OSOBINE ĆELIJA PRIRODNIH UBICA

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1 PREGLEDI IZ LITERATURE BIBLID: , 134(2006) 1-2, p OSOBINE ĆELIJA PRIRODNIH UBICA Vladimir JURIŠIĆ Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Kragujevac KRATAK SADRŽAJ Ćelije prirodne ubice (Natural Killer Cells NK ćelije) predstavqaju 10-15% populacije limfocita periferne krvi i imaju morfologiju velikih, granularnih limfocita (Large Granular Lymphocytes LGL). Vezuju i uništavaju ćelije inficirane virusima i maligno transformisane bez prethodne senzibilizacije, a takođe učestvuju u regulaciji hematopoeze, procesu reprodukcije i brojnim imunološkim aktivnostima in vivo (odbrana u infekciji mikoplazmom i gqivicama). Na osnovu rezultata mnogih studija smatra se da limfociti periferne krvi pokazuju aktivnost NK ćelija, dok se imunofenotipski definišu kao: CD3 -, TCR -, površinski Ig -, CD56 +, CD16 +, CD94/NKG2D +, CD158a +, D158b +, CD161 + FasL +. Aktivnost NK ćelija se izražava određivawem procenta liziranih ciqnih tumorskih ćelija (K-562, MOLT, Daudi) koje su prethodno obeležene radioaktivnim hromom ili na osnovu oslobađawa unutarćelijskih enzima (laktat-dehidrogenaza LDH). NK ćelije su sposobne za dvojnu citolitičku aktivnost. Jedna je spontana citotoksičnost nezavisna od antigena glavnog histokompatibilnog kompleksa (MHC), dok je druga vrsta aktivnosti ćelijska citotoksičnost posredovana antitelima (Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity ADCC). NK ćelije posle aktivacije procesom egzocitoze oslobađaju iz svojih granula pojedine enzime: perforin, serin-esterazu 1 i 2 (granzim A i B), hondroitin-sulfat, fosfolipazu A 2 i druge litičke supstancije i uništavaju maligno transformisane ćelije putem nekroze. Međutim, nesekrecionim mehanizmom aktivacijom preko TNF (Tumour Nefrosis Factor) receptora NK ćelije svoje efektorske mehanizme ispoqavaju i procesom apoptoze. Aktivnost NK ćelija je smawena u raznim tumorima, u zavisnosti od stadijuma bolesti. Kqučne reči: NK ćelije; imunofenotip; aktivacija; efektorski mehanizmi; apoptoza; nekroza UVOD Ćelije prirodne ubice (Natural Killer Cells NK ćelije) predstavqaju 10-15% populacije limfocita periferne krvi i imaju morfologiju velikih, granularnih limfocita. Ove ćelije prepoznaju i uništavaju ćelije inficirane virusima i maligno transformisane [1-5], a imaju ulogu i u regulaciji hematopoeze, kao i u mnogim imunološkim aktivnostima (Tabela 1). NK ćelije potiču iz matičnih ćelija hematopoeze. Na diferencijaciju NK ćelija stromalne ćelije kostne srži imaju uticaja preko proizvodwe pojedinih citokina, interleukina 2, 3 i 7 (IL-2, IL-3, IL-7) [6-10]. Hormoni timusa mewaju aktivnost NK ćelija kod miševa [11], dok su u timusu qudskog fetusa identifikovane nezrele NK ćelije [12]. Posle izlaska iz kostne srži, većina NK ćelija cirkuliše u periferiji ili migrira do slezine, gde se nalazi 36% od ukupnog broja ovih ćelija, dok ih je samo malo u timusu i limfnim čvorovima zdravih osoba [13]. TABELA Biološke uloge NK ćelija. TABLE Biology of NK cells Antitumorska aktivnost Antitumor activity Aktivnost prema ćelijama inficiranim virusima Activity against viral infected cells Uloga u reprodukciji Role in reproduction Uloga u imunoregulaciji Immunoregulatory role Uloga u regulaciji hematopoeze Role in regulation of hematopoiesis Povezanost sa funkcijom nervnih ćelija Association with neural cell function POVRŠINSKI ANTIGENI QUDSKIH NK ĆELIJA Najviše korišćen antigeni za identifikaciju NK ćelija, kao i u procesima izolovawa prečišćene populacije su: CD16, CD56 i CD57 molekule, mada se danas intenzivno ispituju i druge membranske molekule neophodne za aktivaciju, kao potencijalni receptori. CD16 (FcγRIII) antigen niskim afinitetom vezuje Fc region imunoglobulina G, i to potklase IgG 1 i IgG Ovaj antigen je glikoziran polipeptid, molekulske težine kd, koji se javqa u dva oblika. FcγRIIIA se nalazi