Treating for Cure or Palliation: Difficult Decisions for Older Adults with Lymphoma

Transcription

1 Treating Frail Adults With Common Malignancies: Best Evidence to Personalize Therapy Treating for Cure or Palliation: Difficult Decisions for Older Adults with Lymphoma Raul Cordoba, MD, PhD Lymphoma Unit Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 1

2 Disclosures Speaker honoraria: BMS RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 2

3 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 3

4 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 4

5 Higher incidence of NHL in older people SEER , All Races, Both Sexes RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 5

6 Improvement of outcome in older DLBCL patients Treatment and relative survival in very elderly patients with DLBCL in The Netherlands: a population-based study, 1989 to 2015 Dinmohamed AG et al. Blood Advances 2017;1: RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 6

7 Specific Entities of Lymphoma in the Elderly Age-Related Molecular Specificities in DLBCL 1 - Median age of occurrence of GC-DLBCL is 8 years younger than ABC-DLBCL 2 - More unfavorable genetic features: higher BCL2 expression, high genomic complexity 3 EBV DLBCL of the Elderly - DLBCL of the elderly will be replaced by EBV+ DLBCL, NOS 4 - New entity EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer, associated with age-related immunosenescence 4 1. Sarkozy C et al. Curr Oncol Rep. 2015;17(7):32 2. Mareschal S et al. Haematologica. 2011;96(12): Klapper W et al. Blood. 2012;119: Swerdlow SH et al. Blood. 2016;127(20): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 7

8 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 8

9 Immunosenescence A) Host related Age 1 Chronic inflammation. Example: CMV 2 B) Disease related Impairment in antigen presentation. Example: PMBCL Immunosupressive phenotype. Example: HL, PMBCL, PCNSL, PTL T-cell exhaustion. Example CLL Nikolich-Zugish J. Nature Immunology 2018; 19: Caruso C et al. Immunity & Ageing 2009, 6:10 3. Gassner FJ et al. Br J Haematol 2015;170(4): Jimenez I et al. Blood 2017; 130:1713 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 10

10 The cancer-immunity cycle Chen D, Mellman I. Immunity 2013;39(1):1-10 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 11

11 Impairment of the cancer-immunity cycle with age Elias R et al. J Geriatr Oncol. 2017;8(3): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 12

12 How to assess immunosenescence? Mahnke YD et al. Eur J Immunol 2013;43(11): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 13

13 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 13

14 Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Alterations in 9p24.1 PD-L1/PD-L2 1 Inactivating mutations/deletions of β2m (MHC class I) 2 Inactivating mutations of CIITA (MHC class II) 3 1. Green MR et al Blood. 2010;116(17): Roemer MGM et al. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4(11): Roberts RA et al. Blood. 2006;108(1):311-8 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 17

15 Overexpresion of PD-L1 in lymphoma Alterations in copy number - Frequent in HL 1, PMBCL 1, PCNSL 2, PTL 2 Chromosomal traslocations -Less frequent, but recurrent in HL 3, PMBCL 4, PCNSL 2 y PTL 2 Viral infections: EBV+ 5,6 - HL, PTLD, DLBCL, PBL 1. Green MR et al Blood. 2010;116(17): Chapuy B et al. Blood. 2016;127(7): Roemer MGM et al. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(23): Twa DD et al. Blood. 2014;123(13): Green MR et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(6): Bi XW et al. J Hematol Oncol. 2016;9(1):109. RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 18

16 Is there any difference in overexpresion of PD-L1 in elderly DLBCL patients? 9p24.1 Normal % 9p24.1 Gain % 9p24.1 High Gain % P- value Age < > COO GCB ABC/non-GCB Unclassified 13 2 Missing 18 2 No differences in 9p24.1 gain among younger vs older patients 9p24.1 gain was associated with ABC subtype Wang Y et al. ASH 2017 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 19

