GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND CORRELATION FOR SOME QUALITY TRAITS IN F 3:4 BRASSICA POPULATIONS

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1 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, 2008 GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND CORRELATION FOR SOME QUALITY TRAITS IN F 3:4 BRASSICA POPULATIONS Sajid Khan, Farhatullah, Iftikhar Hussain Khalil, Mohammad Yasir Khan and Naushad Ali ABSTRACT Six F 3:4 derived interspecific Brassica populations together with three checks were evaluated for their genetic variability and correlation among quality traits at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during the crop seasons. Randomized complete block designs with four replications were employed for the study. Highly significant genetic variation (P 0.01) existed among Brassica populations for oil content, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid contents. Non-significant (P> 0.05) variation was recorded for protein content. The maximum oleic acid (53.8%) and minimum linolenic acid (9.4%) were recorded for the population , while minimum glucosinolates (50.1 µm g -1 ) and erucic acid (32.4%) were recorded in population and respectively. Genetic variances for most of the traits were generally 3 to 15 times greater than the environmental variance indicating significant genetic control over expression of quality traits. Heritability estimates were high (>0.70) for glucosinolate, linolenic acid, oleic acid and erucic acid contents, while low heritability (< 0.50) was observed for protein content. Populations , , and had outstanding performance for most of the quality traits. Key words: Genetic Variability, Heritability, Correlation, Quality Traits, Brassica Population INTRODUCTION Oil and fats are essential items in human diet since they provide energy, improve taste, palatability of food. Pakistan is chronically deficient in the production of edible oils and this deficit is continuously increasing due to the rapid rise in population and living standard of people. The local production of edible oil from all oilseed crops is only sufficient to meet about one third of the domestic consumption with remaining being met through heavy imports (MINFAL, 2005). These imports are continuously increasing annually at an alarming rate Thus, Pakistan spends a huge foreign exchange on the import of edible oil to meet the local consumption (Razi, 2004).. Since 1970, there has been a growing awareness about the nutritional quality of the oil and meal and this has shifted the emphasis towards breeding for high yield and quality traits in rapeseed mustard in order to bridge the gap between production and consumption (FAO, 2002). This strategy however, proved to be of little help to overcome the deficit of edible oil. The Pakistani rapeseed and mustard cultivars have high amounts of nutritionally undesired components, erucic acid and glucosinolates (Agnihotri and Kaushik, 1999). Since both erucic acid and glucosinolate are governed by multiple recessive genes, a large number of segregating plant populations are required to be screened for selection of double low plants. The lack of cost effective, efficient and precise analytical methods may restrict the breeding efforts towards development of double low ('00' or 'Canola' quality) cultivars. Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Brassica campestris and Brassica juncea) are grown world wide as a source of edible oil (Downey and Rakow, 1987), although these species are grown on large scales in the world, they contribute an average of about 21 percent in the edible oil production (PARC, 1991). However, their oil is not fit for human and animal consumption as it contains high levels of erucic acid and sulphur compounds (glucosinolates) (Agnihotri and Kaushik, 1999). Especially with B. campestris, cultivated in India and Pakistan, the erucic acid constitutes 40-50% and high glucosinolate ( µm g -1 ) in total fatty acid (Agnihotri and Kaushik, 1999), thus restricting their use as edible oil crop. In addition, the oil content of Brassica oilseed meal contains about 40% protein with a wellbalanced amino acid composition (Miller et al. 1962), but lower than would be desired. Its use in human and animal nutrition is, however, limited by its glucosinolate and erucic acid content. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop new varieties, containing low levels of erucic acid and glucosinolate. Hence there is great need to screen out breeding lines for lower levels of erucic acid (<2%) and glucosinolate (<30 µ mg -1 ) and higher yield potential (Kaushik, 1998). Keeping in mind the importance of oil, selection was made from F 3 interspecific families of Brassica during the season on the quality basis. All the selected genotypes were sown in RCB design in season to study variability for qualitative traits like oil, protein, glucosinolates, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid contents in six F 3:4 populations; , , , , and along with three checks A (B. napus), 1203 (B. campestris) and Rainbow (B. napus) Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan.

