Hepatic Functions. and. Laboratory Assessment. Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof.
|
|
- Amie Brianna Booth
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Hepatic Functions and Laboratory Assessment Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof. Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry
2 Liver Liver is the major organ that regulates too many metabolic reactions. It is also called Metabolic Chief. It s regeneration ability is quite high. A liver that is only 10-20% functional is sufficient for survival. Complete removal of the organ results in death within 24 hours. It consists of, Hepatocytes (%60), Reticuloendothelial cells (Kupffer) and sellate cells (Ito cells) (%30), Basolateral membrane (surface) - sinusoids, Blood circulation apical (canalicular) membrane bile duct (%10).
3 Liver Molecules found in liver %76 water %16 protein %5-10 glycogen %2,2 lipids Anatomic structures Hepatic cells, bile duct system, vascular siystem and reticuloendothelial system Blood flow is provided by portal vein, hepatic arteryveina and capillary fenestrations.
4 Metabolic Functions Carbohydrate Metabolism Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis Lipid Metabolism Fatty Acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis and excretion Lipoprotein synthesis Ketogenesis Synthesis of Bile Acids 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D
5 Metabolic Functions Protein Metabolism Synthesis of plasma proteins Coagulation factors, immunglobulins, albumin, cytokines Ure Synthesis Hormone Metabolism Synthesis and exceetion of steroid hormones Metabolims of polypeptide hormones Metabolism and disposal of drugs and foreign substances (Detoxification)
6 Metabolic Functions Bilirubin metabolism and its excretion Nucleic acid metabolism It is involved in the Purine and pyrimidine synthesis. It's rich in xanthine oxidase. Storage Function Glycogen Vitamin A Fe
7 Liver Diseases Liver pathologies include primary hepatic cells, bile duct and vascular system. Functional tests show mostly cellular injury and response to cellular disorders. The great majority of the disorders are pathologically present in the form of liver cell necrosis, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (cholestasis), liver atrophy and/or liver fibrosis.
8 Hepatocellular Injury Hepatocyte injury is determined by measuring hepatocellular enzyme activities (leakage enzymes). 3 enzymes are used routinely. These are ALT, AST, SDH In addition, GLDH is available.
9 Hepatocellular Injury ALT It is ap primary marker of hepatocellular damage. Especially in cats and dogs. Increased activity express hepatocyte death, sublethal hepatocyte damage. ALT activity is sometimes the only test used to detect hepatocyte injury in dogs and cats Apart from the liver, it is also found in the skeletal and heart muscles. CK should be evaluated for differential diagnosis. Horses and ruminants have low ALT concentration in hepatocytes; consequently, serum ALT activity is not useful for detecting liver disease in these species
10 Hepatocellular Injury Moderate amounts of ALT are present in the muscle of horses and ruminants, and moderate increases in the serum ALT activity occur with muscle injury in these species; however, ALT is not included in large animal biochemical profiles. Other muscle-specific enzymes (e.g., CK) are more commonly used for detecting muscle injury in these species. In dogs and cats, a wide variety of liver diseases can produce increased serum ALT activity. Hypoxia, metabolic alterations resulting in hepatocyte lipid accumulation, bacterial toxins, inflammation, hepatic neoplasia, and a multitude of toxic chemicals and drugs can cause hepatocyte injury, thereby resulting in ALT leakage.
11 Hepatocellular Injury Acutely, the serum activity of ALT is proportional to the number of cells that are injured But the magnitude of ALT activity is not indicative of the cause of the injury. After acute severe injury, such as from a toxin, serum ALT activity can increase markedly within a day or two. If the injury is not ongoing, ALT activity slowly decreases over several weeks. There is also an increase during active hepatic regeneration. Although the half-life is hours in dogs and 3.5 hours in cats, it is consistently high in recovery.
12 Hepatocellular Injury In chronic inflammatory conditions, ALT activities are fluctuating. Result in periodic flares of increased ALT activity Repetitive measurements should therefore be made. Thus, a deeper assessment of the disease can be made. It is important to recognize that in certain situations significant liver disease can occur with normal or only slightly increased serum ALT activity. If hepatic mass is markedly decreased. Massive acute hepatic necrosis Aflatoxin
13 Hepatocellular Injury Increases in serum ALT activity can also be observed in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or that have been administered corticosteroids. These increases are generally mild (two- to fivefold), but ALT activity increases can vary widely among dogs receiving corticosteroid therapy, depending on the dose and duration of treatment. Anticonvulsant drugs (e.g., phenobarbital) also cause mildly increased serum ALT activity in dogs. Some dogs receiving anticonvulsants will develop a toxic hepatopathy, in which case ALT activity may be markedly increased
14 Hepatocellular Injury AST It is present at highest concentrations in hepatocytes and muscle cells (both skeletal and cardiac) of all species. Therefore, AST is not a liver-specific enzyme. AST is found predominantly in the cytoplasm. With about 20% located within mitochondria. Increased serum AST activity can result from lethal or sublethal injury to either hepatocytes or muscle cells. In dogs and cats with liver diseases, serum AST activity will generally increase parallel to ALT activity, but the magnitude of the increase may be less than that of ALT.
15 Hepatocellular Injury The serum AST activity may return to baseline faster than ALT following acute liver injury in some animals, making repeated measurements useful for monitoring disease resolution. Although AST is less liver specific than ALT, it may be more sensitive than ALT for detecting some liver diseases (e.g. Hepatic lipidosis in cats). Similar to ALT, mild increases in AST activity may be seen in dogs as a result of enzyme induction due to corticosteroids and possibly phenobarbital. CK activity measurement should be done for differential diagnosis (for muscle).
16 Hepatocellular Injury In horses and ruminants, it is routinely used (more frequently) in the assessment of hepatocellular damage and is absolutely within the biochemical profiles. Yinede spesifitesinin sadece karaciğer ait olmaması nedeniyle tek başına yeterli değildir. Ayırıcı tanı için CK ölçülmelidir. The major problem with AST in detecting hepatocyte injury is its lack of liver specificity. CK should be measured for differential diagnosis. Increased AST activity with normal CK activity may be seen if the source of the AST is the liver, suggesting hepatocyte injury has occurred. The half-life of CK is shorter than that of AST. Serum activities of both enzymes may increase as a result of muscle injury, but the CK activity may return to normal earlier than the AST activity. These problems with use of AST in detecting hepatocyte injury in horses and ruminants have led to use of more liver-specific enzymes (such as sorbitol dehydrogenase [SDH]) in these species.
17 Enzyme Activity Serum activities of both AST and CK increase because of muscle injury. CK AST 24 A Hours since injury
18 Hepatocellular Injury SDH It is free in the cytoplasm. It is liver specific enzyme in dogs, cats, horses and ruminants. Increased serum SDH activity is suggestive of either hepatocyte death or sublethal hepatocyte injury. It is not used very often in cats and dogs. In horses and ruminants, SDH is much more specific than AST. Thus, it is preferable to AST for detecting hepatocyte injury in horses and ruminants The half-life of SDH is very short; serum activities may return to normal within 4 5 days after acute hepatocyte injury. The main disadvantage to SDH is that it is less stable in vitro than most other diagnostic enzymes
19 Hepatocellular Injury GLDH It plays a key role in the detoxification of ammonia. It is a leakage enzyme present in highest concentration within mitochondria of hepatocytes. Liver specific for horse and ruminants (hepatic necrosis). Used in dogs and cats. No analysis is done in each laboratory. Increased serum concentration is reported to have excellent sensitivity for the detection of canine hepatic disease. Serum activity of GLDH may increase in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism; increases have also been documented in dogs receiving anti-convulsants.