na 80-90% NK ćelija, a vrlo malo na neutrofilima, eozinofilima, nekim delovima monocita, T ćelijama, kao i tkivnim makrofagima, dok se FcγRIIIB nalazi samo na neutrofilima [14]. FcγRIIIA molekul je povezan nekovalentnom vezom sa CD3ζ lancem na NK ćelijama. Skoro 10% NK ćelija periferne krvi koje su CD16 - su CD56 + [15]. CD56 antigen je ispoqen na mirujućim i aktiviranim NK ćelijama periferne krvi, kao i na aktiviranim ćelijama kostne srži i slezine. Ovaj antigen postoji i na T citotoksičnim limfocitima, koji ispoqavaju citotoksičnu aktivnost bez učešća glavnog histokompatibilnog kompleksa (MHC) [16]. Ovo je adhezivni molekul nazvan NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule), ispoqen i na nelimfoidnim ćelijama (nervne ćelije) i pojedinim komponentama mišićnog tkiva u toku regeneracije. Ne počiwe i ne aktivira NK citotoksičnost, već učestvuje u reakcijama približavawa molekula [17]. CD57 antigen od 110 kd ispoqen je na 30-50% NK ćelija, ali ga eksprimiraju i CD3 +, CD8 +, T limfociti i B ćelije. 71

2 CD69 antigen postoji na pojedinim hematopoeznim ćelijama, ali vrlo malo na mirujućim NK ćelijama. Posle tretmana forbol-estrima, mitogenima ili citokinima in vitro, NK ćelije značajno ispoqavaju ovaj antigen na svojoj membrani. Smatra se da je to jedan od aktivacionih antigena ne samo na NK ćelijama, već i na drugim aktiviranim ćelijama [18, 19]. Ovaj pokazateq može da bude od koristi u imunološkom nadgledawu prilikom procene efekta imunoterapijskih protokola, koji obuhvataju primenu interferona ili citokina kod osoba obolelih od tumora. Ipak, promene u aktivacionim antigenima ne odražavaju uvek i funkciju aktivnosti NK ćelija [19, 20]. Populacija limfocita periferne krvi (zastupqena sa mawe od 5%) fenotipski predstavqena kao CD56 + /CD3 + pokazuje MHC nezavisnu citotoksičnost. Kako CD3 kompleks, sastavqen od pet polipeptidnih lanaca, za aktivaciju zahteva T ćelijski receptor (TCR), koji NK ćelije ne ispoqavaju [20], ova populacija ne pripada klasičnim NK ćelijama. Na osnovu mnogih podataka smatra se da NK ćelije imaju imunofenotipske odlike: CD3 -, TCR -, površinski Ig -, dok su CD56 +, CD16 +, CD161+(NKR-P1), NKp46, NKp30, NKp44, p58.1, p58.2, p70, p140, CD94 i CD94/NKG2D: CD158a +, CD158b +, CD94/NKG2 A, B, C + (prepoznaju klasične HLA-A, B, C i neklasične HLA-E i HLA-G antigene), FasL + (Apo-1, CD95 apoptotski ligand). ODLIKE CITOLITIČKE AKTIVNOSTI NK ĆELIJA TABELA Ciljne ćelije za ispitivanje NK aktivnosti in vitro. TABLE Target cells for evaluation of NK in vitro activity. K-562 ćelijska linija K-562 cell line MOLT-4 ćelijska linija MOLT-4 cell line DAUDI ćelijska linija DAUDI cell line Funkcionalna aktivnost NK ćelija se uglavnom izražava određivawem procenta liziranih ciqnih tumorskih ćelija, prethodno obeleženih radioaktivnim hromom [20], ili na osnovu oslobađawa unutarćelijskih enzima (laktat-dehidrogenaze LDH) posle wihovog lizirawa [21-24]. Tumorske ćelije, kao što su K-562 (dobijene od bolesnika s hroničnom mijeloidnom leukemijom u blastnoj fazi), MOLT-4 (dobijene od bolesnika s akutnom limfoblastnom leukemijom), virusno inficirane i druge sveže tumorske ćelije, mogu se koristiti kao ciqne ćelije (Tabela 2). Tumorske K-562 ćelije se često koriste kao ciqna ćelijska linija, a poseduju i visoke vrednosti LDH, pa se koriste za enzimski test za procenu stepena lizirawa NK ćelija. Stepen citotoksične aktivnost zavisi od eksperimentalnih uslova, kao što su broj ćelija, trajawe kontakta efektor target i prisustvo stimulacionih i inhibitornih činilaca [24-26]. NK ćelije su sposobne za dvojnu citolitičku aktivnost. Jedna je spontana citotoksičnost nezavisna od antigena glavnog histokompatibilnog kompleksa (MHC), dok je druga vrsta aktivnosti označena kao ćelijska citotoksičnost posredovana antitelima (ADCC). Spontana citotoksičnost Glavna osobina NK ćelija je citotoksičnost bez posredovawa glavnog