Special Section Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. What s New in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer? Jeremy R. Jass, MD, DSc, FRCPath, FRCPA
|
|
- Bernard Roberts
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Special Section Hereditary Colorectal Cancer What s New in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer? Precancerous polyposes other than classic familial adenomatous polyposis and the condition hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, or Lynch syndrome, continue to present major diagnostic challenges for the anatomic pathologist. This editorial highlights the practical significance of novel insights and clinical guidelines in the recent literature, as well as in 4 contributions to this edition of the Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. The first section will address attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis and a newly recognized type of autosomal-recessive adenomatous polyposis associated with the DNA repair gene MYH. The remainder of the editorial discusses the role of the revised Bethesda guidelines in the diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and concludes with the recently identified serrated pathway syndrome. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129: ) Although autosomal-dominant syndromes account for a relatively small proportion of colorectal cancers (CRCs), their clinical and biological importance is considerable. Hereditary forms of CRC often present at an early age and therefore contribute disproportionately to the loss of years of life. Nevertheless, screening, early diagnosis, and surgical intervention have been shown to reduce mortality in the case of both familial adeno- Accepted for publication July 18, From the Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. The author has no relevant financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. Reprints: Jeremy R. Jass, MD, DSc, FRCPath, FRCPA, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Duff Medical Bldg, 3775 University St, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4 ( jeremy.jass@mcgill.ca). Jeremy R. Jass, MD, DSc, FRCPath, FRCPA Jeremy R. Jass, MD, DSc, FRCPath, FRCPA matous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). 1,2 To manage these conditions, it is axiomatic that one must first achieve a reliable diagnosis. This edition of Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine includes 4 articles that examine diagnostic and phenotypic features of FAP and HNPCC. Taken together, these articles reinforce the central importance of the pathologist in the diagnosis of these conditions, as well as in furthering our understanding of the clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms. Indeed, it is in complex areas such as hereditary neoplasia that the pathologist plays an essential role in linking clinical medicine with basic science. Between them, the articles in this edition provide a comprehensive overview of the main types of hereditary CRC. This editorial attempts to place the articles within the context of some recent insights and developments. DIAGNOSIS OF FAP AND POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES Classic FAP is diagnosed readily by the demonstration of many hundreds if not thousands of colorectal adenomas. Nevertheless, certain mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene may result in an attenuated form of the disease. The number of adenomas may fall below the diagnostic threshold of 100, and the adenomas tend to be flat and are found more frequently in the proximal colon. The onset of malignancy is later than in the classic formoffap. 3 Attenuated FAP (AFAP) is the subject of 1 of the case reports by Ionescu et al. 4 This study emphasizes the difficulties that may be encountered in reaching a diagnosis of AFAP. In FAP, it is accepted that most, if not all, adenomas are initiated when the wild-type APC allele (second copy) is inactivated somatically by either mutation or loss. It has been widely assumed that adenomas occurring sporadically are also initiated by APC mutation. However, several studies have failed to demonstrate a high frequency of APC mutation in microadenomas and small sporadic tubular adenomas of the colorectum 5,6 or have instead implicated genes such as KRAS 7 and -catenin. 8 Therefore, the consistent demonstration of loss of heterozygosity near the APC locus on chromosome 5q in multiple adenomas from the same subject would be indicative of a germline mutation in APC. However, in the study by Ionescu et al, 4 it was not possible to show consistent loss of polymorphic markers flanking the APC gene. Undaunted by this negative finding, Ionescu et al 4 were able to show the same pattern of loss of an intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 15 of the APC gene in 6 of 6 adenomas. This would suggest that relatively small deletions were accounting for the loss of the 1380 Arch Pathol Lab Med Vol 129, November 2005 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Jass
2 second APC allele. This finding encouraged Ionescu et al to screen for a germline mutation in APC, and they were rewarded by the discovery of a truncating mutation of codon 161 in the 5 region of APC. Regions 5 to codon 158 have been linked to AFAP. One other patient has been described with a Q161X mutation, and this patient also had features of AFAP. 9 Therefore, the AFAP phenotype is likely to be associated with mutations extending beyond codon 158. The patient described in the study by Ionescu et al 4 had more than 100 adenomas, which would place her within the category of classic FAP. However, the figure of 100 adenomas as the cutoff value between AFAP and classic FAP should not be taken too rigidly. By the age of 40, most patients with FAP have many hundreds if not thousands of colorectal adenomas. Age and modifying genetic influences will impact on the phenotype associated with a particular APC mutation. Although one should not expect too much from polyp numbers as a guide to specific genetic diagnosis, it is nevertheless useful to obtain an approximation of absolute numbers of polyps in a colectomy specimen. Even a rough count carries far more information than a term such as multiple. However, counting polyps is surprisingly difficult. In the case of FAP, one can assume that the vast majority of polyps are adenomas, count the numbers within a small area, and extrapolate to achieve an approximation for the entire colon. Even then, pinhead-sized polyps may go uncounted. In the case of tens or hundreds of polyps, one cannot be certain that all the polyps are adenomas. There is a natural temptation to sample the larger polyps for histologic diagnosis. However, it is worth sampling a subset of the smaller and less conspicuous polyps as well, since these could turn out to be hyperplastic polyps. The presence of numerous hyperplastic polyps would make a diagnosis of AFAP less likely, since APC mutation is not associated with hyperplastic polyps. By contrast, the condition hyperplastic polyposis is associated with the presence of traditional adenomas, serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps, as well as hyperplastic polyps, and is probably underdiagnosed. 10 Another type of polyposis that must be distinguished from both FAP and AFAP is MYH polyposis. 11 The phenotype of this autosomal-recessive condition can mimic both FAP and AFAP. The causative gene was discovered when it was found that somatic APC mutations in adenomas obtained from polyposis patients with no detectable germline mutation in APC were more frequently guanine to thymine (G to T) transversions than would be expected by chance. 11 MYH was one of a few candidate base-excision repair genes that could explain such a narrow spectrum of mutations and turned out to be the causative agent. Most polyps in MYH polyposis are stated to be adenomas. However, it is conceivable that hyperplastic polyps would also be numerous within the background mucosa, since inactivation of MYH is also associated with activating G to T mutations in KRAS, a gene that is closely associated with hyperplastic polyps. 