20 Cholestasis Cholestasis (impaired bile flow) can be detected by measuring the activities of serum enzymes whose increased production is induced by cholestasis or by measuring the serum concentrations of substances. ALP It is attached to cell membranes and synthesized by many tissues such as liver, bone, kidney, intestine, pancreas, and placenta. Most of the normal serum ALP activity originates from the liver. The half-life of other isoenzymes is short. Increased serum ALP activity commonly occur with cholestasis, increased osteoblastic activity, induction by certain drugs (primarily in dogs), and a variety of chronic diseases.
21 Cholestasis ALP in the liver is associated with biliary epithelial cells and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes. A variety of hepatobiliary diseases can result in increased serum ALP activity due to increased enzyme production, solubilization of membranes by the action of bile salts, and release of membrane blebs after cell injury. Cholestatic diseases can result in marked increases in serum ALP activity in dogs (greater than 10 fold), but increases are more variable in other species.
22 Cholestasis The half-life of the cholestasis-induced ALP is approximately 3 days in dogs but only 6 hours in cats. However, ALP is still a useful enzyme for evaluation of feline cholestatic liver disease if one keeps in mind that even mild increases (2 3 URL) can be significant. The utility of ALP for detection of cholestasis in horses and ruminants is generally considered inferior to that of GGT. When cholestasis is the cause of increased serum ALP activity, serum total bilirubin and bile acid concentrations may be increased concurrently.
23 Cholestasis In dogs with cholestasis, serum ALP activity often increases prior to increases in serum bilirubin concentration; thus ALP is a more sensitive indicator. However, even if the serum bilirubin concentration is normal, bilirubinuria may accompany cholestasisinduced increases in ALP. Whereas lesions primarily involving the intra- or extrahepatic biliary system are common causes of cholestasis, hepatic diseases resulting in significant hepatocyte swelling (e.g., lipidosis or inflammation of the hepatic parenchyma) can obstruct small bile canaliculi and induce increased ALP production and release.
24 Cholestasis Increased serum ALP activity associated with increased osteoblastic activity occurs in all species. These increases are most often detected in young, growing animals. E.g. the reference interval for total ALP activity in four-week old kittens was U/L compared to U/L for adult cats. One must remember that young animals commonly have serum ALP activities greater than adult reference intervals. In puppies, kittens, and calves, ALP activity increases attributed to bone growth are generally mild (<4 5 ), but foals may have increases up to 20 in the first three weeks of life.
25 Cholestasis In mature animals, oosteosarcoma and other bone neoplasms (both primary and secondary) inconsistently result in increased serum ALP activity. Fracture healing usually results in localized increases in osteoblastic activity and mild increases in serum ALP that may be useful for monitoring the progression of healing. Canine hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary) and feline hyperthyroidism may result in increased bone turnover and increased osteoblastic activity; mild increases in serum ALP may be detected in patients with these diseases.
26 Cholestasis Serum ALP activity can be markedly increased when enzyme production is induced by certain drugs. Corticosteroids (exogenous or endogenous) and anticonvulsants induce increased ALP production by canine hepatocytes. Increased serum ALP activity induced by corticosteroids varies depending on dose and duration of exposure, but can be marked (>20 ). Anticonvulsants generally cause somewhat milder increases (<10 ).
27 Cholestasis Neonates of several species have high serum ALP activity following ingestion of colostrum. During the first few days of life puppies, kittens, and lambs have transient marked increases in serum ALP activity (up to or >30 for adult animals). Hyperadrenocorticism has already been discussed as a cause of often marked corticosteroid-induced ALP activity increases in dogs. Diabetes mellitus, canine hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, and feline hyperthyroidism result in increased ALP activity. Neoplasia may be associated with increased serum ALP activity (Hepatic, mammary gland, bone).
28 Increased Serum ALP activity in dogs NO Young growing dog? YES Serum Bilirubin (hemolysis) Bilirubinuria Serum Bile Acids Are any of these increased? YES NO YES ALP >3x? NO Consider Bone ALP from osteoblastic activity Consider hepatobiliary diseases and perform additional tests Liver Function Tests Tests for pancreatic injury Radiology Ultrasound Liper biopsy Abdominal fluid evaluation Is dog receiving corticosteroids or anticonvulsants? YES Consider drug induction of ALP. Source: Thrall et al., 2012 NO YES Evidence of bone disease and ALP <3x? NO Evaluate adrenocortical function
29 Cholestasis GGT It is considered an induced enzyme. Most body tissues synthesize GGT, with the highest concentrations occurring in the pancreas and kidney. Most of the serum GGT activity originates in the liver. Release from renal epithelial cells results in increased urinary GGT activity, but not increased serum GGT activity. Similarly, pancreatic cells release GGT into pancreatic ducts rather than into the blood. Increased GGT production, release, and subsequent increased serum GGT activity occur with cholestasis and biliary hyperplasia. In dogs, increased GGT activity also occurs as a result of drug induction. Dogs may show up to 50 fold GGT increase on bile duct obstruction. The cat's up to 16 fold.
30 Cholestasis It should be evaluated with ALP in cats and dogs. E.g. In cats with hepatic lipidosis, ALP increase is more significant than GGT. However, if the root cause of disease is necroinflammatory, GGT activity may be higher than ALP. Similar to ALP, increases in serum GGT activity are seen in dogs receiving corticosteroids. Its activity increases more slowly. Anticonvulsants may also cause an increase in GGT (2-3x). If this increase is much higher, it can be considered to be due to cholestasis rather than drug. Significant increase in drug-induced adverse may be a sign drug-associated toxic hepatopathy that it can be lifethreatening.
31 Cholestasis In horses and cattle, GGT is generally considered more sensitive than ALP for detection of cholestasis. Generally higher than ALP. Biliary hyperplasia and liver failure develop due to alkaloid poisoning in horses and cattle. In this case, the GGT also increases considerably. However, in chronic cases ALP may increase higher than GGT. Cattle with moderate to severe hepatic lipidosis have only mild increases in serum GGT activity. Since there is high GGT activity in the colostrum of dogs, sheep and cattle, serum GGT levels in newborns may increase up to 50 fold. After an average of 5 weeks, they begin to fall to normal levels. It can be used to evaluate passive immunity.