2 Sajid Khan, et al. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation for some quality traits 224 of the genus Brassica. Data thus collected were analyzed by least significant difference(lsd) and combine analysis method for means, heritability (h 2 ) and correlation for oil, glucosinolate content (µ molg - 1 ), erucic acid (%), protein content (%), oleic acid (%) and linolenic acid (%) were recorded for each population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study pertaining to genetic variability, heritability and phenotypic correlation for quality characteristics in F 3:4 populations of Brassica were conducted at the New Developmental Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, between 2004 and Six lines , , , , , were selected from F 3 interspecific populations in These lines along with three checks were evaluated in four replications using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in The checks used in the trial were two B. napus lines (A and Rainbow) and one B.campestris line (1230). For this purpose F 3 seeds were sown on October 11, The sowing plot comprised of 6 rows, each 5 m long with row-to-row and plant to plant distance of 30 cm. The crop was irrigated three times during the entire period of growth and development. All the experimental lines were grown under natural conditions (neither fertilizer nor pesticides were applied) in order to measure the full potential of the population under natural conditions. At maturity, seeds were harvested from each plot of each replication and data were analyzed statistically for variability, heritability and correlation of different traits. Quality Analysis Chemical analysis is one of the important features of this study. In oil seed crops, the quality seed production is the major objective beside a high yielding variety. The quality of oil seed Brassica depends on high percentage of oil, protein, oleic acid and low percentage of glucosinolate (GSL), linolenic acid and erucic acid. About 8.5 % moisture content is also required for storage purpose (CFIA, 1999). Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy, has been successfully applied as an alternative technique to gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid profile in a number of oilseed crops. The main species studied to date are B. napus (Reinhardt and Robbelen, 1991), Helianthus annus (Panford and Man, 1990), and Brassica carinata (Velasco et al., 1999). To determine the chemical constituents of seeds for oil content (%), protein content (%), glucosinolates (µm g -1 ), erucic acid (%), oleic acid (%) and linolenic acid (%), whole seed samples were scanned on Near Infra red (NIR) Spectroscopy System (FOSS 6500 equipped with ISI version 1.02 a software of Infra Soft International) according to the manufacturer s protocol. The samples were scanned in triplicates to minimize sampling error. These analyses were carried out at the Biochemical Laboratory, Crop Breeding Section of Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Peshawar. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Analysis of Variance The data obtained were statistically analyzed by using SAS- program for randomized complete block design. F-test was employed to detect the significance of genotypic effect and LSD (0.05) was used for mean comparisons. Heritability estimates The heritability estimates provide information on transmission of trait (s) from parents to offspring. Such estimates facilitate the evaluation of genetic and environmental effects, which aid in selection. Estimates of heritability can also be used to predict genetic advance under selection, so that the plant breeder can anticipate improvement from different types and intensities of selection. Genetic (V g ) and environmental (V e ) variances were computed from the mean squares in the analysis of variance of each trait. Heritability, estimates were calculated by the formulae used by Khan et al. (1992). V p = V e + V g h 2 (BS) = V g / V P Estimation of correlation The estimation of correlation is one of the most common and useful statistical techniques in research. For improvement in yield and quality, study of association among its components is important. It contributes to ascertain which of the postulated components have positive and significant relationship with grain yield and quality traits. Pearson s correlation determines the extent to which values of the two traits are "proportional" to each other. Pearson s correlation among quality traits was estimated using Ms-Excel package. (Steve Selvin, 1995) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance Highly significant differences were observed among Brassica populations (P 0.01) for oil, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid (Table I). Whereas, non-significant (P> 0.05) differences were found for protein content. The co-efficient of

3 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, variation ranged from 7.08 to 3.16 % for various characters (Table I). The lowest coefficient of variation values ( 20 %) shows the best genetic potential and its genetic influence while the highest shows more influence of environmental fluctuations. Oil Content (%) An oilseed crop rich in oil content of high quality is the ultimate goal of a grower. The quality of a canola seed is determined from its oil content. Highly significant difference (P 0.01) was recorded for oil content among the genotypes. However, mean values in respect to oil content percentage displayed significance differences at 5% level of probability for all the genotypes. Data for oil percentages in different genotypes of Brassica indicated the range for checks 43 to 47%, in which the lowest was exhibited by 1203 (check) while highest by A (check), with the mean value of 45.4%. F 