12 The list of extracolonic neoplasms in FAP has grown steadily over the years. In the West, most malignancies in the upper gastrointestinal tract are focused on the duodenum and periampullary region, where adenomas are initiated by inactivation of APC (as in the colon). The lack of a markedly increased risk for pancreatic cancer in FAP patients is explained by the lack of a key role for APC in ductal pancreatic neoplasms. Gupta and Mazzara 13 document the finding of grade 3 pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) in a pancreaticoduodenectomy specimen resected from a patient with FAP and upper gastrointestinal neoplasia. The demonstration of inactivation of the second APC allele in DNA extracted from the PanIN would be evidence that the finding was not a mere coincidence. This was not undertaken, however, and additional studies are required to confirm the link between FAP and pancreatic neoplasia. DIAGNOSIS OF HNPCC/LYNCH SYNDROME While adenomas do occur in HNPCC and slightly more frequently than in the general population, the lack of a distinct premonitory stage delayed the recognition of HNPCC as a distinct clinicopathologic entity and continues to make the diagnosis of the condition difficult as compared with FAP. Henry Lynch made a major contribution to our understanding of HNPCC by assembling information on families and characterizing the clinical and pathologic features of the syndrome. 14 By the 1980s, cancer family registries or cancer genetics clinics in many different countries were systematically enrolling families that fulfilled the characteristics described by Lynch. The Amsterdam Criteria (AC) were introduced in 1991 to achieve a standardized approach to the investigation of HNPCC families across different registries. 15 The original AC can be remembered very simply as the rule, that is, 3 first-degree relatives across 2 generations with 1 being younger than 50 years. Although it was hoped that the AC would be relatively specific for the syndrome described by Lynch, they were not intended to serve as gold-standard diagnostic criteria, but merely as an approach to achieving some uniformity across different studies. 15 With the discovery of the DNA mismatch repair genes and their causative role in the etiology of HNPCC/Lynch syndrome, it became possible to refine the diagnostic criteria. While for technical reasons it may not be possible to identify a germline mutation in every family, it became clear that HNPCC/Lynch syndrome families were characterized by a very definite set of clinical, pathologic, and molecular features that were all explained by loss of DNA mismatch repair proficiency. A most important marker in this regard was the demonstration of numerous mutations in repetitive sequences of DNA known as microsatellites. 16 It was possible to show DNA microsatellite instability (MSI) in the colorectal adenomas and carcinomas of affected family members, as well as in extracolonic neoplasms. 17 When antibodies to the DNA mismatch repair proteins became commercially available, it was possible to show that loss of nuclear expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins was tightly correlated with MSI status. 18 The demonstration that loss was restricted to a particular DNA mismatch repair protein, such as MLH1 or MSH2, meant that the screening for a germline mutation could be focused on the gene in question. In this issue of AR- CHIVES, Burgart 19 has provided a very practical guide to the testing of DNA mismatch repair status in colorectal carcinoma. It has been known for many years that CRCs may cluster in families. Al- Arch Pathol Lab Med Vol 129, November 2005 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Jass 1381
3 though the AC may appear quite stringent, it is possible to identify families that fulfill the criteria but in which the CRCs are DNA mismatch repair proficient. In these families, the CRCs are less likely to be multiple, right-sided, poorly differentiated, mucinous, or DNA diploid, 20 while adenomas are more numerous but show less advanced histology. 21 Importantly, the risk of both CRC and extracolonic cancers typical of HNPCC is lower in members of ACpositive families in which there is no evidence of a DNA mismatch repair defect. 22 Burgart 19 points out that 40% of AC-positive families (HNPCC families) have no evidence of a heritable defect of DNA mismatch repair, and that only the 60% with such evidence should be regarded as having the Lynch syndrome. This still may lead to confusion as many regard HNPCC and Lynch syndrome as synonymous. Despite the fact that AC-positive families are clearly heterogeneous, clinicians have continued to consider the AC (or closely related criteria) as diagnostic for HNPCC and, therefore, Lynch syndrome. This unfortunate state of affairs has come about because the AC are very simple to apply. However, this uncritical use of a very limited set of clinical features has resulted in families being given unwarranted diagnostic labels and has generated considerable confusion in the research community. If it has been shown that tumors in a family with clustering of CRC are not explained by DNA mismatch repair deficiency, then that family should not be labeled as having either Lynch syndrome or HNPCC. The designation familial colorectal cancer type X has been suggested as an interim term for this group. 22 The discovery of the underlying mechanism for HNPCC/Lynch syndrome did not result in an immediate revision of the diagnostic criteria. This is because DNA MSI is not limited to HNPCC, but occurs in 10% to 15% of sporadic MSI-positive CRCs. 23,24 In the latter, the underlying mechanism is methylation of the promoter region of MLH1, leading to silencing of the gene. 25 Sporadic MSIpositive CRCs have various clinical, pathologic, and molecular features in common with HNPCC, but differ in a number of important respects. Apart from being more age-related and more common in females, sporadic MSI-positive CRCs are characterized by frequent mutation of BRAF and widespread DNA methylation By contrast, somatic mutations of APC, -catenin, and KRAS are more frequent in HNPCC. 26 At the morphologic level, sporadic MSI-positive CRCs are more likely than CRCs in HNPCC/Lynch syndrome to be mucinous, to have a serrated architecture, and to be associated with serrated polyps, while they are less likely to show tumor budding (de-differentiation at the invasive margin). 26 Recently, sporadic MSI-positive CRCs and HNPCC have been distinguished by gene expression array technology. 29 Despite the differences between sporadic MSI-positive CRC and HNPCC, the distinction may not always be straightforward. A particular reason for this difficulty lies with the discovery of a new mechanism for inactivating a copy of the MLH1 gene in the germline, namely, epimutation or hemiallelic methylation of MLH It is likely (although this has still not been proven) that germline hemiallelic methylation and germline mutation of MLH1 will predispose to early-onset CRC through identical mechanisms and genetic alterations. There is one crucial difference, however. There is no evidence that epimutations are inherited, and therefore the resulting early-onset CRCs will be sporadic. The fact that some familial clustering of CRC has been associated with epimutation is likely to be due to ascertainment bias. That is, epimutations have been sought within subjects registered in cancer family clinics and not through population-based screening of earlyonset cases. Colorectal carcinomas with age-related acquired DNA methylation appears to be less frequent in Southeast Asia (eg, Japan and Korea). 