32 Serum GGT Activity in Animals with Hepatobiliary Disorders Species Dog Cat Horse Disorders Bile duct obstruction, chronic hepatitis, lipidosis, necrosis, cirrhosis, neoplasia, corticoid therapy Bile duct obstruction, cholangiohepatitis, cirrhosis, lymphosarcoma, necrosis Toxic hepatic failure, subclinical hepatopathy, hyperlipidemia Cattle Fascioliasis, lipidosis, Metacercariae migrations, Senecio poisoning Sheep Bile duct obstruction, toxicity, fascioliasis,lupinosis, Cobalt deficiency, Ketosis Source: Kaneko et al., 2008
33 Liver Function Tests Tests of liver function include, Measurement of the serum concentrations of substances that normally are removed from the blood by the liver and then metabolized or excreted via the biliary system (e.g., bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, cholesterol), and substances that normally are synthesized by the liver (e.g., albumin, globulins, urea, cholesterol, coagulation factors).
34 Liver Function Tests Any increase in these substances can also be attributed to non-hepatic causes. However, if there is additional evidence for liver disease and abnormal concentrations are detected, the presence of liver disease or failure may be mentioned. If necessary, the liver biopsy should be done.
35 Source: eclinpath Bilirubin Metabolism BLOOD Extravascular or intravascular hemolysis Unconjugated bilirubin (indirect) + albumin Hepatic sinusoid Unconjugated Bilirubin Urobilinogen HEPATOCYTE Transported with ligandin or Z protein Conjugated to glucuronic acid Conjugated Bilirubin (Direct) Urobilinogen KIDNEY Biliary System Small intestine Conjugated Bilirubin Bacterial proteases %10 Portal vein Urobilinogen or Stercobilinogen %90 Stool Urobilinogen excreted in urine
36 Liver Function Tests Abnormalities of bilirubin metabolism Three main pathologic processes can cause hyperbilirubinemia. 1. Increased bilirubin production (due to accelerated erythrocyte destruction) 2. Decreased bilirubin uptake or conjugation by hepatocytes, 3. Decreased bilirubin excretion (cholestasis). Total Bilirubin = Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin + Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin
37 Liver Function Tests ICTERUS: Also known as Jaundice, It is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in blood circulation. 1. Pre-Hepatic Icterus 2. Hepatic Icterus 3. Post-Hepatic Icterus
38 Free Bilirubin Hemoglobin Pre-Hepatic Ikterus -Hemolytc diseases -Internal Hemoraji Glucuronide conjugation Increased serum Indirect Bilirubin Total Bilirubin Conjugated Bilirubin Urobilinogen or Stercobilinogen Urobilinogen Stool (stercobilin) In urine Urobilinogen increases. No bilirubinuria.
39 Hepatic Free Bilirubin Hemoglobin Icterus Glucuronide conjugation -Decreased functional hepatic capacity due (acute/chronic hepatitis) -Hereditary defects -Secondary to fasting (atlarda) -Intrahepatic cholestasis? Conjugated Bilirubin Urobilinogen or Stercobilinogen Urobilinogen Bilirubin glucuronides Stool (stercobilin) Increased serum Total Bilirubin? Indirect bilirubin In urine Bilirubinuria
40 Post-Hepatic Glucuronide conjugation Free Bilirubin Hemoglobin Icterus Intra- or extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (cholestasis) Infections Neoplasm Secondary to small intestine or pancreatic lesions Sepsis Extrahepatic obstruction Bilirubin glucuronides Clay-colored Stool Increased serum Total Bilirubin Direct Bilirubin İdrarda Bilirubinuria Deltabilirubin? Urobilinogen negative/normal
41 Source: Thrall et al., 2012 HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA YES ANEMIC? NO Regenerative? YES NO Is ALP and/or GGT increased? YES NO Is total protein decreased? YES NO Consider anemia secondary to chronic liver disease Cholestasis Hepatic Failure Bile leakage Anorexia (Horses, ruminants) Cholestasis (early) Consider hemolysis Spherocytes Agglutination Heinz bodies RCB parasites Hemoglobinemia Hemoglobinuria Bleeding into body cavities/tissues? YES Consider increased RBC destruction NO Consider Hepatic failure Additional tests Ammonia, albumin, glucose, cholesterol Pancreatic injury (PLI) Radiology, USG Liver biopsy Abdominal fluid evaluation
42 Liver Function Tests Bile Acids Serum bile acids (SBA) are measured to evaluate hepatic function, cholestasis and portal circulatory anomalies. They are synthesized from cholesterol by hepatocytes. In most species, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are the primary bile acids. After synthesis, it is conjugated with amino acids (taurine [primary] or glycine) and released into bile. Bile acids are stored in the gall bladder. After ingestion of foods, it released to small intestine. Bile acids emulsify fat and, therefore, promote both the digestion and absorption of fat as well as of fat-soluble vitamins. Most bile acids are reabsorbed from the ileum into the portal circulation and passes through the liver and arerecirculated. In a normal physiology, only a small increase in post-prandial bile acids can be seen in serum.
43 Three main pathologic processes result in increased serum bile acids concentration. 1. Abnormalities of Portal circulation Congenital portosystemic shunts, hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia, acquired shunts due to severe cirrhosis 2. Decreased functional hepatic mass Major factor in many difduse liver diseases (hepatitis, necrosis, glucocorticoid hepatopathy) 3. Decreased bile acid excretion in bile Cholestasis deu to obstruction, hepatocyte swelling, neoplasia, inflammation
44 Liver Function Tests Serum bile acids can be used as a sensitive cholestatic indicator in suspected cases of liver disease, for example, when hepatic enzyme activity is elevated in the serum but total bilirubin is normal. It increases in cholestatic situations. Bilirubin and bile acids do not compete for hepatocytes. Therefore, it can be used in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. In this case, serum bile acids do not increase. In contrast, severe anemia causes hepatocellular hypoxia and may increase the concentration of serum bile acids by causing hepatic dysfunction.
45 Liver Function Tests Bile acids are stable in serum at room temperature for several days, and serum for bile acid assays can be frozen. In dogs and cats, both fasting (pre-prandial) and postprandial samples are recommended for bile acid assays in order to provide the most reliable interpretation. For this, 1.The first sample is collected after 12 hour fasting (Pre-). 2.An appropriate volume of fat-containing formula is given to induce cholecystokinin. Thus, gall bladder contraction is stimulated. Growth diets with higher fat content are recommended. 3.The second sample is collected at 2 hours after feeding (Post-). 4.The concentration of bile acids in both samples is assessed by measuring the concentration.
46 Liver Function Tests Fasting levels of >20 μmol/l and postprandial levels of >25 μmol/l indicate liver disease in dogs and cats. In cats and dogs, fasting level of <5 μmol/l is considered normal. 5 to 20 μmol/l may indicate liver disease. On the other hand, hunger levels in normal animals are sometimes as high as 20 μmol/l. This should be evaluated together with the history of the animal, clinical findings and other laboratory tests.
47 Liver Function Tests In dogs, increased serum concentrations of bile acids may occur due to various liver diseases. These include portosystemic shunt, cirrhosis, cholestasis, necrosis, hepatitis, hepatic lipidosis, and neoplasms. Significant and exaggerated increases are observed, especially in animals with portosystemic shunt. However, it is not possible to identify the type of liver disease alone based on bile acid concentration. Abnormal bile acid concentration is a display for further testing (eg, liver biopsy, radiological examinations, ultrasonography) aimed at identifying the type of specific liver disease present.
