Keynote from the Taranto polluted site experience

Transcription

1 Keynote from the Taranto polluted site experience Prof. Giorgio Assennato General Director Environmental Protection Agency of Puglia Region, Bari, ITALY Rome, 3 December 2013 National Research Council

2 Introduction Taranto is a Southern Italy town on the Ionian sea, where many sources of air pollutants are located nearby the urban area. Fig. 1 Municipalities of the Area at high environmental risk CRISPIANO MASSAFRA MONTEMESOLA STATTE In 1989 the town was officially defined as an Area at high environmental risk and later it was included in the 17 Sites of National Interest - SIN that needtocleanup. MONITORING STATION TARANTO

3 Introduction Fig. 2 Industrial and urbanarea in Taranto city INDUSTRIAL AREA SEA INDUSTRIAL AREA URBAN AREA SEA SEA

4 Introduction

5 Introduction

6 Introduction

7 Air QualityMonitoringNetwork (2005) Municipality Network SIMAGE Network Province Network Region Network

8 Air QualityMonitoringNetwork (2013) ILVA Network (Air quality, DOAS, LIDAR) ARPA PUGLA Osmogen Network ARPA PUGLIA Network

9 Environmentaldata

10 Environmentaldata

11 Environmentaldata Fig. 3 Dislocation of selectedmonitoringstation in Taranto. Table1. B[a]P (ng/m 3 ) annualmeansin Taranto Monitoring stations Via Via Alto Talsano Year Machiavelli Adige (ng/m 3 ) (ng/m 3 ) Table2. PM10 (µg/m 3 ) annualmeansin Taranto Monitoring stations Via Archimede Talsano Year Machiavelli (µg/m ) (µg/m ) (µg/m )

12 Environmentaldata Fig4. PM10 (µg/m 3 ) and B(a)P (ng/m 3 ) annualmeansin Taranto

13 Environmentaldata Fig5. PM10 (µg/m 3 ) annualmeans (a) and PM10 (µg/m 3 ) monthlythresholdovercomings(b). January July 2013 a) b) PM10 overcomings PM10 µg/m Taranto - Via Alto Adige (T) Taranto- Via Machiavelli (I) Taranto -Talsano (F) Machiavelli

14 Environmentaldata Fig6. B[a]P (ng/m 3 ) monthlymeansin Taranto by monitoringstations BaP Machiavelli maggio 2008 luglio 2008 settembre 2008 novembre 2008 gennaio 2009 marzo 2009 maggio 2009 luglio 2009 settembre 2009 novembre 2009 gennaio 2010 marzo 2010 maggio 2010 luglio 2010 settembre 2010 novembre 2010 gennaio 2011 marzo 2011 maggio 2011 luglio 2011 settembre 2011 novembre 2011 gennaio 2012 marzo 2012 maggio 2012 luglio 2012 settembre 2012 novembre 2012 gennaio 2013 marzo 2013 maggio 2013 luglio 2013 ng/m Bap Alto Adige BaP Talsano agosto 2011 maggio 2008 luglio 2008 settembre 2008 novembre 2008 gennaio 2009 marzo 2009 maggio 2009 luglio 2009 settembre 2009 novembre 2009 gennaio 2010 marzo 2010 maggio 2010 luglio 2010 settembre 2010 novembre 2010 gennaio 2011 marzo 2011 maggio 2011 luglio 2011 settembre 2011 novembre 2011 gennaio 2012 marzo 2012 maggio 2012 luglio 2012 settembre 2012 novembre 2012 gennaio 2013 marzo 2013 maggio 2013 luglio 2013 maggio 2008 agosto 2008 novembre 2008 febbraio 2009 maggio 2009 agosto 2009 novembre 2009 febbraio 2010 maggio 2010 agosto 2010 novembre 2010 febbraio 2011 maggio 2011 ng/m3 ng/m3 novembre 2011 febbraio 2012 maggio 2012 agosto 2012 novembre 2012 febbraio 2013 maggio 2013 agosto 2013