histokompatibilnog antigena (Tabela 3). Sposobnost lizirawa ciqnih ćelija negativno korelira s ispoqavawem MHC glikoproteina na wihovoj membrani. Ćelijske linije sa smawenom površinskom ekspresijom MHC molekula su često osetqivije na citolizu nego ćelije iz kojih su nastale [27, 28]. Bez obzira na intenzivna istraživawa, nisu potpuno opisani svi receptori na NK ćelijama. Pretpostavqa se da postoje dva tipa receptora: jedan koji dovodi do okidawa citolitičke aktivnosti, a drugi koji blokira ovu aktivnost [29]. Za antigenske strukture ispoqene na NK ćelijama koje su odgovorne za okidawe spontane citotoksičnosti pretpostavqa se da su aktivacioni receptori. Jedna takva struktura je NK1 antigen na NK ćelijama miša, a drugi takav opisan receptor je polipeptid iz superfamilije lektina tipa C NKR-P1 na NK ćelijama pacova [30, 31]. Pojedine sekvence ovih oligosaharida na ligandima ili jedan ligand polimorfne strukture posle povezivawa s odgovarajućim receptorom pokreće citolitičku aktivnost usmerenu prema NK osetqivim ciqnim ćelijama [32]. Za ćelijski površinski antigen Ly-49, ispoqen kod subpopulacije NK ćelija kod miševa, pretpostavqa se da prenosi inhibitorne signale. Ly-49 se specifično vezuje za ciqne ćelije koje ispoqavaju molekule I klase MHC, a rezultat ove interakcije je rezistencija ciqnih ćelija na citolizu [33]. Novi radovi pokazuju da visoko polimorfne molekule HLA-A, B, C, D i E, MHC klase I, kao i CD94 antigenske strukture i KIR (Killer Immunoglobulin- Like Receptor) na ciqnim ćelijama određuju aktivaciju ili inhibiciju NK ćelija. Ligacija KIR molekula ili promena dimerizovanog oblika CD94 molekula je kquč za stimulaciju ili inhibiciju NK ćelija. Pretpostavqa se da su inhibitorni signali na ciqnim ćelijama predominantni u odnosu na aktivacione i da je to način na osnovu kojeg se zdrave ćelije štite od autoimunskog lizirawa sopstvenim NK ćelijama. Kada nastane kompromitovawe MHC molekula klase I usled infekcije ili maligne transformacije, onda ove ćelije postaju osetqive na lizirawe koje vrše NK ćelije. Promena ekspresi TABELA Osobine aktivacije NK ćelija. TABLE Characteristics of NK cell activity. 4. U okviru jednog sata bez prethodne imunizacije For one hour without prior sensitisation Boqa citoliza bez ispoqenih MHC antigena Higher activity without MHC antigen expression Ne pokazuju klonsku specifičnost Without clonal specifity Postojawe aktivacionih i inhibitornih receptora Expression of activation and inhibitory receptors 72

3 je i ostalih molekula, kao što su CD158a i CD158b, uočeno je tokom aktivacije litičke funkcije NK ćelija [34]. Osim dosad opisanih struktura na NK ćelijama, pokazano je da nespecifične adhezione molekule iz familije integrina imaju značajnu ulogu u citotoksičnosti. Integrini su ćelijski površinski glikoproteini sastavqeni od više od dvadeset heterodimerskih kombinacija α i β subjedinica, međusobno nekovalentno povezanih i svrstanih u nekoliko familija (od β1 do β8). Vezuju se za različite ligande, kao što su proteini vanćelijskog matriksa, fibronektin (FN), laminin, kolagen i vitronektin, i dovode do okidawa citolitičke aktivnosti NK ćelija [35, 36]. Kako ovi adhezioni molekuli imaju pomažuću ulogu u nespecifičnom vezivawu efektorskih i tumorskih ćelija, wihovo odsustvo ili blokirawe monoklonskim antitelima dovodi do inhibicije lizirawa ciqnih ćelija [37]. Sveže izolovane NK ćelije ispoqavaju molekule iz porodice β1 integrina, antigen kasne aktivacije 4 (Very Late Activation VLA-4) i VLA-5, koji učestvuju u vezivawu sa fibronektinom, kao i VLA-6, koji vezuje laminin [38], dok se pojedini β1 integrini (VLA-1, 2, 3) pojavquju na NK ćelijama tek posle stimulacije IL- Vezivawe liganda za β3 integrine koji konstitutivno postoje na NK ćelijama [39] dovodi do tireozinske fosforilacije pojedinih unutarćelijskih proteina [40]. Limfocitni funkcionalni antigen 1 (LFA-1) iz porodice β2 integrina, koji je