48 Liver Function Tests In cats, elevated serum concentrations of bile acids may occur due to portosystemic shunts, cirrhosis, cholestasis, necrosis, hepatitis, hepatic lipidosis, and neoplasia. In these cats, fasting bile acid concentration is less consistently increased than postprandial concentration and it is necessary to measure both. Postprandial bile acid concentration is sometimes lower in dogs and cats than fasting bile acid concentration. This can occur due to spontaneous emptying of the gall bladder during the fasting period or to differences in gastrointestinal variables (gastric emptying time, intestinal transit, intestinal flora) or cholecystokinin secretion.
49 Liver Function Tests In horses and ruminants, a single sample is usually collected for a bile acid assay. Horses continuously secrete bile into the intestinal tract because of their lack of a gallbladder and apparent weakness of the sphincter of the common bile duct. Increased SBA concentration is a sensitive indicator of hepatobiliary disease in horses with a variety of disorders including hepatic necrosis, hepatic lipidosis, neoplasia, and cirrhosis.
50 Liver Function Tests In healthy animals only small amounts of bile acids pass through the systemic circulation and are excreted in the urine. However, when the concentration of serum bile acids increases, more bile acids are excreted in urine. Theoretically, a one-time measurement of urine bile acid concentration compared to the concentration of urine creatinine can provide similar information compared to fasting and postprandial blood samples. Urine Bile Acids:Urine Creatine Ratio (U-BA:U-Crea) However, in order to be able to make such an assessment, further studies are required.
51 Liver Function Tests Ammonia Predominantly ammonium (NH 4+ ). It is removed from portal circulation by liver. It is used in urea and protein synthesis. Due to changes in blood flow to the liver or markedly reduced number of functional hepatocytes may result in an increase in blood ammonia concentration. It is an important test for liver function. Depending on cholestasis, blood levels are not affected. Increased levels are evidence for hepatic encephalopathy.
52 Liver Function Tests Blood levels increase in animals with portosystemic shunt. Blood levels increase due to loss of 60% of hepatic functional mass. In ammonia increase, ammonia urate crystals are seen in urine. It also increases in Urea toxicity in cattles Heavy exercise in horses and dogss Horses with intestinal diseases.
53 Various forms of ammonium biurate in urine from a cat with a portosystemic shunt Kaynak: eclinpath
54 Liver Function Tests Ammonia concentration is typically measured in plasma using an enzymatic methods. It is very unstable. To collect sample, 1. Monogastric animals are fasted at least 8 hour before sampling. 2. Blood is collected and placed into EDTA or ammoniafree heparin anticoagulant, placed in an ice bath, and the plasma separated immediately (within 10 minutes). 3. Plasma is refrigerated (4 C) and assayed within minutes. Stable at - 20 C for 7 days. It should also be applied dynamic test to increase sensitivity.
55 Liver Function Tests Oral ammonia tolerance test Ammonium chloride (20 mg/ml) is used. It should never be performed in animals with fasting hyperammonemia. May cause acute ammonia toxicity. Other tests and fasting ammonia levels may be of use if uncertainty exists in a suspicious situation. 1. Fasting sample is collected. 2. Ammonium chloride (20 mg/ml) is administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg (Total dose should not exceed 3 g). 3. The postadministration sample is collected after 30 minutes.
56 Liver Function Tests In a normal animal, the post sample increases up to fold. More (3-10 fold) are pathologic (portosystemic shunt or hepatic failure). In dogs, pet food can be used instead of ammonium chloride; Postprandial ammonia tolerance test. The blood sample is collected 6 hours after feeding. Dogs have a sensitivity of 91% for the detection of portosystemic shunts. However, it is not useful for detecting other liver diseases.
57 Liver Function Tests Albumin Liver is the site of all albumin synthesis. In cases where 60-80% of the hepatic function is not lost, hypoalbuminemia usually is not noted. Hypoalbuminemia is common in dogs with chronic liver disease (>60%). However, not common in horses with chronic liver disease (~20%). The concentration of blood albumin is affected by many nonhepatic causes. Glomerulopathy leading to loss of albumin, advanced intestinal inflammation or intestinal lymphangiectasia (protein-loss enteropathy-common in dogs). In chronic hepatopathy, the levels of IgM, IgG and IgA increase, globulin levels increase, albumin decreases and A:G ratio decreases.
58 Liver Function Tests Globulins The synthesis site of many globulins is the liver (except immunoglobulins). Hepatic failure can result in decreased synthesis. Globulin concentration usually does not decrease as much as the albumin concentration. In many cases, globulin concentration may increase with chronic liver disease, either as a result of increased acute phase protein production or immunoglobulin production (horses %50). Glucose The liver plays a key role in glucose metabolism. It is the center for glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis. In animals with hepatic failure, glucose concentration can vary from decreased to increased. The liver has tremendous reserve capacity for maintaining normal blood glucose levels; 70% hepatectomy does not result in hypoglycemia.
59 Liver Function Tests Urea Urea is synthesized by hepatocytes from ammonia. In animals with liver failure, the decrease in functional hepatic mass results in decreased conversion of ammonia to urea. Consequently, the blood ammonia concentration increases, and the blood urea (also known as BUN) concentration decreases. However, blood urea concentration also may decrease because of numerous other disorders.
60 Liver Function Tests Cholesterol Cholesterol is excreted in bile, so hypercholesterolemia can occur in situations that prevent bile excretion. Depending on many non-hepatic malignancies, an increase may also be seen. Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, and blood levels may be reduced (due to lack of synthesis) in severe hepatic failure: Hypocholesterolemia. In this case, it can be used for differential diagnosis. Hypocholesterolemia is seen in dogs and cats with portosystemic shunt at 60-70%. However, many animal with hepatic failure have normal serum levels.
61 Liver Function Tests Coagulation Factors The liver plays a central role in the regulation of coagulation cascade. Many coagulation factors and anticoagulants are synthesized in the liver (such as antithrombin, protein c, protein s). In addition, there is a decrease in phylloquinone absorption due to cholestasis, which negatively affects factors II, VII, IX and X. In animals with liver disease, PT, APTT, Antithrombin activity, protein C activity and fibrinogen concentration may have abnormal. Thrombocytopenia can be seen. It should be evaluated for non-liver causes (e.g. for DIC).