17 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 17

18 Treatment algorithm for aggressive B-cell NHL n=200 n=100 n=50 n=50 n=25 n=25 n=25 n=50 n=10 n=15 3rd line line salvage n=90 Adapted from: Friedberg JW. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 21

19 Practical Assessment in Older Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: ASCO Guideline for Geriatric Oncology Assessment Predict chemotherapy toxicity Estimate (noncancer) life expectancy Functional assessment Comorbidity assessment Screening for falls Screening for depression Screening for cognitive impairment Screening for malnutrition Tool CARG, CRASH eprognosis IADL CIRS-G, CCI How many falls have you had in the previous 6 months (or since your last visit)? GDS Mini-COG weight loss/body mass index Mohile SG et al. J Clin Oncol 2018; May 21:JCO RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 22

20 SIOG guidelines on DLBCL in the elderly: Impact of prognosis, comorbidities, geriatric assessment 1 and approach to therapy 2 Comorbidity Cardiovascular Renal dysfunction Neuropathy Diabetes Pre-existent marrow compromise (prior chemotherapy, radiation) Dementia Treatment agents Anthracyclines Platinum derivates Platinum derivatives, vinca alkaloids, lenalidomide Prednisone Any myelosuppressive agents All therapies Therapy n Median age, years (range) Efficacy, CR rate RCHOP CHOP P value CHOP vs RCHOP (60 80) 76% 63% CHOP vs RCHOP (60 80) 78% 68% CHOP vs RCHOP (60 80) 77% 76% NS RCHOP21 RCHOP14 RCHOP21 vs RCHOP (60 80) 74% 71% NS RCHOP21 vs RCHOP (19 88) 63% 58% NS 1. Morrison VA et al. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6(2): Morrison VA et al. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(6): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 23

21 DLBCL patients who may benefit from a curative treatment Patient characteristics N % Total number of evaluable patients 252 Male Age, years; median (range) 83 (80-100) Older than ECOG R-IPI Intermediate risk (1-2) High risk (3-5) Patient characteristics N % CIRS< First line treatment R-CHOP Others Rituximab in 1st or subsequent lines Anthracyclines in 1st or subsequent lines Pardal E et al. Am J Hematol Apr 15 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 24

22 DLBCL patients who may benefit from a curative treatment Multivariate analysis for survival restricted to patients treated with R-CHOP at full or reduced doses Overall survival of patients treated with R- CHOP at full or reduced doses according to prognostic factors Prognostic factor PFS P OS P RR (IC 95%) RR (IC 95%) Age 0,137 0,53 (0,28-0,99) 0,049 < 86 years 86 years CIRS score 0,53 (0,33-0,83) 0,01 0,52 (0,31-0,86) 0,01 < 6 6 R-IPI 0,59 (0,36-0,95) 0,032 0,57 (0,34-0,96) 0,033 Int risk (1-2) High risk (3-5) Score months Score months P = Pardal E et al. Am J Hematol Apr 15 RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 25

23 CGA to support treatment decisions in older patients with lymphoma Tucci A et al. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56(4): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 26

24 OS of fit (a), unfit (b) and frail (c) older patients with DLBCL fit unfit frail Tucci A et al. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56(4): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 27

25 Treatment algorithm for aggressive B-cell NHL n=200 n=100 n=50 n=50 n=25 n=25 n=25 n=50 n=10 n=15 3rd line line salvage n=90 Adapted from: Friedberg JW. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 28

26 Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Elderly Lymphoma Patients Sun L et al. Oncologist. 2018;23(5): RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 29

27 Agenda Aging and lymphoma Immunosenescence and antitumoral immune response Evasion mechanisms of immune response in lymphoma Tailoring therapy in older patients with lymphoma Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 27