33 The overrepresentation of sporadic high-level MSI (MSI-H) CRCs due to germline hemiallelic methylation of MLH1 in the East could account for the molecular differences among sporadic MSI-H CRCs between East and West. 33 The Bethesda guidelines (BGs) differ from the AC in a number of subtle but important respects. While the AC were introduced in order to stratify high-risk families registered in cancer genetic clinics, the BGs were aimed at the population at large and were linked very specifically with the testing of tumors for DNA MSI. 34 Clearly, testing for MSI is both expensive and time-consuming and is not universally available in diagnostic laboratories. The BGs were designed to identify the subset of CRCs that should be tested for MSI status. A particular aspect of the design of the BGs was to exclude MSI-positive CRCs that were likely to be sporadic. In other words, those CRCs that met the BG standards and were subsequently shown to be MSI-positive would be likely to be from patients with HNPCC/Lynch syndrome. This is because both age at diagnosis of CRC and positive family history were factored into the BGs. While the BGs are less stringent than the AC, by adding MSI testing they should become more specific, as well as more sensitive. The AC lack sensitivity because they are slanted toward the identification of large, multigenerational families in which penetrance of particular mutations is likely to be high. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers may sometimes present as sporadic CRC for such reasons as nonpaternity, adoption, denial or ignorance of family history, nonpenetrance, small or geographically dispersed families, and rare new mutations. It was necessary to revisit the BGs for a number of reasons. 35 These included problems of specificity with the National Cancer Institute s panel of DNA microsatellite markers, 36 the increasing availability of immunohistochemistry, the inadequacy of the original histologic features linked with MSI status, and the need to identify older-onset cases of HNPCC presenting in the community setting. With respect to the panel of microsatellite markers, it was shown that some of the nonmononucleotide markers, such as MYCL1 and D2S123, were mutated at surprisingly high frequency in CRCs that were DNA mismatch repair proficient. 37 This meant that low-level MSI CRCs that happened to have mutation of 2 non-mononucleotide markers could be labeled inappropriately as MSI-H. While it has been contended that immunohistochemistry is not as sensitive as MSI testing (see Burgart 19 ), it is likely that the staining for MSH6 and PMS2 proteins, as well as MLH1 and MSH2, will identify the vast majority of CRCs from subjects with HNPCC In this regard, the importance of PMS2 has been strongly reinforced recently Burgart Arch Pathol Lab Med Vol 129, November 2005 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Jass
4 points out that pathogenic missense mutations may result in the expression of a functionally deficient protein. In such cases, there may be loss of PMS2 expression even though mutant MLH1 protein is expressed. 41 Loss of PMS2 expression may therefore serve as a marker for germline mutation of MLH1. Loss of PMS2 expression may also indicate a germline mutation in the PMS2 gene itself. 42,43 Despite the possibility of the occasional false-negative immunohistochemical test, one could substantially reduce costs by limiting MSI testing to those cases in which immunostaining is either inconclusive or yields an apparently normal expression pattern at odds with a high index of suspicion of HNPCC/Lynch syndrome (see below). In the revised BGs the key histologic features of MSI-H CRCs are specified as follows: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, a Crohn-like lymphoid reaction, mucinous or signet ring cell histology, and a medullarytype growth pattern. 35 Since these features can be recognized relatively easily by pathologists, they provide an important opportunity for diagnosing later-onset cases of HNPCC, that is, presenting up to the age of 60 years. This component of the revised BGs means that the pathologist has an important role to play in the diagnosis of patients with HNPCC/ Lynch syndrome who do not present in multigenerational families. In this issue of the ARCHIVES, Gologan et al 44 have shown that at least 1 of the preceding histologic features was present in 80% of MSI-H CRCs that occurred within a population-based series of early-onset CRCs. Although the sensitivity and negative predictive value of histologic features were high, the specificity and positive predictive value were low. The significance of the findings of Gologan et al 44 is 2-fold. First, the revised BGs can identify more CRCs with MSI-H and therefore more patients with Lynch syndrome. 39 Second, the histologic features can be used to exclude cases from further testing for DNA mismatch repair status. For example, in CRC presenting in a patient younger than 50 years, one could restrict testing for DNA mismatch repair status to those cases with the appropriate histology. This approach may seem cavalier, yet by adding the absence of dirty necrosis to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and mucinous histology, morphology was shown to be 100% sensitive for MSI-H status in a recent study. 45 If one chose to undertake immunohistochemistry in all CRCs presenting in patients younger than 50 years, then one could at least use the histology features to limit the use of MSI testing to the small subset of CRCs with histologic features consistent with MSI-H status, despite normal expression of all 4 DNA mismatch repair proteins. To put this more simply, a sporadic CRC presenting in a patient younger than 50 years is highly unlikely to be from a patient with HNPCC if both the immunohistochemical findings are normal and the histologic features of MSI-H status are lacking. Based on the preceding premises, the pathologist is able to identify most cases of HNPCC presenting in the community setting. Loss of expression of MLH1 can be caused by mechanisms other than germline mutation and should not be equated with a diagnosis of HNPCC/Lynch syndrome. While most instances of loss of MSH2 expression will be explained by a germline mutation of MSH2, somatic loss may account for a few cases. The pathologist is testing phenotype rather than genotype, and reports should therefore raise the possibility of a diagnosis of HNPCC rather than issue a certain diagnosis. The suggestion that pathologists should not undertake immunohistochemical staining for DNA mismatch repair genes without the patient s prior consent is misguided. The pathologist is a professional who is trained to work up a specimen fully and to provide the clinician with the best available diagnostic evidence. By contrast, counseling patients on the basis of limited clinical information is undesirable. In failing to undertake a full diagnostic workup, the pathologist might be considered to be in breach of duty of care. The fact that the pathologist can contribute to the diagnosis of a serious genetic disorder by using a strategy that is both simple and cost-effective represents an important medical advance. SERRATED PATHWAY SYNDROME A number of HNPCC-like families, including some that met the AC, were recently distinguished from HNPCC/Lynch syndrome on the basis of various clinical, pathologic, and molecular features. These features included variable MSI status in the CRCs of affected family members; frequent mutation of BRAF and DNA methylation in both CRCs and polyps; a background of serrated polyps, including hyperplastic polyposis in up to 10% of cases; frequent glandular serration in CRCs; and a high female-male ratio among affected subjects. 46 These families will constitute at least some of the familial colorectal cancer type X cases noted above. There is evidence of an increased risk of cancer in the relatives of subjects with CRCs showing DNA methylation. 47 Another study did not confirm this finding, but introduced a major bias by excluding families that met a clinical definition of HNPCC. 48 As mentioned, not all families meeting a clinical definition of HNPCC have a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair gene. Therefore, a genetic predisposition to DNA methylation could underlie the serrated pathway syndrome. 46 In summary, the recent literature, including the 4 articles published in this edition of Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, not only expands our knowledge of hereditary CRC, but also highlights the fundamental role of the pathologist in achieving the correct diagnosis. References 1. Bussey HJR. Familial Polyposis Coli. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press; Järvinen HJ, Aarnio M, Mustonen H, et al. Controlled 15-year trial on screening for colorectal cancer in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2000;118: Spirio L, Olschwang S, Groden J, et al. Alleles of the APC gene: an attenuated form of familial polyposis. Cell. 1993;75: Ionescu DN, Papachristou G, Schoen RE, Hedge M, Richards CS, Monzon FA. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis: a case report with mixed features and review of genotype-phenotype correlation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129: Otori K, Konishi M, Sugiyama K, et al. Infrequent somatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in aberrant crypt foci of human colon tissue. Cancer. 1998;83: Kim JC, Koo KH, Lee DH, et al. Mutations at the APC exon 15 in the colorectal neoplastic tissues of serial array. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;16: Maltzman T, Knoll K, Martinez ME, et al. Kiras proto-oncogene mutations in sporadic colorectal adenomas: relationship to histologic and clinical characteristics. Gastroenterology. 2001;121: Samowitz WS, Powers MD, Spirio LN, Nollet F, van Roy F, Slattery ML. -Catenin mutations are more frequent in small colorectal adenomas than in larger adenomas and invasive carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1999;59: Matsumoto T, Iida M, Kobori Y, et al. Serrated adenoma in familial adenomatous polyposis: relation to germline APC gene mutation. Gut. 2002;50: Arch Pathol Lab Med Vol 129, November 2005 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Jass 1383
5 10. Leggett BA, Devereaux B, Biden K, Searle J, Young J, Jass J. Hyperplastic polyposis: association with colorectal cancer. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25: Al-Tassan N, Chmiel NH, Maynard J, et al. Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C T:A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet. 2002;30: Kambara T, Whitehall VLJ, Spring KJ, et al. Role of inherited defects of MYH in the development of sporadic colorectal cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2004;40: Gupta C, Mazzara PF. High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129: Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology. 1993;104: Vasen HFA, Mecklin J-P, Khan PM, Lynch HT. The international collaborative group on hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (ICG-HNPCC). Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34: Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki PS, Leach FS, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260: Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Mecklin J-P, et al. Replication errors in benign and malignant tumours from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1994;54: Lindor NM, Burgart LJ, Leontovich O, et al. Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite instability testing in phenotyping colorectal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20: Burgart LJ. Testing for defective DNA mismatch repair in colorectal carcinoma: a practical guide. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129: Jass JR, Cottier DS, Jeevaratnam P, et al. Diagnostic use of microsatellite instability in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1995;346: Jass JR, Pokos V, Arnold JL, et al. Colorectal neoplasms detected colonoscopically in at-risk members of colorectal cancer families stratified by the demonstration of DNA microsatellite instability. J Mol Med. 1996;74: Lindor NM, Rabe K, Petersen GM, et al. Lower cancer incidence in Amsterdam-1 criteria families without mismatch repair deficiency: familial colorectal cancer type X. JAMA. 2005;293: Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature. 1993;363: Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 1993;260: Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, et al. Methylation of the hmlh1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hmlh1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repair-defective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1997;57: Jass JR. HNPCC and sporadic MSI-H colorectal cancer: a review of the morphological similarities and differences. Fam Cancer. 2004;3: Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VLJ, et al. BRAF mutation and CpG island methylation: an alternative pathway to colorectal cancer. Gut. 2004; 53: McGivern A, Wynter CVA, Whitehall VLJ, et al. Promoter hypermethylation frequency and BRAF mutations distinguish hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer from sporadic MSI-H colon cancer. Fam Cancer. 2004;3: Kruhoffer M, Jensen JL, Laiho P, et al. Gene expression signatures for colorectal cancer microsatellite status and HNPCC. Br J Cancer. 2005;92: Gazzoli I, Loda M, Garber J, Syngal S, Kolodner RD. A hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma case associated with hypermethylation of the hmlh1 gene in normal tissue and loss of heterozygosity of the unmethylated allele in the resulting microsatellite instability-high tumor. Cancer Res. 2002;62: Miyakura Y, Sugano K, Akasu T, et al. Extensive but hemiallelic methylation of the hmlh1 promoter region in early-onset sporadic colon cancers with microsatellite instability. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2: Suter CM, Martin DI, Ward RL. Germline epimutation of MLH1 in individuals with multiple cancers. Nat Genet. 2004;36: Jass JR. Clinical significance of early-onset sporadic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46: Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Boland CR, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute workshop on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: meeting highlights and Bethesda guidelines. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89: Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, et al. Revised Bethesda guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1998;58: Bacher JW, Flanagan LA, Smalley RL, et al. Development of a fluorescent multiplex assay for detection of MSI-high tumors. Dis Markers. 2004; 20: Chai SM, Zeps N, Shearwood A-M, et al. Screening for defective DNA mismatch repair in stage II and III colorectal cancer patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2: Pinol V, Castells A, Andreu M, et al. Accuracy of revised Bethesda guidelines, microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry for the identification of patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2005;293: Hampel H, Frankel WL, Martin E, et al. Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: de Jong AE, van Puijenbroek M, Hendriks Y, et al. Microsatellite instability, immunohistochemistry, and additional PMS2 staining in suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10: Worthley DL, Walsh MD, Barker M, et al. Familial mutations in PMS2 can cause autosomal dominant hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005;128: Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005;128: Gologan A, Krasinskas A, Hunt J, Thull DL, Farkas L, Sepulveda AR. Performance of the revised Bethesda guidelines for identification of colorectal carcinomas with high level of microsatellite instability. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129: Greenson JK, Bonner JD, Ben-Yzhak O, et al. Phenotype of microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27: Young J, Barker MA, Simms LA, et al. BRAF mutation and variable levels of microsatellite instability characterize a syndrome of familial colorectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3: Frazier ML, Xi L, Zong J, et al. Association of the CpG island methylator phenotype with family history of cancer in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2003;63: Ward RL, Williams R, Law M, Hawkins NJ. The CpG island methylator phenotype is not associated with a personal or family history of cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64: Arch Pathol Lab Med Vol 129, November 2005 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Jass
B Base excision repair, in MUTYH-associated polyposis and colorectal cancer, BRAF testing, for hereditary colorectal cancer, 696
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Adenomatous polyposis, familial. See Familial adenomatous polyposis. Anal anastomosis, ileal-pouch, proctocolectomy with, in FAP, 591