62 Some laboratory findings for various liver diseases 1 Disorder ALT, AST ALP, GGT Bilirubin Bile Acids Other Functions Tests Miscellaneous Congenital portosystemic shunt N/+ ALP: N/+ (due to BALP in young animals) N Fasting: N/+ Postprandial: ++/+++ Ammonia: N/++ Albumin: N/- BUN: N/- Glucose: N/- Cholesterol: N/- PT: N/prolonged RBC microcytesis (60-70% of dogs) Ammonium biurate crystalluria Hepatic lipidosis (diffuse, cats) N/+++ ALP: N/+++ GGT: N/+ Bilirubin: N/+++ Fasting: N/+++ Postprandial: +/+++ PT, APTT: N/prolonged BUN: N/- RBC Poikilocytosis Steroid hepatopathy (dogs) N/++ +/+++ N/+ Fasting: N/+ Postprandial: N/+ N Bile duct obstruction, cholangiohepatitis, cholangitis +/++ ALP: +/+++ GGT: N/+++ N/+++ Fasting: N/+++ Postprandial: +/+++ PT and APTT prolonged if Vitamin K deficient Chronic liver disease or diffuse neoplasia N/++ N/+++ N/++ Fasting: N/+++ Postprandial: +/+++ Variable N: Normal +: High -: Low Source: Thrall et al., 2012
63 Some laboratory findings for various liver diseases - 2 Disorder ALT, AST ALP, GGT Bilirubin Bile Acids Other Function Tests Necrosis (Focal to Multifocal) Necrosis (Diffuse, or infiltrative disease) Hypoxia or mild toxic insult Focal abscesses, infarcts, neoplasms N/++ N N N N ++/++ N/++ N/++ Fasting: N/++ Postprandial: N/++ +/++ N/+ N Fasting: N/+ Postprandia: N/+ N/+ N/++ N/+ Fasting: N/+ Postprandia: N/+ Variable N N End-stage liver (Liver failure) N/++ N/+++ ++/+++ Fasting: N/+++ Postprandia: N/+++ Ammonia: N/+ Albumin: N/- BUN: N/- Glucose: N/- Cholesterol: N/- PT, APTT: Prolonged N: Normal +: High -: Low Source: Thrall et al., 2012
64 Your Questions? Send to
65 References eclinpath. İnternet Erişim: Karagül H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T, Klinik Biyokimya. Medisan, Ankara Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th edi. Academic Press-Elsevier Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison RW, Campbell TW, Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd edi. Wiley-Blackwell
66 Next Topic; Pancreas Functions and Laboratory Assessment
67 For more on Biochemistry & Clinical Biochemistry and the world of laboratories follow
HOW TO DEAL WITH THOSE ABNORMAL LIVER ENZYMES David C. Twedt DVM, DACVIM Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO
HOW TO DEAL WITH THOSE ABNORMAL LIVER ENZYMES David C. Twedt DVM, DACVIM Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO The identification of abnormal liver enzymes usually indicates liver damage but rarely
More informationANAESTHESIA AND LIVER DISEASE: UNDERSTANDING BLOOD RESULTS
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk ANAESTHESIA AND LIVER DISEASE: UNDERSTANDING BLOOD RESULTS Author : Marieke De Vries Categories : Vets Date : September 26,
More information-Liver function tests -
-Liver function tests - Biochimestry teamwork Osamah Al-Jarallah Abdulaziz Al-Shamlan Abdullah Al-Mazyad Turki Al-Otaibi Khalid Al-Khamis Saud Al-awad KhaledAlmohaimede Meshal Al-Otaibi Al-Anood Asiri
More information6. Production or formation of plasma protein and clotting factors and heparin.
Liver function test Clinical pathology dr. Ali H. Liver function test The liver has many vital physiologic functions involving synthesis, excretion, and storage. When a disease process damages cells within
More informationHEMOLYSIS AND JAUNDICE:
1 University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PBL SEMINAR HEMOLYSIS AND JAUNDICE: An overview
More informationBiochemistry Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
HbA NH 2 H 2 O 2 KClO3 Cl 2 O 7 PO 4 CH2O NAOH KMnO 4 M E D I C I N E KING SAUD UNIVERSITY Co 2 COOH MgCl 2 H 2 O Important Extra Information Doctors slides Doctors notes SO 2 HCN CCl 4 CuCl 2 SiCl 4 Biochemistry
More informationPathophysiology I Liver and Biliary Disease
Pathophysiology I Liver and Biliary Disease The Liver The liver is located in the right upper portion of the abdominal cavity just beneath the right side of the rib cage. The liver has many functions that
More informationLiver function and clinical chemistry of liver
INTRODUCTION Liver function and clinical chemistry of liver The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism with the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,,homeostasis synthesis
More informationPhysiological functions of the liver. Describe the major functions of the liver with respect to metabolism,detoxification & excretion of hydrophobic
Physiological functions of the liver. Describe the major functions of the liver with respect to metabolism,detoxification & excretion of hydrophobic substances. Describe the formation of bile,its constitents
More informationLiver Pathology Lab 1. Shannon Martinson, 2017
Liver Pathology Lab 1 Shannon Martinson, 2017 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ Case 1 Signalment: 10 year old MC DSH cat History: Inappetence and weight loss Fluid in the abdomen noted on US Esophageal
More informationPathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 1 Normal Liver; Hepatic Injury, Response, and Failure
Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 1 Normal Liver; Hepatic Injury, Response, and Failure Shannon Martinson, August 2017 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ WELCOME! Dr Boute is the coordinator Course
More informationPathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 5 Diseases of the Biliary Tract. Shannon Martinson, April 2016
Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 5 Diseases of the Biliary Tract Shannon Martinson, April 2016 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ OUTLINE Normal anatomy & function Hepatobiliary Injury and responses
More informationPathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 2 Developmental, Circulatory and Metabolic Disorders
Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 2 Developmental, Circulatory and Metabolic Disorders Shannon Martinson, August 2017 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMOLIES Congenital Cysts Congenital
More informationHEMOLYSIS & JAUNDICE: An Overview
HEMOLYSIS & JAUNDICE: An Overview University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PBL MBBS III
More informationLIVER FUNCTION TESTS
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS TtáxÜ `A TuwxÄté Å? c{w Assistant professor of Medical Biochemistry Zagazig University, Egypt University of Bisha, KSA aaserabdelazim@yahoo.com 3/20/2018 of Clinical Medical Biochemistry
More informationDefinition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism obilirubin formation otransport of bilirubin in plasma ohepatic bilirubin transport oexcretion through intestine Other substances conjugated by glucuronyl transferase.
More informationYellowish Discoloration to the Tissues of the Body
Yellowish Discoloration to the Tissues of the Body (Jaundice or Icterus) Basics OVERVIEW Yellowish discoloration to the gums and other tissues of the body (known as jaundice or icterus ) Serum total bilirubin
More informationBCM 317 LECTURE OJEMEKELE O.