15 Environmentaldata SEDIMENTABLE PARTICULATE MATTER WHO TE (PCDD/f + PCB) DEPOSITION

16 Environmentaldata PM10 µg/m machiavelli wd machiavelli non wd Mean difference between WD vs NON WD decreases in 2013 for Machiavelli station from 32%to23%. PM10 µg/m For the other stations the difference keep constant over the years alto adige wd alto adige non wd PM10 µg/m talsano wd talsano non wd

17 Epidemiologicalstudies A cohortstudyon mortalityand morbidityin the area of Taranto, Southern Italy. Mataloni, et al. Epidemiol Prev 2012; 36 (5): Table 3. Association between PM10 from industrial area and cause-specific mortality (HR, CI 95%). Males and females. Taranto, Prof. Assennato ARPA PUGLIA

18 Epidemiologicalstudies SENTIERI Project -Mortality study of residents in Italian polluted sites: RESULTS in SIN of TARANTO ; Table 4. Mortality for the main causes of death. Number of observed cases (OSS), standardized mortality ratio crude (SMR) and adjusted for deprivation (SMR ID); IC 90%: confidence interval; Males and females. Causes of death Males Females Males Females All causes All cancers Cardiovascular diseases Respiratory diseases Digestive system Genitourinary system Source: Pirastu et al. Epidemiol Prev 2011; 35 (5-6) Suppl. 4: and Ambiente e salute a Taranto: evidenze disponibili e indicazioni di sanità pubblica

19 Epidemiologicalstudies SENTIERI Project -Mortality study of residents in Italian polluted sites: RESULTS in SIN of TARANTO ; Table 5. Mortality for the main causes of death. Number of observed cases (OSS), standardized mortality ratio crude (SMR) and adjusted for deprivation (SMR ID); IC 90%: confidence interval; Males and females. Source: Pirastu et al. Epidemiol Prev 2011; 35 (5-6) Suppl. 4: and Ambiente e salute a Taranto: evidenze disponibili e indicazioni di sanità pubblica

20 Estimation of B(a)P related carcinogenic risk Cancer risk assessment of individual PAHs are based mainly on tests in laboratory animals and occupational epidemiological studies. For several reasons, risk estimation of PAH exposures is a complex issue: - Although the existence of cancer risk is beyond reasonable doubt, considerable uncertainty exists as to the exposure-response relationship, and hence as to the risks posed at today s levels in the workplace and general environment. Information on this relationship is clearly important for setting of occupational and environmental standards. - PAHs comprise a mixture, several components of which are carcinogens

21 Estimation of B(a)P related carcinogenic risk A numberof differentriskestimatesfor PAH hasbeenmade, based primarilyon usingbap as the index compound. Quantitative cancer risk estimates are summarized in the following table: Table 6 - Summary of unit risk estimates for BaP and for PAHs with BaP as the indicator substance (life-time risk per ng/m 3 of BaP) (Bostrom et al. 2002)

22 Estimation of B(a)P related carcinogenic risk Estimated health impact on the population of the district-tamburilido Azzurroin Taranto Starting from the average concentration of B(a)P detected at the site of via Machiavelli in Taranto in 2010 (1.82 ng/m 3 ) and using the unit risk value indicated by the WHO (8.7 x 10-5 to 1 ng/m 3 BaP), an incremental risk was estimated being equal to: IncrementalLifetimeCancerRisk= 8.7 x 10-5 (ng/m 3 ) x 1.82(ng/m 3 ) = 15.8 x 10-5 Estimated excess of cases of lung cancer in the population of the district- Tamburi Lido Azzurro (17,644 inhabitants on April 9, 2009) due to a lifetime exposureatthemeasured levelofb(a)p, isequalto: 15.8 x 10-5 x 17,644 = 2.79 tumori Based on the average annual B[a]P level measured in 2009 (1.31 ng/m 3 ), 1.99 excess cancer cases following a lifetime exposure are estimated

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24 Prof. Assennato ARPA PUGLIA

25 Figure 3-1 Risk Isopleths Around AK-Steel Middletown

26 Health Hazard Evaluation In July 2012 a Regional legislative act (LR 21/2012) established that within 90 days since the enactment of the relative regulation, a Health Hazard Evaluation would be carried out by Environmental Protection Agency and Health Local Unit for about 30 polluting plants in Puglia.