More informationClinicopathologic Characteristics of Left-Sided Colon Cancers with High Microsatellite Instability
The Korean Journal of Pathology 29; 43: 428-34 DOI: 1.4132/KoreanJPathol.29.43.5.428 Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Left-Sided Colon Cancers with High Microsatellite Instability Sang Kyum Kim Junjeong
More informationA Review from the Genetic Counselor s Perspective
: A Review from the Genetic Counselor s Perspective Erin Sutcliffe, MS, CGC Certified Genetic Counselor Cancer Risk Evaluation Program INTRODUCTION Errors in base pair matching that occur during DNA replication,
More informationGENETICS OF COLORECTAL CANCER: HEREDITARY ASPECTS By. Magnitude of the Problem. Magnitude of the Problem. Cardinal Features of Lynch Syndrome
GENETICS OF COLORECTAL CANCER: HEREDITARY ASPECTS By HENRY T. LYNCH, M.D. 1 Could this be hereditary Colon Cancer 4 Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska Magnitude of the Problem Annual
More informationSerrated Polyps and a Classification of Colorectal Cancer
Serrated Polyps and a Classification of Colorectal Cancer Ian Chandler June 2011 Structure Serrated polyps and cancer Molecular biology The Jass classification The familiar but oversimplified Vogelsteingram
More informationDevelopment of Carcinoma Pathways
The Construction of Genetic Pathway to Colorectal Cancer Moriah Wright, MD Clinical Fellow in Colorectal Surgery Creighton University School of Medicine Management of Colon and Diseases February 23, 2019
More informationColorectal carcinoma (CRC) was traditionally thought of
Testing for Defective DNA Mismatch Repair in Colorectal Carcinoma A Practical Guide Lawrence J. Burgart, MD Context. Significant bench and clinical data have been generated during the last decade regarding
More informationFamilial and Hereditary Colon Cancer
Familial and Hereditary Colon Cancer Aasma Shaukat, MD, MPH, FACG, FASGE, FACP GI Section Chief, Minneapolis VAMC Associate Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
More informationFamilial and Hereditary Colon Cancer
Familial and Hereditary Colon Cancer Aasma Shaukat, MD, MPH, FACG, FASGE, FACP GI Section Chief, Minneapolis VAMC Associate Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
More informationPolicy Specific Section: Medical Necessity and Investigational / Experimental. October 14, 1998 March 28, 2014
Medical Policy Genetic Testing for Colorectal Cancer Type: Medical Necessity and Investigational / Experimental Policy Specific Section: Laboratory/Pathology Original Policy Date: Effective Date: October
More informationMolecular aspects of HNPCC and identification of mutation carriers Niessen, Renee
University of Groningen Molecular aspects of HNPCC and identification of mutation carriers Niessen, Renee IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish
More informationGeneral Surgery Grand Grounds
General Surgery Grand Grounds University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Case Presentation December 24, 2009 Adam Lackey, PGY-5 J.L. - 2111609 27 YO female with chief complaint of abdominal pain. PMHx:
More informationT he lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is 5%, with. Adenoma prevalence and cancer risk in familial non-polyposis colorectal cancer CANCER
228 CANCER Adenoma prevalence and cancer risk in familial non-polyposis colorectal cancer G Lindgren, A Liljegren, E Jaramillo, C Rubio, A Lindblom... See end of article for authors affiliations... Correspondence
More informationColonic polyps and colon cancer. Andrew Macpherson Director of Gastroentology University of Bern
Colonic polyps and colon cancer Andrew Macpherson Director of Gastroentology University of Bern Improtance of the problem of colon cancers - Epidemiology Lifetime risk 5% Incidence/10 5 /annum (US Detroit
More informationRisk of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Hereditary Syndromes in GI Cancer GENETIC MALPRACTICE
Identifying the Patient at Risk for an Inherited Syndrome Sapna Syngal, MD, MPH, FACG Director, Gastroenterology Director, Familial GI Program Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women s Cancer Center Associate Professor
More informationMultistep nature of cancer development. Cancer genes
Multistep nature of cancer development Phenotypic progression loss of control over cell growth/death (neoplasm) invasiveness (carcinoma) distal spread (metastatic tumor) Genetic progression multiple genetic
More informationColorectal Neoplasia. Dr. Smita Devani MBChB, MRCP. Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi
Colorectal Neoplasia Dr. Smita Devani MBChB, MRCP Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi Case History BT, 69yr male Caucasian History of rectal bleeding No change
More informationThe Whys OAP Annual Meeting CCO Symposium September 20. Immunohistochemical Assessment Dr. Terence Colgan Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Mismatch Repair Proteins in Endometrial Cancer: The Whys and How Terence J. Colgan, MD Head of Gynaecological Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto.
More informationArthur Purdy Stout Society of Surgical Pathologists Companion Meeting. Microsatellite Instability and Serrated Adenomas in Common Practice
Arthur Purdy Stout Society of Surgical Pathologists Companion Meeting Microsatellite Instability and Serrated Adenomas in Common Practice United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Annual Meeting
More informationCAP Laboratory Improvement Programs. Summary of Microsatellite Instability Test Results From Laboratories Participating in Proficiency Surveys
CAP Laboratory Improvement Programs Summary of Microsatellite Instability Test Results From Laboratories Participating in Proficiency Surveys Proficiency Survey Results From 2005 to 2012 Theresa A. Boyle,
More informationBeyond the APC era Alternative pathways to CRC. Jeremy R Jass McGill University
Beyond the APC era Alternative pathways to CRC Jeremy R Jass McGill University Outline Limitations of APC model KRAS and serrated polyps CRC and CpG island methylation Serrated pathway to CRC Fusion pathways
More informationCOLORECTAL PATHWAY GROUP, MANCHESTER CANCER. Guidelines for the assessment of mismatch. Colorectal Cancer
COLORECTAL PATHWAY GROUP, MANCHESTER CANCER Guidelines for the assessment of mismatch repair (MMR) status in Colorectal Cancer January 2015 1 Background Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is seen in approximately
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Policy Number: 2.04.08 Last Review: 1/2018 Origination: 1/2004 Next Review: 1/2019 Policy Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas
More informationLynch Syndrome Screening for Endometrial Cancer: Basic Concepts 1/16/2017
1 Hi, my name is Sarah Kerr. I m a pathologist at Mayo Clinic, where I participate in our high volume Lynch syndrome tumor testing practice. Today I hope to cover some of the basics needed to understand
More informationClinicopathologic Factors Identify Sporadic Mismatch Repair Defective Colon Cancers
Anatomic Pathology / MORPHOLOGY IN MMR-DEFECTIVE COLON CANCER Clinicopathologic Factors Identify Sporadic Mismatch Repair Defective Colon Cancers Britta Halvarsson, MD, PhD, 1 Harald Anderson, PhD, 2 Katarina
More informationHyperplastic polyps in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
4 Hyperplastic polyps in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer F E M Rijcken 1, T van der Sluis 2, H Hollema 2, J H Kleibeuker 1 Department of Gastroenterology 1 and Pathology 2, University Medical
More informationCOLORECTAL PATHWAY GROUP, MANCHESTER CANCER. Guidelines for the assessment of mismatch. Colorectal Cancer
COLORECTAL PATHWAY GROUP, MANCHESTER CANCER Guidelines for the assessment of mismatch repair (MMR) status in Colorectal Cancer March 2017 1 Background Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is seen in approximately
More informationContent. Diagnostic approach and clinical management of Lynch Syndrome: guidelines. Terminology. Identification of Lynch Syndrome