konstitutivno ispoqen na NK ćelijama, ima ulogu u prenosu aktivacionih signala sa membrane jer je primećeno da posle povezivawa sa svojim odgovarajućim kontrareceptorom ICAM-1 (međućelijski adhezioni molekul) dolazi do povećawa aktivnosti enzima protein-tirizin kinaze (PTK), kao i tireozinske fosforilacije unutarćelijskih proteina, što ima uticaja na proliferaciju i aktivaciju NK ćelija [41]. Aktivacija preko CD2 antigena (LFA-2) je opisana u literaturi kao alternativni put antigen-nezavisnog okidawa citotoksičnosti posle vezivawa s odgovarajućim ligandom iz familije adhezivnih molekula neurona (NCAM). Analizom unutarćelijskih događaja posle stimulacije CD2 antigena, pokazano je da dolazi do formirawa konjugata između NK i ciqnih ćelija, polarizacije i egzocitoze granula, što sve izaziva povećawe citolitičke aktivnosti [42]. CD44 je hijalorunidazni receptor koji učestvuje u interakciji sa fibronektinom i kolagenom tipa I [43] i ima značajnu ulogu u aktivaciji NK ćelija. Wegovi citoplazmatski delovi, s druge strane, vezuju ankirin, protein-kinazu C i GTP. Qudske NK ćelije konstitutivno ispoqavaju ovaj antigen i mogu ushodno da regulišu wegovu ekspresiju tokom aktivacije interleukinom 2 [44]. Za sada se samo pretpostavqa da postoji udruženost sa citotoksičnom funkcijom posredovanom preko CD16 antigena, koja je, međutim, tipična za citotoksičnost posredovanu antitelima. Na osnovu dosadašwih istraživawa može se zakqučiti da povezivawe nekoliko različitih struktura na NK ćelijama s odgovarajućim ligandima na ciqnim ćelijama reguliše citotoksičnu aktivnost. Citotoksičnost ćelija posredovana antitelima U ovom mehanizmu efektorske ćelije prepoznaju Fc delove imunoglobulina, koji oblažu ciqne ćelije, vezuju se za wih preko CD16 antigena i dovode do citolize zavisne od antitela (Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity ADCC). Deo citoplazmatskog domena CD16 antigena koji postoji na membrani NK ćelija ima kqučnu ulogu u nastanku citotoksičnosti zavisne od antitela [45]. U toj reakciji CD16 antigen (FcγRIIIA) ispoqen na NK ćelijama niskim afinitetom vezuje Fc region humanih imunoglobulina G, i to posebno potklase IgG 1 i IgG 3. Posle wihovog prepoznavawa dolazi do fosforilacije ζ lanca tireozina i aktivacije citotoksičnih mehanizama [46]. Klasičan prenos signala s receptora koji se dešava prilikom spontane citotoksičnosti povezan je sa hidrolizom fosfolipida i stvarawem diacilglicerola i inozitol 1, 4, 5 trifosfata, koji aktiviraju enzim proteinska kinaza [47]. Posle aktivirawa NK ćelija, pospešuje se brzo korišćewe unutarćelijskog kalcijuma, kao i ulazak kalcijuma nezavisno od voltažnih kanala [48]. Prilikom aktivacije NK ćelija u procesu zavisnom od antitela dolazi do direktnog aktivirawa enzima protein-tirozin kinaze bez učešća fosfatidil-inozitol 1, 4, 5 kinaznog puta [49]. U prenos signala s receptora na ovaj način izgleda da su ukqučeni unutarćelijski domeni CD16 antigena [50]. Posle aktivacije NK ćelija na neki od opisanih načina primećeno je da u wima dolazi do povećawa transkripcije irnk za IL-2 receptor, faktor nekroze tumora alfa (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ) i za druge citokine [51]. EFEKTORSKI MEHANIZMI NK ĆELIJA Terminalni mehanizmi u uništavawu maligno transformisanih i ciqnih ćelija inficiranih virusima [52-54] ispoqavaju svoje efekte u procesima apoptoze (programirana ćelijska smrt) i nekroze (Shema 1). NK ćelije posle aktivacije procesom egzocitoze oslobađaju iz svojih granula pojedine enzime: perforin, serin-esterazu 1 i 2 (granzim A i B), hondroitin-sulfat, fosfolipazu A 2 [55] i druge litičke supstancije (Tabela 4). Perforin je jedan od litičkih proteina koje izlučuju NK ćelije [56], sličan je tripsinu i hemotripsinu, strukturno liči na C9 komponentu komplementa, a wegova molekulska težina je oko 65 kd. Citolizu ciqnih ćelija predominantno ostvaruje procesom nekroze. Citosolni kalretikulin i drugi kalcijum-vezujući proteini lokalizovani u granulama verovatno stvaraju helate sa slobodnim citosolnim jonima Ca 2+ i ne dozvoqavaju da unutar ćelija počne proces autocitolize [55]. Tek u međućelijskom prostoru, u prisustvu kalcijumskih jona, oko 73

