveillance System, aged 20 7 years, including oroand hypopharynx (205), nasopharynx (27) and sinuses (5) 552 identified by random-digit dialing Residential : residential history since 1950 Mobile home 1 9 years > 10 years Particle-board at home 1 9 years > 10 years ( ) 5.5 ( ) 1. (0.5.) 0.6 (0.2 2.) Cigarette smoking and ethnic origin Roush et al. (197), USA, men with sinonasal cancer and 17 with nasopharyngeal cancer registered at the Connecticut Tumor Registry 605 men who died during the same period, selected by random sampling without matching or stratification Job title, industry, specific employment, year of employment, obtained from death certificates and city directories to determine occupation at 1, 10, 20, 25, 0, 0 and 50 years prior to death Probably exposed for most of working life Plus > 20 years before death Plus to high level for some years Plus to high level > 20 years before death ( ) 1. (0.7 2.) 1. (0.6.1) 2. ( ) Age and calendar period 2

3 Table 2. Case-control studies of to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx categories West et al. (199), Philippines [ years not reported] 10 incident (76 men, 2 women) histologically 10 hospital matched for sex, age and hospital ward type; 101 community matched for sex, age and neighbourhood Personal interview with history; occupation classified as likely or unlikely to involve to formaldehyde; duration of ; 10-year lag period; years since first ; age at start of < 15 years > 15 years < 15 years (10-year lag) > 15 years (10-year lag) Age > 25 years at first Age < 25 years at first First < 25 years before diagnosis First > 25 years before diagnosis <25 yrs since first 25+ years since first ( ) 1.2 (0.5.2) 1.6 (0.6.) 2.1 ( ) 1.2 (0.5.) 2.7 ( ) 1. (0.6.2) 2.9 ( ) 1.2 (0.1-.6).0 (1.-.) Years since first to dust and/or exhaust fumes Adjusted for education, dust/exhaust, processed meats, fresh fish consumption, smoking, antimosquito coils and herbal medicine Armstrong et al. (2000), Malaysia, (Selagor and Federal Territory), histologically of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese men and women from four centres (preva-lent and incident ) who had lived in the area for >5 years [no information on age distribution] One Chinese control selected by multistage area sampling per case, matched by age and sex Structured in-home s assessed by a job matrix Nasopharyngeal squamouscell carcinoma Any (unadjusted) Any (adjusted) [2] 1.2 ( ) 0.71 (0. 1.1) Diet and tobacco use Mixture of prevalent (2%) and incident (5%)

4 Table 2. Case-control studies of to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx categories al. (2000), USA men and women [sex reported] from five cancer registries, aged 1 7 years 2 populationbased selected by random digit dialling, and frequencymatched by sex, cancer registry and age (5-year groups) Structured telephone s assessed by a job matrix Epithelial nasopharyngea l carci-noma: epi-thelial NOS (01x 0x), undifferentiated or nonkeratinizing (020 1, 072, 02), squamous-cell (05x 0x, except 072 ) Max. (ppm) < > 0.5 Duration (years) > 1 Differentiated squamouscell and epithelial NOS only (0. 2.1) 1. (0. 2.) 0.9 (0. 2.) 1.6 (0. 7.1) (0. 1.6) 1.6 (0.7.) 2.1 (1.0.5) (1.0 2.) Age, sex, race, centre, cigarette use, proxy status and education Data presented for any (possible, probable or definite); not influenced by a 10-year lag period, or adding wood dust to models Duration (years) > 1 Cumulative (ppm years) > > (0. 2.1) 1.9 (0.9.) 2.7 ( ) (0. 2.0) 1. (0..1).0 (1. 6.6) 0.0

5 Table 2. Case-control studies of to formaldehyde and cancer of the nasopharynx categories Hildesheim et al. (2001) Taiwan, China, histologically hospital (1% women), aged < 75 years 25 community, individually matched on sex, age (5 years) and district of residence Structured inperson s assessed by an industrial hygienist; blood specimen was tested for anti Epstein Barr virus antibodies. ; > 90% nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated; remainder squamous-cell carcinomas Duration 1 10 years >10 years Cumulative < 25 > 25 Yrs since first <20 >20 years Age at first <25 years >25 years ( ) 1. ( ) 1.6 ( ) ( ) 1.5 (0. 2.7) ( ) 1.2 ( ) 1. (0.-2.0). (0.9-) Age, sex, education and ethnicity Observations were not influenced by adding wood dust to models; in a sub- analysis restricted to 60 and 9 seropositive for at least one type of antibody against Epstein Barr virus, the association between to formaldehyde and nasopharyngeal cancer appeared somewhat stronger. 5