BCM 317 LECTURE BY OJEMEKELE O. JAUNDICE Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera and mucous membrane, resulting from an increased bilirubin concentration in the body fluid. It is usually
More informationApproach to the Patient with Liver Disease
Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease Diagnosis of liver disease Careful history taking Physical examination Laboratory tests Radiologic examination and imaging studies Liver biopsy Liver diseases
More informationMineral Panel, Urine. Mineral/Lytes Panel, Urine. Metabolic Profile Test Panel Urea NEFA AST BHB. Non-Mammalian Chem Panel
CHEMISTRY PANELS Bilirubin Panel Bilirubin, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Canine Chemistry Panel See Small Animal Chemistry Panel Electrolyte Panel (NA) (K) (CL) Electrolyte Panel, Urine*
More informationBiochemical Investigations in Liver Disease. Dr Roshitha de Silva Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Kelaniya
Biochemical Investigations in Liver Disease Dr Roshitha de Silva Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Kelaniya Biochemical markers Albumin ALP ALT, AST Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
More informationCrackCast Episode 28 Jaundice
CrackCast Episode 28 Jaundice Episode overview: 1) Describe heme metabolism 2) List common pre-hepatic/hepatic/post-hepatic causes of jaundice Wisecracks: 1) What are clinical signs of liver disease? 2)
More informationThe Blood Chemistry Panel Explained
The Blood Chemistry Panel Explained The Senior Profile (for senior and geriatric patients) As our dogs and cats enter their senior years, we recognize that they are more likely to have health problems
More informationUpdate. Diagnostic DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR LIVER DISEASE IN DOGS, CATS (PART 2/2) AND HORSES
Diagnostic Update november 08 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR LIVER DISEASE IN DOGS, CATS (PART 2/2) AND HORSES The liver is strategically positioned between the digestive tract and the systemic circulation.
More informationLiver Function Tests
Liver Function Tests The liver is of vital importance in intermediary metabolism and in the detoxification and elimination of toxic substances. Damage to the organ may not obviously affects its activity
More informationInterpreting Liver Function Tests
PSH Clinical Guidelines Statement 2017 Interpreting Liver Function Tests Dr. Asad A Chaudhry Consultant Hepatologist, Chaudhry Hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan. Liver function tests (LFTs) generally refer
More informationPathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 5 Diseases of the Biliary Tract. Shannon Martinson, March 2017
Pathology of the Liver and Biliary Tract 5 Diseases of the Biliary Tract Shannon Martinson, March 2017 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ OUTLINE Normal anatomy & function Hepatobiliary injury and responses
More informationBILE FORMATION, ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION & BILE SALTS
1 BILE FORMATION, ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION & BILE SALTS Color index Important Further explanation 2 Mind map...3 Functions of bile & stages of bile secretion... 4 Characteristics & composition of bile...5
More informationClinical enzymology. University of Babylon College of pharmacy Second semester - biochemistry 3 rd class By Dr. Abdulhussien M. K.
Clinical enzymology University of Babylon College of pharmacy Second semester - biochemistry 3 rd class 2014 2015 By Dr. Abdulhussien M. K. Aljebory Enzyme activity Enzyme assays usually depend on the
More informationChapter 18 Liver and Gallbladder
Chapter 18 Liver and Gallbladder 解剖學科徐淑媛 本堂重點 1. Liver : functions & histology 2. Gallbladder Physiology Liver Produce circulating plasma proteins Vitamin Iron Degradation Metabolism Bile manufacture (exocrine)
More informationYellowish Discoloration to the Tissues of the Body
Yellowish Discoloration to the Tissues of the Body (Jaundice or Icterus) Basics OVERVIEW Yellowish discoloration to the gums and other tissues of the body (known as jaundice or icterus ) Serum total bilirubin
More informationLIVER FUNCTION TESTS. G M Kellerman. Hunter Area Pathology Service
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS G M Kellerman Hunter Area Pathology Service FUNCTIONS OF LIVER Carbohydrate metabolism storage (glycogen), release, synthesis (gluconeogenesis), interconversion (galactose, fructose),
More informationFibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver
Customer Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone number, Alt. phone number, Fax number, e-mail address, web site Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver Basics OVERVIEW The liver is the largest gland
More informationAdams Memorial Hospital Decatur, Indiana EXPLANATION OF LABORATORY TESTS
Adams Memorial Hospital Decatur, Indiana EXPLANATION OF LABORATORY TESTS Your health is important to us! The test descriptions listed below are for educational purposes only. Laboratory test interpretation
More informationWEEK. MPharm Programme. Liver Biochemistry. Slide 1 of 49 MPHM14 Liver Biochemistry
MPharm Programme Liver Biochemistry Slide 1 of 49 MPHM Liver Biochemistry Learning Outcomes Assess and evaluate the signs and symptoms of illness Assess and critically appraise a patients medication regimen,
More informationBIOCHEMICAL REPORT. Parameters Unit Finding Normal Value. Lipase U/L Amylase U/L
Lipase U/L 88.9 10-195 Amylase U/L 1181.1 371.3-1192.6 West Delhi :- 7/148, Opp. MCD Office, Major Pankaj Batra Marg, Near Ramesh Nagar, New Delhi-15, Ph. : 011-47562566,9999830187 Liver Function Test
More informationAround million aged erythrocytes/hour are broken down.
Anemia Degradation ofheme Around 100 200 million aged erythrocytes/hour are broken down. The degradation process starts in reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. [1] The tetrapyrrole
More informationJaundice. Agnieszka Dobrowolska- Zachwieja, MD, PhD
Jaundice Agnieszka Dobrowolska- Zachwieja, MD, PhD Jaundice definition Jaundice, as in the French jaune, refers to the yellow discoloration of the skin. It arises from the abnormal accumulation of bilirubin
More informationCholangitis/ Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome (Inflammation of the Bile Duct System and Liver) Basics
Glendale Animal Hospital 623-934-7243 www.familyvet.com Cholangitis/ Cholangiohepatitis Syndrome (Inflammation of the Bile Duct System and Liver) Basics OVERVIEW The liver is the largest gland in the body;
More informationLIVER FUNCTION TESTS
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS A- Metabolic Functions of the Liver: 1. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, lipid and protein homeostasis, with the processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis,
More informationProceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference
Close this window to return to IVIS www.ivis.org Proceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference Oct. 2-4, 2009, Barcelona, Spain http://www.sevc.info Next conference : October 1-3, 2010
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM II ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A& M University Objectives Distinguish between the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Understand and identify the structural
More informationGastrointestinal System: Accessory Organ Disorders
Gastrointestinal System: Accessory Organ Disorders Mary DeLetter, PhD, RN Associate Professor Dept. of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing Eastern Kentucky University Disorders of Accessory Organs Portal
More informationno concerns hepatic shunt, high protein diet, kidney failure, metabolic acidosis
TAKING THE WORK OUT OF INTERPRETING LAB WORK CACVT 2017 SPRING CONFERENCE - GREENWOOD VILLAGE, CO Brandy Helewa, CVT, RVT, VTS (ECC) Penn Foster College - Scranton, PA Knowing what the results on your
More informationJAUNDICE. Zdeněk Fryšák 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine Nephrology-Rheumatology-Endocrinology Faculty Hospital Olomouc