3:4 populations ranged between 44 to 48%, maximum oil content was recorded for of 47.93%. While minimum oil content was 44.00%. The higher oil content obtained for population might be due to the variation in the genetic make up of the population. Population , and 1203 (check) ranked in the same group showed no significant differences, while Rainbow (check) and were placed in the same. All other F 3:4 populations were recorded significantly different for oil content profile. The mean value of oil for F 3:4 populations were 45.4% (Table III). These results are in agreement with the findings of Getinet et al. (1996), who observed 2.3% difference between different Brassica carinata lines for seed oil content. Protein Content (%) Protein is a major requirement for all living organisms for their growth and development. Nonsignificant differences were observed for protein content. Results for protein percentages in the experiment ranged between 23.0 and 25.6% for checks; lowest for A (check) and highest for 1203 (check) followed by of the F 3:4 interspecific populations (26.58 %). The mean value for checks was 24.28%. Protein levels for F 3:4 populations ranged from 22.6 to 24.19%; the lowest value was recorded for and highest for Rainbow (check), , and were observed in similar range. Other genotypes were with significant variations (Table II). The mean value of protein % for F 3:4 populations were 23.7% (Table III). Glucosinolates Content (µm g -1 ) Glucosinolates is the second major undesirable component of oil seed Brassica, causing different problems in human beings and animals. Glucosinolate content revealed highly significant differences (P 0.01) among the genotypes. The data related to the glucosinolate contents ranged from 78 to 84.8 µ mg -1 for checks in which the lowest was observed for 1203 (check) and highest 84.8µ mg -1 in Rainbow (check), with an over all mean value of µmg -1. Data regarding F 3:4 populations ranged between 50.0 and 65.7 µmg -1 (lowest for population and highest for ). Populations and were statistically same for GSL content and were not significantly different from each other (Table II). Other genotypes were recorded significantly different. The mean value for F 3:4 populations were µm g -1 (Table III). Similarly Khulbe et al., 2000 and Choudary et al., 1999 found significant differences for glucosinolates. Oleic Acid Content (%) Beside protein, higher oleic content was also one of major objective of the study to increase significantly. Highly significant differences (P 0.01) were recorded for oleic acid profile among the tested genotypes (Table I.). The oleic acid contents ranged from 38 to 49 % for checks in which the lowest content was observed for Rainbow (check) and highest for A (check), with the mean value of 42.25%. F 3:4 populations show least common differences and ranged from 51.1 to 53.8%. Population was observed with maximum and with minimum oleic acid content. Populations , , , and A (check) showed no variation for the oleic acid content and fell in the same group (Table II). The mean value for F 3:4 populations were 52.63% (Table III). Linolenic Acid Content (%) Followed by glucosinolates, low linolenic acid content is also desirable and in this study, the evaluation was one of the major objectives. The statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences (P 0.01) for linolenic acid content among genotypes. Linolenic acid content ranged from 9 to 11% for checks; in which the lowest was recorded for A (check) and the highest for 1203 (check) with the over all mean value of 10.63%. F 3:4 populations ranged from 9 to 10%, where as the lowest amount was recorded for and highest for The mean value for F 3:4 populations were 9.94% (Table III). Erucic Acid Content (%) One of the major undesirable and problematic components of the oil seed Brassica is its higher level of erucic acid content. One of the major objectives in the current study was to evaluate improved genotype

4 Sajid Khan, et al. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation for some quality traits 226 for low content of erucic acid. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (P 0.01) for erucic acid content among the evaluated genotypes (Table I). Erucic acid content ranged from 48 to 59 % for checks, with the lowest for A (check) and highest for Rainbow (check) with mean value of 54.86%. While Rainbow (check) and 1203 (check) showed non-significant differences for erucic acid content. For F 3:4 populations erucic acid content ranged from 32 to 42% whereas the lowest amount was recorded for and highest for population. The mean value for F 3:4 populations were 36.67% (Table III). Estimation of Heritability (h 2 ) The broad sense heritability for major qualitative components of Brassica oil for various genotypes was determined to be between 0.15 and The least heritability was observed for protein content (0.15), followed by oil content (0.40) and the highest was observed for erucic acid (0.94) followed by oleic acid (0.93) and glucosinolates (0.89), respectively (Table IV). The higher heritability values of erucic acid and GSL showed negative response to the selection criteria of breeder for quality characters that might be due to the internal complexity of the genetic correlation and environment. Phenotypic Correlation The analysis of correlation showed highly significant but negative correlation of oil with protein content (- 0.84), while non-significant association with glucosinolates (0.12), oleic acid (0.15), linolenic acid (-0.49) and erucic acid (0.24) (Table V). The relationship of protein is negative and non-significant with glucosinolate (0.08), oleic acid (0.38) and erucic acid (0.003), while non-significantly positively related to linolenic acid (0.50). Non-significant positive