4 NK ћелија NK cell Пефорин Perforin 20 molekula perforina se polimerizuje, stvarajući spirale kojima se prave pore u membrani ciqnih ćelija. Membranska oštećewa nastala posle ubacivawa perforina liče na oštećewa nastala komplementom, a elektronskom mikroskopijom utvrđeno je da je veličina tako nastalih pora približno 16 nm. Kroz ovako nastale pore na membrani iz ćelije izlaze elektroliti i male molekule mewajući osmotsku ravnotežu. Unutarćelijske makromolekule koje ne prolaze kroz oštećewa na ćelijskoj membrani dovode do povećawa osmotskog pritiska, usled čega u ćeliju prodire voda i nastaje weno lizirawe [23, 24, 56]. Pored mehanizma sekrecije, koji je posredovan perforinom, NK ćelije i drugim mehanizma liziraju ciqne ćelije. TNF-α i limfotoksin (LT) su glavni medijatori ove solubilne litičke aktivnosti NK ćelija nazvane apoptoza [57-60]. TNF-α ostvaruje svoje dejstvo preko površinskih receptora na ciqnim ćelijama. Proces apoptoze je moguće indukovati preko transmembranskog proteina Fas (CD95 APO-1) receptora, koji je, zbog svoje strukture, svrstan u zajedničku porodicu TNF receptora. Interakcija odgovarajućeg liganda sa Fas/APO-1 receptorom ispoqenim na ciqnoj ćeliji indukuje prenos signala za apoptotsku smrt ćelije. Stepen ove programirane ćelijske smrti (apoptoze) zavisi od tipa ćelije, stadijuma diferencijacije i od ćelijskog ciklusa, a wenu modulaciju moguće je izvršiti faktorima rasta, citokinima, hemijskim agensima, hemioterapeuticima, kao i ćelijama u neposrednom kontaktu [61-65]. NK ћелија NK cell TNF TNF-R Апоптоза / Apoptosis Некроза / Necrosis Циљна ћелија Target cell Полимеризација перфорина Perforin polymerization ZAKQUČAK Proučavawe i boqe razumevawe mehanizama aktivacije NK ćelija i efektorskih mehanizama kojima NK ćelije vrše lizirawe tumorskih ćelija daje važne podatke o mogućnosti i stepenu imunostimulacije in vivo, kao i za terapijsko praćewe tokom imunostimulacije kod osoba obolelih od tumora, gde ove ćelije, kao glavni nosioci nespecifične imunosti, ispoqavaju smawenu aktivnost [13, 19]. SHEMA Mehanizam dejstva perforina i citokina. SCHEME Mechanism of perforin and cytokine action. TABELA 4. Efektorske molekule NK ćelija. TABLE 4. Efector molecules of NK cells Proteaze (tripsin, himotripsin) Proteases (trypsin, hymotripsin) Perforin Perforin Serin-esteraze (granzime A, B) Serine esterases (gransymes A, B) Hondroitin-sulfat Chondroitine sulphate TNF-α, TNF-β TNF-α, TNF-β Citokini (IL-3, CSF-GM, CSF-M, IFN-α, β, γ) Cytokines (IL-3, GSF-GM, CSF-M, IFN-α, β, γ) NAPOMENA Ovaj rad je urađen tokom projekta Ministarstva za nauku Republike Srbije. LITERATURA Lotsova E. Natural killer cells: immunobiology and clinical prospects. Cancer Inv 1991; 9: Lebow TL, Bonavida B. Killer cell recruitment and renewal capacity of purified cytolytic and noncytolitic human peripheral blood natural killer cell subsets. J Immunol 1993; 150: Rosenberg EB, Herberman RB, Levine PH, Halterman RH, McCoy JL, Wunderlich JR. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity reaction to leukemiaassociated antigenes in identical twins. Int J Cancer 1972; 9: Herberman RB, Nunn ME, Holden HT, Lavrin DH. Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngenic and allogeneic tumors. II. Characterization of effector cells. Int J Cancer 1975; 16: Abo T, Miller CA, Balch CM. Characterization of human granular lymphocite subpopulations expressing HNK-1 (Leu-7) and Leu-11 antigens in the blood and lymphoid tissues from fetus, neonates and adults. Eur J Immunol 1984; 14: Keever CA, Pekle L, Gazzola MV, Collins NH, Bourhis JH, Gillio A. Natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell activities from human marrow precursors: II. The effects of IL-3 and IL-4. J Immunol 1989; 143: Miller JS, Alley KA, McGlave P. Differentiation of natural killer (NK) cells from human primitive marrow progenitors in a stromabased long term culture system: identification of a CD34 +, 7 + NK progenitor. Blood 1994; 83: Hercend T, Takvorian T, Nowill A, et al. Characterization of natural killer cells with antileukemia activity following allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1986; 67: Van den Brinck MRM, Boggs SS, Herberman RB, Hiserodt JC. The generation of natural killer (NK) cells from NK precursors cells in rat long-term bone marrow cultures. J Exp Med 1990; 172: Guenther W, Schumm M, Buettner M, et al. NK aktivity of canine blood and marrow cells. Tiss Antigens 1994; 43: Serrate SA, Schulof RF, Leonaridis L, Goldstein AL, Sztein MB. Modulation of human natural killer cells cytotoxicity, lymphokine production and interleukin 2 receptor expression by thymic hormones. J Immunol 1987; 139: Sanchez MJ, Muench MO, Roncarolo MG, Lanier L, Philips JH. Identification of a common T/NK cell progenitor in human fetal 74

5 thymus. J Exp Med 1994; 180: Konjević G, Jurišić V, Banićević B, Spužić I. Difference in NK cell activity between patients with non-hodgkin s lymphoma and Hodgkin s disease. Br J Haematol 1999; 104: Lanier LL, Philips H. Inhibitory MHC class I receptors on NK and T cell. Immunol Today 1996; 17: Nagler A, Lanier LL, Cwirla S, Phillips JH. Comparative studies of human FcR III-positive and negative natural killer cells. J Immunol 1989; 143: Jurišić V, Jančić-Nedeljkov R, Konjević G, Spužić I. Decrease of NK cell activity and characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a haemochromatosis. Haema 2003; 6: Nitta T, Yagita H, Sato K, Okumura K. Involvement of CD56 (NKH-1/Leu 19 antigen) as an adhesion molecule in natural killer-target cell interaction. J Exp Med 1989; 170: Gerosa F, Tommasi M, Benati C, et al. Differential effects of tyrosine kinase inhibition in CD69 antigen expression and lytic activity induced by ril-2, ril-12, and rifn-α in human NK cells. Cell Immunol 1993; 150: Konjević G, Jović V, Jurišić V, Radulović S, Jelić S, Spužić I. IL-2 mediated augmentation of NK cell activity and activation antigen expression on NK and T cell subsets in metastatic melanoma patients treated with interferon alpha and DTIC. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20: Wolf-Smitdt GH, Lefterova P, Johnston V, Huhn D, Blume KG, Negrin RS. Propagation of large numbers of T cells with natural killer cell markers. Br J Haematol 1994; 87: Brunner KT, Mach J, Cerrotini J, Chapius B. Quantitative assay for the lytic action of immune lymphoid cells on Cr labelled allogenetic target cells in vitro. Immunol 1968; 14: Decker T, Lohmann-Matthes ML. A quick and simple method for the quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase release in measurements of cellular cytotoxicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity. J Immunol Methods 1988; 115(1): Jurišić V, Spužić I, Konjević G. A comparison of NK cell activity with effects of TNF-alpha against K-562 cells, determined by LDH release assay. Canc Letters 1999; 138: Jurišić V. Estimation of cell membrane alteration after drug treatment by LDH release. Blood 2003; 101: Jurišić V, Bogdanović G, Kojić V, Jakimov D, Baltić VV. Effects of TNF-alpha on the Raji cell determined by different methods. Tumor Biol 2000; Jurišić V, Konjević G, Donfrid M, Spužić I. Different correlation ratio between NK cell activity and spontaneous LDH release in Non-Hodgkin s and Hodgkin s lymphomas. Ann Haematol 1998; 77:8 27. Storkus W J, Alexander J, Payne JA, Dawson JR, Cresswell P. Reversal of natural killing susceptibility in target cells expressing transfected class I HLA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: Liao