JAUNDICE Zdeněk Fryšák 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine Nephrology-Rheumatology-Endocrinology Faculty Hospital Olomouc Definition of Jaundice Icterus A yellowish staining of the skin, sclerae and deeper
More informationHepatology Case reports
Hepatology Case reports Prof.. MUDr. Libor VítekV tek,, PhD, MBA IV. Dept. Int Med and Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and laboratory diagnostics VFN and 1. LF UK in Praze Biochemical methods in hepatology
More informationWhat to do with abnormal LFTs? Andrew M Smith Hepatobiliary Surgeon
What to do with abnormal LFTs? Andrew M Smith Hepatobiliary Surgeon "it looks like there's something wrong.with your television set. Matt Groenig, creator of The Simpsons Probability of an abnormal screening
More informationMiniboard Exam 2011 Veterinary Pathology - Clinical Pathology
Miniboard Exam 2011 Veterinary Pathology - Clinical Pathology 1. The following information is given for an 8 year old felid: Na+ - 138 mmol/l Cl - 102 mmol/l Mg+- 2.4 mmol/l Phos- 11.2 mg/dl Ca²+- 10.1
More informationExtrahepatic Bile Duct Ostruction (Blockage of the Extrahepatic or Common Bile Duct) Basics
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Ostruction (Blockage of the Extrahepatic or Common Bile Duct) Basics OVERVIEW The liver is the largest gland in the body; it has many functions, including production of bile (a fluid
More informationLaboratory diagnosis of plasma proteins and plasma enzymes
Laboratory diagnosis of plasma proteins and plasma enzymes Functions of plasma proteins Function: transport humoral immunity enzymes protease inhibitors maintenance of oncotic pressure buffering Example:
More informationNon-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN)
Non-protein nitrogenous substances (NPN) A simple, inexpensive screening test a routine urinalysis is often the first test conducted if kidney problems are suspected. A small, randomly collected urine
More informationAn Approach to Jaundice Block 10. Dr AJ Terblanche Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
An Approach to Jaundice Block 10 Dr AJ Terblanche Department of Paediatrics and Child Health JAUNDICE (ICTERUS) Yellow discoloration skin, sclerae, mucous membranes Observed 60% term, 80% preterm infants
More informationHEPETIC SYSTEMS BIOCHEMICAL HEPATOCYTIC SYSTEM HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
EVALUATION OF LIVER FUNCTION R. Mohammadi Biochemist (Ph.D.) Faculty member of Medical Faculty HEPETIC SYSTEMS BIOCHEMICAL HEPATOCYTIC SYSTEM HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM METABOLIC FUNCTION
More informationInterpreting Liver Tests What Do They Mean? Roman E. Perri, MD
Interpreting Liver Tests What Do They Mean? Roman E. Perri, MD The assessment of patients with abnormal liver tests is common in both primary care and gastroenterology clinics. However, among patients
More informationAbnormal Liver Chemistries. Lauren Myers, MMsc. PA-C Oregon Health and Science University
Abnormal Liver Chemistries Lauren Myers, MMsc. PA-C Oregon Health and Science University Disclosure 1. The speaker/planner Lauren Myers, MMSc, PA-C have no relevant financial relationships to disclose
More informationHistology. The pathology of the. bile ducts. pancreas. liver. The lecture in summary. Vt-2006
Vt-2006 The pathology of the liver, bile ducts and pancreas Richard Palmqvist Docent, ST-läkare, Klin Pat Lab, Labcentrum The lecture in summary Introduction, histology & physiology in brief General phenomenon
More informationDigestive system L 4. Lecturer Dr. Firdous M. Jaafar Department of Anatomy/Histology section
Digestive system L 4 Lecturer Dr. Firdous M. Jaafar Department of Anatomy/Histology section objectives 1-Describe the structure of liver. 2-Define liver lobule, and identify its zones. 3-Define portal
More informationPhysiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 4 DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Functions Motility Ingestion Mastication Deglutition Peristalsis Secretion 7 liters/day! Exocrine/endocrine Digestion Absorption Digestion of
More informationCh 7 Nutrition in humans
Ch 7 Nutrition in humans Think about (Ch 7, p.2) 1. The stomach churns food into smaller pieces physically. The stomach wall secretes proteases to chemically digest proteins. It also releases hydrochloric
More informationDiagnosis and Monitoring of Avian Hepatic Disease. Sue Jaensch 1. Clinical Signs
Diagnosis and Monitoring of Avian Hepatic Disease Sue Jaensch 1 linical Signs The clinical presentation of birds with liver disease is typically non-specific and variable. Presenting signs may include
More informationEfficient detoxification depends on the Kupffer cell function.
Liver Functions of liver: 1- Metabolic functions and blood glucose regulation: When the glucose concentration is high in the portal veinit is converted to glycogen (glycogenesis) During fasting the systemic
More informationMs Amanda Clements ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER. Pre-Conference Nurse s Course. Plymouth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 12/12/2014
Pre-Conference Nurse s Course in partnership with Ms Amanda Clements Plymouth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER Amanda Clements Nurse Consultant Hepatology 1 Anatomy Largest
More informationThe Urinary System. Lab Exercise 38. Objectives. Introduction
Lab Exercise The Urinary System Objectives - Be able to identify the structures of the urinary system and give their function - Be able to recognize the gross anatomy of the kidney - Identify the components
More informationClinical Pathology Intro
Detect, Describe, Deduce Consider - impact of species/breed/age/sex Organs/tissues affected? Time course? Pathological processes? -Inflammation and repair -Circulatory disturbances -Disorders of growth
More informationNoncalculous Biliary Disease Dean Abramson, M.D. Gastroenterologists, P.C. Cedar Rapids. Cholestasis
Noncalculous Biliary Disease Dean Abramson, M.D. Gastroenterologists, P.C. Cedar Rapids Cholestasis Biochemical hallmark Impaired bile flow from liver to small intestine Alkaline phosphatase is primary
More informationThe Functions of the Liver 5 CEU S / PDA s in Biomedical Science
The Functions of the Liver 5 CEU S / PDA s in Biomedical Science OPTIONS FOR WELLNESS, INC. 7059 SW 53 LN MIAMI, FL 33155 305-665-0615 305-675-0117 fax www.acupunctureceus.com CEU PROVIDER Florida Board
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationDiseases of liver. Dr. Mohamed. A. Mahdi 4/2/2019. Mob:
Diseases of liver Dr. Mohamed. A. Mahdi Mob: 0123002800 4/2/2019 Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a complication of many liver disease. Permanent scarring of the liver. A late-stage liver disease. The inflammation
More information2010 Miniboard Exam- Clinical Pathology
2010 Miniboard Exam- Clinical Pathology 1. All of the following findings are noted in cats with hyperthyroidism EXCEPT: A. Anemia B. Increased creatinine C. Hyperglycemia D. Elevated ALP (bone isoenzyme)
More informationMr Ricky Gellissen Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Mr Ricky Gellissen Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Ms Sally Bufton University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham Mrs Janet Catt Royal Free
More informationA Review of Liver Function Tests. James Gray Gastroenterology Vancouver
A Review of Liver Function Tests James Gray Gastroenterology Vancouver Copyright 2017 by Sea Courses Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, stored, or transmitted
More informatione. Undigested material is compacted and stored until the colon is full. When the colon is full, a signal to empty it is sent by sensors in the walls
Digestive System 1. General a. Animals obtain energy by breaking food molecules into smaller pieces. b. The basic fuel molecules are amino acids, lipids and sugars c. Digestion is the chemical breakdown
More informationDr. R. Pradheep. DNB Resident Pediatrics. Southern. Railway. Hospital.