28 PD-1 blockade in HL Lymphoma Antibody, dose Phase; No. of patients R/R chl Nivolumab, 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks R/R chl that progressed after BV R/R chl that failed to respond to ASCT and BV R/R chl, progressed after ASCT and/or BV Pembrolizumab, 10 mg/kg q2w Nivolumab, 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks Pembrolizumab, 200 mg once every 3 weeks, (median No. of treatment cycles: 13) Phase I; n=23 Phase Ib; n=32 Phase II; n=80 Phase II; n=210 ORR, CR PFS; OS; duration of response 87%, 17% PFS: 86% at 24 weeks; OS: 91% at 1 year and 83% at 1.5 years; 35% of responders, sustained maintained response 65%, 16% PFS: 46% at 52 weeks; 70% of responses lasted longer than 24 weeks 68%, 13% At 6 months, PFS: 76.9%; OS: 98.7%; at 12 months, median PFS: 10.0 months 69%, 22.4% At 6 months, PFS: 72.4%; OS: 99.5%; 75.6% of patients had a response for 6 months Rates of all AEs, grade 3-4 AEs Age, years, median (range) Older adults (>65 y.o.) 78%, 22% 35 (20-54) N=0, 0% 97%, 16% 32 (20-67) N=1, 3% 99%, 41% 39 (18 72) N=3, 4% 63%; iraes: 28.6%; IRR: 6.4%. All patients: 35 (18-76) Cohort 1 (after ASCT/BV): 34 (19-64) Cohort 2 (ASCT ineligible and BV failure): 40 (20-76) Cohort 3 (no BV after ASCT): 32 (18-73) All patients: n=18, 8.6% Cohort 2: n=15, 18.5% Cohort 3: n=3, 5.0% Cordoba R. ASCO Educational Book 31

29 PD-1 blockade in NHL Lymphoma Antibody, dose Phase; No. of patients R/R NHL and MM R/R PMBCL R/R CLL with RT and relapsed CLL R/R PCNSL and PTL Nivolumab, 1-3 mg/kg every 2 weeks Pembrolizumab, 10 mg/kg q2w or 200 mg q3w for up to 2 years Pembrolizumab, 200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 2 years Nivolumab, 3 mg/kg iv q2w Phase Ib; FL: n=10, DLBCL: n=11, other B-NHL: n=10, TNHL:n=23, MM: n=27 Phase Ib; n=18 Phase II; n=25 (transformed DLBCL: n=9, Relapsed CLL: n=16) R/R PCNSL: n=4, PTL with CNS relapse: n=1. ORR, CR FL: 40%,10%; DLBCL: 36%, 18%; other B-NHL: 0%, 0%; T-NHL: 17%, 0%; MM: 4%, 4% PFS; OS; duration of response Duration of response: weeks. 41%, 11.8% Median duration of response and OS were not reached RT (transformed DLBCL): 44%, 11%; Relapsed CLL: 0%, 0% Median OS: 10.7 months for R/R CLL with RT, not reached among patients with prior ibrutinib therapy. 100%, 80% 3 patients remained free of progression at 13+ to 17+ months. Rates of all AEs, grade 3-4 AEs All AEs: 63%; (for B-NHL: 71%, 26%) Age, years, median (range) B-Cell Lymphoma 65 (23-74) T-cell lymphoma 61 (30-81) Older adults (>65 y.o.) 61%, 11.8% 30 (22-62) N=0; 0% 100%, 60% Total 69 (46-81) RT 69 (46-78) CLL 72 (59-81) Included, but no % reported Total* 4 (44%) RT* 9 (56%) CLL* 13 (52%) *>70 y.o. 60%, 20% 64 years (54-85) N=3, 60% Cordoba R. ASCO Educational Book 32

30 Take home messages The increasing median age at diagnosis of NHL urges to deliver special health care to older patients CGA will allow to identify older patients who are candidates to receive a curative therapy, not only at diagnosis but also at first relapse Immunosenescence may play a role in lymphomagenesis and it should be explored before an immunotherapy approach: towards an Immune Comprehensive Assessment There are very limited data about the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in older patients with lymphoma, though it seems feasible CAR T cells would be a treatment strategy feasible for older patients with R/R B-cell NHL RAUL CORDOBA, MD, 39