NS, Bix M, Zijistra M, Jaenisch R, Raulet D. MHC class I deficiency: susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cells and impaired NK activity. Science 1991; 253: Lanier LL, Le AM, Civin CI, Loken MR, Phillips JH. The relationship of CD 16 (Leu-11) and Leu-19 (NKH-1) antigen expression on human peripheral blood NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1986; 136: Ryan JC, Turck J, Niemi EC, Yokoyama WM, Seaman WE. Molecular cloning of the NK1 antigen, a member of the NKR-P1 family of natural killer cell activation molecules. J Immunol 1992; 149: Giorda R, Rudert WA, Vavassori C, Chambers WH, Hiserodt JC, Trucco M. NKR-P1, a signal transduction molecule on natural killer cells. Science 1990; 249: Yokoyama WM. Recognition structures on natural killer cells. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5: Yokoyama WM. Natural killer cel receptor. Curr Opin Immunol 1995; 7: Norris S, Doherty DG, Curry M, McEntee G, Traynor O, Hegarty JE, O Farrelly C. Selective reduction of natural killer cells and T cells expressing inhibitory receptors for MHC class I in the livers of patients with hepatic malignancy. Cancer Immunol Imunother 2003; 52: Hynes RO. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992; 69: Monzon-Garcia C, Buey-Garcia L, Majano PL, Otero MR. Integrins: structure, biological function and relevance in viral chronic hepatitis. J Clin Invest 1995; 25: Schmidt RE, Bartley G, Levine H, Schlossman SF, Ritz J. Functional characterization of LFA-1 antigens in the interaction of human NK clones and target cells. J Immunol 1985; 135: Rabinowich H, Lin W-C, Amoscato A, Herberman RB, Whiteside TL. Expression of vitronectin receptor on human NK cells and its role in protein phosphorylation, cytokine production, and cell proliferation. J Immunol 1995; 154: Collins TL, Kassner PD, Bierer EB, Burakoff SJ. Adhesion receptors in lymphocyte activation. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: Sanchez-Mateos P, Campaner MR, Balboa MA, Sanchez-Madrid F. Co-clustering of beta 1 integrins, cytoskeletal proteins, and tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates during integrin-mediated leukocyte aggregation. J Immunol 1993; 151(7): Kimby E, Rincon J, Patarroyo M, Mellstedt H. Expression of adhesion molecules CD11/CD18 (Leu-Cams, beta 2-Integrins), CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD58 (LFA-3) in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1984; 13: Squier KTM, Cohen JJ. Cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: Galandrini R, Ruggero DM, Piccoli M, Frati L, Santoni A. CD 44 triggering enhances human NK cell cytotoxic functions. J Immunol 1994; 153: Maenpaa A, Jaaskelainen J, Carpen O, Patarroyo M, Timonen T. Expression of integrins and other adhesion molecules on NK cells; impact of IL-2 on short-and long-term cultures. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: Harris DT, Travis WW, Koren HS. Induction of activation antigens on human natural killer cells mediated through the Fc-γ receptor. J Immunol 1989; 143: Liao F, Shin SH, Rhee SG. Cross-linking of Fcγ RIII A on natural killer cells results in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-γ1 and PLCγ J Immunol 1993; 150: Alexander DR, Cantrell DA. Kinases and phosphatases in T cell activation. Immun Today 1989; 10: Hess DS, Oortgiesen M, Cahalan DM. Calcium oscillations in human T and natural killer cells depend upon membrane potential and calcium influx. J Immunol 1993; 150: Biondi A, Paganin C, Rossi V, et al. Expression of lineage-restricted protein tyrosine kinase genes in natural killer cells. Eur J Immun 1991; 21: Leibson PJ. Viewpoint: signal transduction during natural killer cell activation. Nat Immunol 1995; 14: Graubert TA, Ley TJ. How do lymphocytes kill tumor cells? Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: Young JD, Cohn ZA. Cellular and humoral mechanisms of cytotoxicity, structural and functional analogies. Adv Immunol 1987; 41: Joag S, Zychlinsky A, Young JD. Mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated lysis. J Cell Bioch 1989; 39: Jurišić V, Bumbaširević V, Konjević G, Djuričić B, Spužic I. TNFalpha induced changes in LDH isotype profile following triggering of apoptosis in PBMC of non-hodgkin s lymphoma. Ann Haematology 2004; 83: Jurišić V, Kraguljac N, Konjević G, Spužić I. TNF-alpha induced changes in cell membrane antigen expression on K-562 cells associated with increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Neoplazma 2005; 52(1): Jurišić V, Konjević G, Bumbaširević V, Spužić I. Morfološke promene kod kultivisanih ćelija malignih limfoma. In: Bumbaširević V, editor. 40 godina elekronske mikroskopije u Srbiji. Beograd: Elit; p Johnson-Voelkel C, Enting JA, Wold SMW, Gooding LR, Laster MS. Activation of intracellular proteases is an early event in TNFinduced apoptosis. J Immunol 1995; 154: Suda T, Takahashi T, Goldstein P, Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis receptor family. Cell 1993; 75: Jurišić V, Konjević G, Bumbaširević V, Djuričić B, Spužić I. TNF-α effects on induction of apoptosis on malignant lymphoma peripheral blood lymphocytes. 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6 The activity of TNF-alpha on PC cells pre-labeled with CD45 and CD95 monoclonal antibodies. Archive of Studenica 2000; 2: Konjević G, Spužić I, Jurišić V. Natural killer cell activity and its in vitro modulation by rh TNF-alpha in patients with non-hodgkin s lymphomas. Inter J Oncol 1995; 7(Suppl): Konjević G, Spužić I, Jurišić V. In vitro effects of cytokines and cytokines receptors on the activity of NK cells. J BOUON 1996; 1(1): Jurišić V, Bogdanović G, Srdić T, et al. Modulation of TNF-activity in tumor PC cells using anti-cd45 and anti-cd95 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Letters 2004; 214:55-6 CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL KILLER CELL Vladimir JURIŠIĆ School of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac ABSTRACT NK (natural killer) cells comprise 10%-15% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and have morphology of large, granular lymphocytes with the central role of killing the virus-infected and malignantly transformed cells, without prior sensitization. NK cells participate in hematopoiesis regulation, reproduction processes, as well as in numerous immune system reactions in vivo. NK cells have immunophenotyping characteristics: CD3 -, TCR -, surface Ig -, CD56 +, CD16 +, CD94/NKG2D+, CD158a +, CD158b +, CD161 +, FasL +. NK cells are functionally defined by percentage of lysed tumor cells previously labeled with radioactive 51 Cr or by release of intracellular enzymes (LDH-lactate dehydrogenase) from destroyed target cells. NK cells employ two mechanisms for destruction of malignant cells. The first cytotoxic mechanism is spontaneous and major histocompatibility antigen independent process, while the second mechanism is antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). After activation, NK cells release the following proteolytic enzymes: perforin, serine esterase (granzymes A and B) chondroitin sulphate, phospholipases and other lytic molecules, and destroy malignantly transformed cells by necrotic process. However, NK cells exhibit their effector mechanisms also through apoptosis by non-secretory mechanism mediated by TNF receptor superfamily members. NK cells have stage-dependent lower activity in different tumor. Key words: NK cell; immunophenotype; activation; effector mechanisms; apoptosis; necrosis Vladimir JURIŠIĆ Medicinski fakultet Univerzitet u Kragujevcu Svetozara Markovića 69, Kragujevac Poštanski fah: vdvd@mailcity.com * Rukopis je dostavqen Uredništvu godine. 76

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