of Lynch Syndrome: guidelines 17/03/2009 Content Terminology Lynch Syndrome Presumed Lynch Syndrome Familial Colorectal Cancer Identification of Lynch Syndrome Amsterdam II criteria Revised Bethesda Guidelines
More informationThe molecular genetics of colorectal cancer
1 Department of Gastroenterology, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK 2 Institute of Molecular Genetics, Cardiff University 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Queen s Hospital Romford, London,
More informationAnatomic Molecular Pathology: An Emerging Field
Anatomic Molecular Pathology: An Emerging Field Antonia R. Sepulveda M.D., Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania asepu@mail.med.upenn.edu 2008 ASIP Annual Meeting Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty
More informationHereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, MD
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes Miguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, MD Living Beyond Cancer A-Z January 12,2019 Hereditary CRC Syndromes Objectives are to discuss the : Most common Hereditary CRC syndromes
More informationColon Cancer and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
Colon Cancer and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Gisela Keller Institute of Pathology Technische Universität München gisela.keller@lrz.tum.de Colon Cancer and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes epidemiology models
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Applies to all products administered or underwritten by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana and its subsidiary, HMO Louisiana,
More informationCOLON CANCER GENETICS (FOR SURGEONS) Mark W. Arnold MD Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Professor of Surgery The Ohio State University
COLON CANCER GENETICS (FOR SURGEONS) Mark W. Arnold MD Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Professor of Surgery The Ohio State University 1. I am a surgeon; of course I have nothing to disclose.
More informationColorectal adenocarcinoma leading cancer in developed countries In US, annual deaths due to colorectal adenocarcinoma 57,000.
Colonic Neoplasia Remotti Colorectal adenocarcinoma leading cancer in developed countries In US, annual incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma 150,000. In US, annual deaths due to colorectal adenocarcinoma
More informationPathology perspective of colonic polyposis syndromes
Pathology perspective of colonic polyposis syndromes When are too many polyps too many? David Schaeffer Head and Consultant Pathologist, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General
More informationGenetic Testing for Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes. C. Richard Boland, MD La Jolla, CA January 21, 2017
Genetic Testing for Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes C. Richard Boland, MD La Jolla, CA January 21, 2017 Disclosure Information C. Richard Boland, MD I have no financial relationships to disclose.
More informationGENETIC MANAGEMENT OF A FAMILY HISTORY OF FAP or MUTYH ASSOCIATED POLYPOSIS. Family Health Clinical Genetics. Clinical Genetics department
GENETIC MANAGEMENT OF A FAMILY HISTORY OF FAP or MUTYH ASSOCIATED POLYPOSIS Full Title of Guideline: Author (include email and role): Division & Speciality: GUIDELINES FOR THE GENETIC MANAGEMENT OF A FAMILY
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Policy Number: Original Effective Date: MM.02.007 09/01/2011 Line(s) of Business: Current Effective Date: HMO; PPO; QUEST Integration
More informationcolorectal cancer Colorectal cancer hereditary sporadic Familial 1/12/2018
colorectal cancer Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum is the third most common site of new cancer cases and deaths in men (following prostate and lung or bronchus cancer) and women (following breast
More informationColonic Polyp. Najmeh Aletaha. MD
Colonic Polyp Najmeh Aletaha. MD 1 Polyps & classification 2 Colorectal cancer risk factors 3 Pathogenesis 4 Surveillance polyp of the colon refers to a protuberance into the lumen above the surrounding
More informationGeneral Session 7: Controversies in Screening and Surveillance in Colorectal Cancer
General Session 7: Controversies in Screening and Surveillance in Colorectal Cancer Complexities of Pathological Assessment: Serrated Polyps/Adenomas Carolyn Compton, MD, PhD Professor of Life Sciences,
More informationHereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer(HNPCC) From clinic to genetics
From clinic to genetics Question 1) Clinical pattern of inheritance of the HNPCC-Syndrome? Question 1) Clinical pattern of inheritance of the HNPCC-Syndrome? Autosomal dominant Question 2) Incidence of
More informationMedical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Page 1 of 34 Medical Policy An independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Title: Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other
More informationManagement of higher risk of colorectal cancer. Huw Thomas
Management of higher risk of colorectal cancer Huw Thomas Colorectal Cancer 41,000 new cases pa in UK 16,000 deaths pa 60% 5 year survival Adenoma-carcinoma sequence (Morson) Survival vs stage (Dukes)
More informationColorectal cancer Chapelle, J Clin Oncol, 2010
Colorectal cancer Chapelle, J Clin Oncol, 2010 Early-Stage Colorectal cancer: Microsatellite instability, multigene assay & emerging molecular strategy Asit Paul, MD, PhD 11/24/15 Mr. X: A 50 yo asymptomatic
More informationLynch syndrome (often termed hereditary nonpolyposis
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007;133:48 56 Pathology Features in Bethesda Guidelines Predict Colorectal Cancer Microsatellite Instability: A Population-Based Study MARK A. JENKINS,* SHINICHI HAYASHI, ANNE-MARIE O
More informationWhat All of Us Should Know About Cancer and Genetics
What All of Us Should Know About Cancer and Genetics Beth A. Pletcher, MD, FAAP, FACMG Associate Professor of Pediatrics UMDNJ- New Jersey Medical School Disclosures I have no relevant financial relationships
More informationCaring for Patients at Risk for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer
February 05, 2007 By Karen Greco, PhD, RN, ANP [1] About 6% of colorectal cancers are caused by genetic mutations associated with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. The most common hereditary cancer
More informationFamily history and molecular features of children, adolescents, and young adults with colorectal carcinoma
1146 COLON CANCER Family history and molecular features of children, adolescents, and young adults with colorectal carcinoma C Durno, M Aronson, B Bapat, Z Cohen, S Gallinger... See end of article for
More informationHereditary Cancer Syndromes
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Nicoleta Voian, MD, MPH Director Clinical Genetics Service Roswell Park Cancer Institute Nicoleta.Voian@Roswellpark.org February 28, 2017 Common Genetics Terms Gene: A hereditary
More informationCase Presentation Diana Lim, MBBS, FRCPA, FRCPath Senior Consultant Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore Assistant Pr
Case Presentation Diana Lim, MBBS, FRCPA, FRCPath Senior Consultant Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore Assistant Professor Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
More informationTumorNext-Lynch. genetic testing for hereditary colorectal or uterine cancer
TumorNet-Lynch genetic testing for hereditary colorectal or uterine cancer What Are the Causes of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer? sporadic 70% familial 20% hereditary 10% Lynch syndrome, up to 4% Familial
More informationCOLON CANCER & GENETICS VERMONT COLORECTAL CANCER SUMMIT NOVEMBER 15, 2014
COLON CANCER & GENETICS VERMONT COLORECTAL CANCER SUMMIT NOVEMBER 15, 2014 WENDY MCKINNON, MS, CGC CERTIFIED GENETIC COUNSELOR FAMILIAL CANCER PROGRAM UNIVERSIT Y OF VERMONT MEDICAL CENTER 1 CHARACTERISTICS
More informationHST.161 Molecular Biology and Genetics in Modern Medicine Fall 2007
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu HST.161 Molecular Biology and Genetics in Modern Medicine Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationHyperplastische Polyps Innocent bystanders?