27 Health Hazard Evaluation The HealthHazardEvaluation, asdefinedbypuglia Region, has 2 components: epidemiologic description of the area, with specific attention to short latency diseases (mainly respiratory and cardiovascular ones); risk assessment procedure by polluting plant for cancer e non cancer outcomes. If there is an agreement between the procedures by law industries is required to reduce emissions

28 Health Hazard Evaluation Identify areas to assess Regional legislative act(lr 21/2012) Identify facilities to assess Identify pollutants to assess Health status of residents in areas Is there a critical situation? Yes Dose-response function for each pollutant Comparison with health and epidemiological data Yes, a critical situation Is there concordance? Yes, with a critical situation Investigate further the maximum impact area There is not an health hazard Is there a critical situation? Yes There is an health hazard

29 Health Hazard Evaluation Characterization: areas, population, facility, soil, air pollution, health data, other National legislative act(231/2012) Current hazard Potential hazard Exit 15 Current health data evaluation First level evaluation Environmental data and facilities evaluation Exit 25 Yes Yes Human exposure to specific-pollutants Second level evaluation Yes Exit 26 Epidemiological study, group of population, selected areas Toxicological and carcinogenic risk assessment Exit 16 Exit 17 Yes Third level evaluation Exit 9 R=Cancer risk C= pollution attributable to facility Exit 27 Exit 28

30 Health Hazard Evaluation Inhalationdose foreachpollutant Inhalation chronic cancer risk Source: The Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Guidance Manual for Preparation of Health Risk Assessments August Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency

31 Health Hazard Evaluation Risk Unit and Slope Factors for individual risk assessment Pollutants Inhalation Unit Risk (µg/m 3 ) -1 Source Benzo[a]pyrene 8.70E-02* WHO Slope factor (mg/kg- day) E+02 Source - IARC Classification end references 1 vol.92, 100F Naphthalene 8.70E-05 WHO 3.05E-01-2B Voll Dioxins(TEq) 3.30E+01 US-EPA 1.50E+05 PCB 1.00E-04 US-EPA 3.50E-01-2B Vol. 11, Sup 7, A Vol. 18, Sup Benzene 6.00E-06 WHO 2.10E-02-1 Vol. 29, Sup F, As 1.50E-03 WHO 5.25E+00 Cd 1.80E-03 US-EPA 6.30E+00 Cr (VI) 4.00E-02 WHO 1.40E+02 Ni 4.00E-04 WHO 1.40E+00 Pb - US-EPA 4.20E-02 OEHHA - 1 Vol. 23, Sup 7, 100C Vol. 58, 100C Vol.49, 100C Vol.49, 100C A Vol

32 Health Hazard Evaluation Fig. 7 Cancer Risk Isopleths in Taranto 2010 (before new IPPC permit) In redarea, the inhalation cancer risk is higher than 2:10,000 In yellowarea the inhalation cancer risk is higher than 1:10,000 Aggregated(i.e., all chemicals combined) lifetime inhalation cancer risk

33 Health Hazard Evaluation Fig. 8 Cancer Risk Isopleths in Taranto 2016 (after new IPPC permit) In yellowarea the inhalation cancer risk is higher than 1:10,000 Aggregated(i.e., all chemicals combined) lifetime inhalation cancer risk

34 Health Hazard Evaluation Table 7. Population Counts and percentage (%) by Risk Range Risk levels (per millions) 2010 (before new IPPC permit) 2016 (after new IPPC permit) Counts % Cumulative counts Cumulative % Counts % Cumulative counts Cumulative % > , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

35 Conclusion US-EPA Comprehensive Residual Risk Report to Congress (1999) 1 x 10-4 threshold selected as maximum individual lifetime cancer risk (upper end of acceptability range) 1 x 10-6 threshold chosen to provide an ample margin of safety Recommended that actions be taken when residual risks are between 1 x 10-6and1x10-4

36 Conclusion Thisassessmentshows the efficacyof IPPC permitreducedemissionsresultingin decreasedlifetimecancerrisksin the town population, eventhoughthereisstilla residualriskto be managed