relationship was observed between glucosinolates and linolenic acid (0.10) and erucic acid (0.55) but negatively related with oleic acid (0.50). Oleic acid showed highly significant but negative association with linolenic acid (0.52) and erucic acid (0.81). The relation between linolenic acid and erucic acid (0.01) was observed as negatively non-significant. Analysis of variance for majority of the traits presented highly significant differences for percentage of oil, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, erucic acid and showed non-significant results for protein content. The maximum protein content was recorded for population , but this was less than for 1203 (check). A (check) yielded the minimum protein content. While protein content cannot be strictly compared with the results of past investigators as no exact reference was found in literature for this trait, Bilgili et al. (2001) reported significant variation for protein. The difference might be due to the diverse genetic background, environmental fluctuation, observation and methods of evaluation of results. Highly significant results were observed for qualitative parameters like oil, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid contents. Population produced the highest percentage of oil and oleic acid while the protein and linolenic acid production was the lowest. The population produced the minimum oil and oleic acid content. Our results are similar to the findings of Alemayehu et al. (2005) they reported significant variation for oil and glucosinolates content among the parents and their hybrids of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Higher level of glucosinolate was observed for population along as well as the lowest linolenic acid content. Population produced the lowest percentage of erucic acid while population produced the maximum (Table II). Our results are in conformity with earlier findings of Ghosh and Gulati (2001), who studied genetic variability and association among 12 yield components. They found significant variation for oil content. Pathak et al. (2000) also found significant variation for oil content in Brassica juncea. Similarly, Alemayehu et al. (2005) observed significant variation for oil, glucosinolate and protein from a diallel cross of six inbred lines of B. carinata. Our results are also supported by the investigation of Ping et al. (2003), who reported significant variation for seed oil concentration. Bradshaw and Wilson (1998) and Krzymanski (1999) found significant variation among brassica lines for glucosinolate content. Heritability The heritability estimate for qualitative traits of oil, protein, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid contents were 0.40, 0.15, 0.89, 0.93, 0.74 and 0.94, respectively (Table IV). The high estimates of broad sense heritability for majority of the traits like oil, GSL, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid indicates that large proportion of the total variance. High genotypic variance having less environmental influence hence possessing high heritable variation. As these traits possessed high heritability values, it is suggested that using these traits as selection criteria could lead to the improvement in seed yield and quality. Parameters having high heritability are considered under control

5 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, of additive genes, which highlights the usefulness of selection based on phenotypic performance (Goshak and Gulati, 2001 Khulbe et al. 2000; Chaudhry et al, 1999 and Kakroo et al. 2000). Lower values of heritability (0.89 and 0.86) were reported by Schierholt and Becker (2001) and Krzymanski et al. (1999) for glucosinolate. They both reported that glucosinolates content is affected by G E interaction. The difference between the abovementioned findings and the results from this study may be due to the differences in genotypes. Higher heritability estimated from the current study are supported by the earlier findings of Ecker and Yaniv (1993). They suggested that additive mode of inheritance for erucic acid content could be due to its high heritability and interdependence. Higher heritability for oleic acid found in the present experiment is supported by Schierholt and Becker (2001), while studying the inheritance of oleic acid in Brassica napus. They suggested that the higher heritability could be due to environmental influence that could be overcome through biparental or pedigree selection. Zhang et al. (2004), however, reported lower heritability, which may be due to difference of genotypes or environmental influence. Higher heritability values for oleic acid and linolenic acid are an agreement with Schierholt and Becker (2001), who studied inheritance of oleic acid in Brassica napus. They reported that monogenic inheritance is involved for high heritability of the trait. Similarly Rajcan et al. (1997), Pleines and Friedt (1988) reported that at least three major genes, while Somers et al. (1998), Ruker and Robelen (1996) suggested probably several minor genes are involved in the inheritance of linolenic acid. Our results are also similar to the earlier findings of Ghosh and Gulati (2001), who obtained high heritability estimates for oil content. Our results are in conformity with finding of Bradshaw and Wilson (1998), who reported high heritability for GSL content using complete F 1 diallel crosses. Our studies further supported by Chauhan et al. (2002) who reported moderate to high heritability for erucic acid content was associated with high genetic advance ( %). Furthermore, they concluded that erucic acid had negative and significant association with oleic and linolenic acid. Their study revealed that selection for low erucic acid would result in selecting plants with high