Hyperplastische Polyps Innocent bystanders?? K. Geboes P th l i h O tl dk d Pathologische Ontleedkunde, KULeuven Content Historical Classification Relation Hyperplastic polyps carcinoma The concept cept
More informationSynchronous and Subsequent Lesions of Serrated Adenomas and Tubular Adenomas of the Colorectum
Tsumura T, et al 1 Synchronous and Subsequent Lesions of Serrated Adenomas and Tubular Adenomas of the Colorectum T. Tsumura a T. Hiyama d S. Tanaka b M. Yoshihara d K. Arihiro c K. Chayama a Departments
More informationGuidelines for the assessment of mismatch repair (MMR) status in Colorectal Cancer
Guidelines for the assessment of mismatch repair (MMR) status in Colorectal Cancer Start date: May 2015 Review date: April 2018 1 Background Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is seen in approximately 15%
More informationColorectal Carcinoma Reporting in 2009
Colorectal Carcinoma Reporting in 2009 Overview Colorectal carcinoma- new and confusing AJCC TNM issues Wendy L. Frankel, M.D. Vice-Chair and Director of AP Department of Pathology The Ohio State University
More informationMedicine OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Medicine OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Observational Study: Familial Relevance and Oncological Significance of Revised Bethesda Guidelines in Colorectal Patients That Have Undergone Curative Resection Won Beom Jung,
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Policy Number: 2.04.08 Last Review: 1/2019 Origination: 1/2004 Next Review: 1/2020 Policy Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas
More informationCANCER. Inherited Cancer Syndromes. Affects 25% of US population. Kills 19% of US population (2nd largest killer after heart disease)
CANCER Affects 25% of US population Kills 19% of US population (2nd largest killer after heart disease) NOT one disease but 200-300 different defects Etiologic Factors In Cancer: Relative contributions
More informationGenetic testing all you need to know
Genetic testing all you need to know Sue Clark Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, St Mark s Hospital, London, UK. Colorectal cancer Familial 33% Polyposis syndromes
More informationSessile Serrated Polyps
Årsmøtet i Den norske Patologforening 2014 Sessile Serrated Polyps Tor J. Eide Oslo Universitetssykehus The term serrated include a group of lesions with a sawtoothlike appearance of the crypts and the
More informationPrimary Care Approach to Genetic Cancer Syndromes
Primary Care Approach to Genetic Cancer Syndromes Jason M. Goldman, MD, FACP FAU School of Medicine Syndromes Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
More informationReplication error phenotype, clinicopathological variables, and patient outcome in Dukes B stage II (T3,N0,M0) colorectal cancer
200 Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland B Curran EWKay M Leader Department of Biochemistry K Lenehan O Tighe M A Bennett D T Croke Gastroenterology
More informationMr Chris Wakeman. General Surgeon University of Otago, Christchurch. 12:15-12:40 Management of Colorectal Cancer
Mr Chris Wakeman General Surgeon University of Otago, Christchurch 12:15-12:40 Management of Colorectal Cancer Bowel cancer Chris Wakeman Colorectal Surgeon Christchurch Sam Simon (Simpsons) Elizabeth
More informationSubject: Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
05-82000-31 Original Effective Date: 10/15/01 Reviewed: 10/25/18 Revised: 11/15/18 Subject: Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes THIS MEDICAL COVERAGE GUIDELINE
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Inherited Intestinal Polyposis Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Inherited Intestinal Polyposis Syndromes Policy Number: 2.04.08 Last Review: 1/2014 Origination: 1/2004 Next Review: 1/2015 Policy Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas
More informationHigh risk stage II colon cancer
High risk stage II colon cancer Joel Gingerich, MD, FRCPC Assistant Professor Medical Oncologist University of Manitoba CancerCare Manitoba Disclaimer No conflict of interests 16 October 2010 Overview
More informationAnalysis of current testing practices
Clin Genet 2015: 87: 368 372 Printed in Singapore. All rights reserved Short Report Analysis of current testing practices for biallelic MUTYH mutations in MUTYH-associated polyposis 2014 John Wiley & Sons
More informationFACT SHEET 49. What is meant by a family history of bowel cancer? What is bowel cancer? What causes bowel cancer?