Hyperbilirubinemia in an Infant Pradheep Railway Dr. R. DNB Resident Pediatrics. Southern Hospital. A 2 ½ month old male baby born out of 3 rd degree consanguinity presented to us with c/o yellow discolouration
More informationDRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION
DRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND EXTRAHEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM The decline in plasma concentration after drug administration
More informationCITY AND HACKNEY CCG ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION TESTS (LFTs) in ADULTS
CITY AND HACKNEY CCG ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION TESTS (LFTs) in ADULTS Interpreting abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) and trying to diagnose any underlying liver disease is a common scenario in Primary
More information2015 Miniboard Exam Candidate # Clinical Pathology
2015 Miniboard Exam Candidate # Clinical Pathology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 1 2015 Miniboard Exam Clinical Pathology 1. An aspirate from
More informationThe Anatomy of the Liver and How It Functions
CE Article #2 The Anatomy of the Liver and How It Functions CERTAIN DISEASE PROCESSES can cause liver failure; therefore, it is crucial that technicians understand not only how the liver functions but
More informationUnit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS. Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK)
Unit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS By Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK) Excretion, along with metabolism and tissue redistribution,
More informationCanine Chronic Idiopathic Hepatitis
Canine Chronic Idiopathic Hepatitis David C. Twedt DVM, DACVIM Problem Acute Rt rear leg lameness History Probably stepped on by owner s horse Healthy otherwise No medications Physical exam Possible partial
More informationKRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi Prof, Dept. Of Pharmacology KTPC The Digestive System Food undergoes six major processes: 1. Ingestion : process
More informationMCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System
MCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. During the oral phase of swallowing,. Question #01 A. Initially, the food bolus is moved to the back of the tongue and
More informationPaneth Cells. Road Map to the Finish. No Review this Friday. Today 11/29 Finish digestion/accessory organs. Wednesday 12/1 Immune System I
Road Map to the Finish No Review this Friday Today 11/29 Finish digestion/accessory organs Wednesday 12/1 Immune System I Paneth Cells - base of intestinal glands -! large -! intense acidophilic granules
More informationPATHOLOGY OF LIVER & BILIARY TRACT. Lecture 5. Idiopathic & proliferative conditions; diseases of the biliary tract
PATHOLOGY OF LIVER & BILIARY TRACT Lecture 5 Idiopathic & proliferative conditions; diseases of the biliary tract Enrique Aburto Winter 2015 IX. Diseases of uncertain origin Equine serum hepatitis Idiopathic
More informationDrug therapy in patient with hepatic impairment
Drug therapy in patient with hepatic impairment Arzneimitteltherapie bei Leberinsuffizienz Dominik Wilke 03/04 Mai 2018 43. ADKA-Kongress, Stuttgart Functions of the Liver I Metabolism (Carbohydrates,
More informationThe gallbladder. Bile secretion:
The gallbladder is a thin walled green muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver. The gallbladder stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it. When the muscular
More information10/13 Tuesday 2:30-3:20 PM UPDATE ON FELINE LIVER DISEASE David C. Twedt, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO
10/13 Tuesday 2:30-3:20 PM UPDATE ON FELINE LIVER DISEASE David C. Twedt, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO There are a number of specific liver diseases unique to the cat
More informationEXAM COVER SHEET. Course Code: CLS 432. Course Description: Clinical Biochemistry. Final Exam. Duration: 2 hour. 1st semester 1432/1433.
EXAM COVER SHEET Course Code: CLS 432 Course Description: Clinical Biochemistry Final Exam Duration: 2 hour 1st semester 1432/1433 Student Name: Student Uni No: Part 1 Multiple choice questions Answer
More informationThe Liver & Gallbladder
The Liver & Gallbladder The liver has been shown to have more than 500 vital functions We will review only a few of these Main Functions of the Liver PRODUCES BILE Elimination of toxins Fat emulsifier
More informationCOURSE IN BIOCHEMISTRY FOR STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
COURSE IN BIOCHEMISTRY FOR STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY The name of Unit in which the subject is realized: Department of Biochemistry Head: Prof. Dariusz Chlubek M.D., Ph.D.
More informationAli Yaghi. Yaseen Fatayer. M.Khatatbeh
6 Ali Yaghi Yaseen Fatayer M.Khatatbeh P a g e 1 pancreatic secretions note: The pancreas has endocrine (secretions are released toward the blood) and exocrine(secretions are released through the canalicular
More informationProf. Dr. Hedef Dhafir El-Yassin. Prof. Dr. El-Yassin
Prof. Dr. Hedef Dhafir El-Yassin 1 1. To define jaundice 2. To describe the types of jaundice 3. To tabulate and evaluate Laboratory results in all types of jaundice 2 } This is a condition where there
More informationProceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007
Proceedings of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Sydney, Australia 2007 Hosted by: Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA) Australian Small Animal Veterinary Association (ASAVA)
More informationDigestion and Absorption
Digestion and Absorption Digestion and Absorption Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form. Mechanical digestion by mastication and swallowing Chemical digestion
More informationNOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2)
NOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2) PANCREAS Structure of the pancreas: The pancreas produces PANCREATIC JUICE that is then secreted into a pancreatic duct. The PANCREATIC DUCT leads to the The
More informationImmunological transfusion reactions
Immunological transfusion reactions Immunological transfusion reactions can be hemolytic or non-hemolytic in nature. Both types can be separated into acute (those occurring immediately after transfusion)
More informationPancreas Fox Chapter 18 part 2 (also Chapter 19.3 & 19.4)
Vert Phys PCB3743 Pancreas Fox Chapter 18 part 2 (also Chapter 19.3 & 19.4) T. Houpt, Ph.D. Anatomy of Digestive System Peristalsis Stomach and Acid Secretion Liver and Bile Secretion Pancreas and pancreatic
More informationChapter 18 LIVER BILIARY TRACT
Chapter 18 LIVER & BILIARY TRACT DUCT SYSTEM N O FIBROUS TISSUE PORTAL TRIAD CENTRAL VEIN PATTERNS OF HEPATIC INJURY Degeneration: Balooning, feathery degeneration, fat, pigment Inflammation:
More informationThe Digestive System. What is the advantage of a one-way gut? If you swallow something, is it really inside you?
The Digestive System What is the advantage of a one-way gut?! If you swallow something, is it really inside you? Functions and Processes of the Digestive System: Move nutrients, water, electrolytes from
More informationHepatocytes produce. Proteins Clotting factors Hormones. Bile Flow
R.J.Bailey MD Hepatocytes produce Proteins Clotting factors Hormones Bile Flow Trouble.. for the liver! Trouble for the Liver Liver Gall Bladder Common Alcohol Hep C Fatty Liver Cancer Drugs Viruses Uncommon
More informationPlasma proteins Quantitatively, proteins are the most important part of the soluble components of the blood plasma.
Plasma proteins 42 Plasma proteins Quantitatively, proteins are the most important part of the soluble components of the blood plasma. concentrations of between 60 and 80 g L 1, they constitute approximately
More information