Important points The most important factors that can influence an individual s chance of developing bowel cancer are getting older and having a family history of bowel cancer A family history of bowel
More informationCorporate Medical Policy
Corporate Medical Policy File Name: Origination: Last CAP Review: Next CAP Review: Last Review: genetic_testing_for_colon_cancer 5/2004 8/2017 8/2018 8/2017 Description of Procedure or Service Genetic
More informationTumor suppressor genes D R. S H O S S E I N I - A S L
Tumor suppressor genes 1 D R. S H O S S E I N I - A S L What is a Tumor Suppressor Gene? 2 A tumor suppressor gene is a type of cancer gene that is created by loss-of function mutations. In contrast to
More informationSerrated Polyps, Part 2: Their Mechanisms and Management Ryan C. Romano, DO
Polyps, Part 2: Their Mechanisms and Management Ryan C. Romano, DO In the prelude to this article ( Polyps Part I: Their Confusing History) we discussed the evolution of colorectal serrated polyp classification,
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome And Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome And Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Policy Number: Original Effective Date: MM.02.007 09/01/2011 Line(s) of Business: Current Effective Date: HMO; PPO; QUEST Integration
More informationPENETRANCE ACTIONABILITY SIGNIFICANCE/BURDEN OF DISEASE NEXT STEPS. YES ( 1 of above) YES (Proceed to Stage II)
Stage I: Binning Dashboard GENE/GENE PANEL: APC ACTIONABILITY 1. Is there a qualifying resource, such as a practice guideline or systematic review, for the genetic condition? 2. Does the practice guideline
More informationHereditary Gastric Cancer
Hereditary Gastric Cancer Dr Bastiaan de Boer Consultant Pathologist Department of Anatomical Pathology PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QE II Medical Centre Clinical Associate Professor School of Pathology
More informationUniversal Screening for Lynch Syndrome
Universal Screening for Lynch Syndrome St. Vincent/Ameripath protocol proposal Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) 1/35 individuals with colorectal cancer has Lynch syndrome Over half individuals are >50 at time of
More informationDefective mismatch repair in the pathogenesis of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and adenocarcinomas
& 2004 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/04 $30.00 www.modernpathology.org Defective mismatch repair in the pathogenesis of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms and adenocarcinomas Joseph Misdraji
More informationMedical Benefit Effective Date: 04/01/12 Next Review Date: 01/13 Preauthorization* Yes Review Dates: 01/10, 01/11, 01/12
Genetic Testing for Inherited Susceptibility to Colon Cancer, (20408) Medical Benefit Effective Date: 04/01/12 Next Review Date: 01/13 Preauthorization* Yes Review Dates: 01/10, 01/11, 01/12 The following
More informationFAMILIAL COLORECTAL CANCER. Lyn Schofield Manager Familial Cancer Registry
FAMILIAL COLORECTAL CANCER Lyn Schofield Manager Familial Cancer Registry Cancer in WA 2004 4000 3500 ASPR, rate per 100,000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 Male incidence Female incidence Male mortality Female
More informationMeasure Description. Denominator Statement
CMS ID/CMS QCDR ID: CAP 18 Title: Mismatch Repair (MMR) or Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Biomarker Testing to Inform Clinical Management and Treatment Decisions in Patients with Primary or Metastatic
More informationPage 1 of 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 1 of 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Patient Evaluation and Recommendation..Page 2 Testing and Follow-up..Page 3 Genetic Counseling Referral Criteria.....Page 4-5 Patient Education..Page 6 Suggested Readings...Page
More informationMolecular Diagnosis for Colorectal Cancer Patients
Molecular Diagnosis for Colorectal Cancer Patients Antonia R. Sepulveda MD, PhD, FCAP October, 20, 2010 www.cap.org Welcome to the PHC Webinar Series This talk on The Molecular Diagnosis for Colorectal
More informationColorectal Cancer Syndromes. Barbara Jung, MD AGAF Associate Professor and Chief University of Illinois at Chicago
Colorectal Cancer Syndromes Barbara Jung, MD AGAF Associate Professor and Chief University of Illinois at Chicago Outline Colon cancer General Genetics, Risk, Screening Specific Syndromes, when to suspect,
More informationGenetics of Colorectal Cancer
Review Article [1] March 01, 2006 Colorectal Cancer [2], Cancer and Genetics [3], Gastrointestinal Cancer [4], Oncology Journal [5], Ovarian Cancer [6] By Joanne M. Jeter, MD [7], Wendy Kohlmann, MS [8],
More informationDIAGNOSTICS ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME Diagnostics consultation document
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE DIAGNOSTICS ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME Diagnostics consultation document Molecular testing strategies for Lynch syndrome in The National Institute for Health
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Section 2.0 Medicine Subsection 2.04 Pathology/Laboratory
2.04.08 Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Section 2.0 Medicine Subsection 2.04 Pathology/Laboratory Effective Date January 30, 2015 Original Policy Date October
More informationIntroduction. Chapter 1
Introduction Chapter 1 1.1 Colorectal cancer Transformation from normal cell to cancer cell is thought to be a multi-step process involving the accumulation of genetic alterations in oncogenes, tumor
More informationColon Cancer Update Christie J. Hilton, DO
POMA Winter Conference Christie Hilton DO Medical Oncology January 2018 None Colon Cancer Numbers Screening (brief update) Practice changing updates in colon cancer MSI Testing Immunotherapy in Colon Cancer
More informationDiagnostics guidance Published: 22 February 2017 nice.org.uk/guidance/dg27
Molecular testing strategies for Lynch syndrome in people with colorectal cancer Diagnostics guidance Published: 22 February 2017 nice.org.uk/guidance/dg27 NICE 2018. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice
More informationColon cancer: practical molecular diagnostics. Wade S. Samowitz, M.D. University of Utah and ARUP
Colon cancer: practical molecular diagnostics Wade S. Samowitz, M.D. University of Utah and ARUP Disclosure Dr. Samowitz may receive royalties in the future related to the Ventana BRAF V600E antibody.
More informationM. Azzam Kayasseh,Dubai,UAE
Thanks A Lot Prof. Linda + Prof. Ernst #drkayasseh_crc_rsm #WEO_CRCSC #UEGW17 @dubaiendoscopyforum @drkayasseh.care.to.cure Twenty World Areas Age-Standardized CRC Incidence Rates by Sex GLOBOCAN 2008
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,350 108,000 1.7 M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationGenetic Testing for Inherited Susceptibility to Colon Cancer; Including Microsatellite Instability Testing. Original Policy Date
MP 2.04.06 Genetic Testing for Inherited Susceptibility to Colon Cancer; Including Microsatellite Instability Testing Medical Policy Section Medicine Issue 12:2013 Original Policy Date 12:2013 Last Review
More informationGenetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes
Genetic Testing for Lynch Syndrome and Other Inherited Colon Cancer Syndromes Applies to all products administered or underwritten by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana and its subsidiary, HMO Louisiana,
More informationFamilial Adenomatous Polyposis
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis 1 in 10,000 incidence 100 s to 1000 s of colonic adenomas by teens Cancer risk: colon, gastric, duodenum (periampulla), small bowel, pancreas, papillary thyroid, childhood
More informationAsingle inherited mutant gene may be enough to
396 Cancer Inheritance STEVEN A. FRANK Asingle inherited mutant gene may be enough to cause a very high cancer risk. Single-mutation cases have provided much insight into the genetic basis of carcinogenesis,
More informationCANCER GENETICS PROVIDER SURVEY
Dear Participant, Previously you agreed to participate in an evaluation of an education program we developed for primary care providers on the topic of cancer genetics. This is an IRB-approved, CDCfunded
More information