oleic acid and linoleic acid. Breeding for low linolenic acid levels is challenging since the genes are inherited in a recessive manner. Often the novel phenotype is a result of mutagenesis (Rakow (1973) and Röbbelen and Nitsch (1975) as in the varieties Apollo and Stellar. Also, the low linolenic acid trait is influenced significantly by the environment, which makes selection of plants by bulk seed or half seed analysis in the greenhouse unreliable. In this study, broad sense heritability for oleic acid of the traits is high indicating the major role of genetic factors whereas lower estimates for oil and protein content suggesting the major role of environmental factors in expression for these traits in Brassica genotypes. Thus, delayed selection could be suggested for breeding of stable yielding lines. Our findings are supported by the earlier findings of Chunhai et al. (2003), who found high (0.83), medium (0.51%) and low (0.31) narrow sense heritability for erucic acid content. Similar results were found by Volker et al. (2004), who found heritability of oil content ( ) and for glucosinolate content ( ). There is a substantial effort by both private and public breeding programs to develop novel fatty acid traits in Brassica oilseeds, i.e. high oleic, oil and low linolenic acid, glucosinolates and erucic acid profile. Estimation of Phenotypic Correlation Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or more traits. The value of studies on relationship between various quality characters of the plant population which influence quality is very great indeed, as it furnishes to the plant breeder with an easy and fairly reliable means of isolating high yielding and better quality genotypes from the breeding material. The importance of quality as the character of prominent choice in plant breeding needs no comment. Even a slight superiority of newly evolved variety in respect of yield and quality over the commercial varieties is enough to ensure replacement of the former by the latter without any efforts on persuading the cultivators to take-up the new variety. Farmers are always readily willing to take up the high yielding variety. Correlation analysis of important plant characters leads to a directional model for quality response. In the present study an effort has been made to analyze the relationship between various traits. The results of correlation coefficient among the traits studied are shown in (Table V). Oil has highly significant but negative relation with protein content (0.84), while with a non-significant but positive relation with glucosinolates (0.12), oleic acid (0.15) and erucic acid (0.24). It however showed negatively non-significant association with linolenic acid (0.49) (Table V). The relationship of protein is negative and non-significant with glucosinolate

6 Sajid Khan, et al. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation for some quality traits 228 (0.08), oleic acid (0.38) and erucic acid (0.003), while non-significantly positive with linolenic acid (0.50). While a non-significant positive relationship was observed between glucosinolates and linolenic acid (0.10) and erucic acid (0.55), it related negatively with oleic acid (0.50). Oleic acid showed highly significant but negative association with linolenic acid (0.52) and erucic acid (0.81). The relation between linolenic acid and erucic acid (0.01) was observed to be non-significant and negative. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS All the genotypes showed highly significant (P 0.01) variation for all the traits except for protein content (P 0.05). Non-significant results were observed for protein content which might due to the environmental fluctuation, adoptability and narrow genetic background of genotypes. The range for checks and F 3:4 populations were 43 to 47 and 44 to 48 % for oil percentage, 23 to 26 and 23 to 24 % for protein percentage, 78 to 85 and 50 to 66 µmolg -1 for glucosinolate content, 38 to 49 and 51 to 54 % for oleic acid, 9 to 11 and 9 to 10 % for linolenic acid content and 48 to 59 and 32 to 42% for erucic acid content. Generally, low correlation was observed among different traits; however some of the related characters like oil, protein and oleic acid and erucic acid were highly significantly and negative correlated with each other as compared to the remaining traits which were non-significantly correlated with each other. So selections for such traits are useful for quality improvement. The results indicated that oilseed mustard in Pakistan has narrow genetic base and experiencing high level of genetic erosion perhaps due to selection for similar traits, replacement by new uniform varieties and socioeconomic changes in agriculture. Our results also illustrate that the introgression of these winter germplasms can improve seed yield in spring canola hybrids. This was especially apparent in field trials conducted where the populations performed well and many hybrids had significantly higher seed yield than the starting hybrid and hybrid cultivars. This analysis may allow detection of genomic segments introgressed from winter germplasm into spring B. campestris that improve seed yield and other agronomic traits of spring hybrids. Manipulation of these favorable alleles through selection, after their confirmation, may result in improved populations for use in hybrid breeding programs of spring oilseed B. campestris. Broad sense heritability estimates were high (>50%) for all characters except protein and moderate heritability was observed for oil content. Generally genotypic variances for most of the characters were 3 to 15 times greater than environmental variances which indicating significant genetic control over expression of quality traits. The oil content was similar in all genotypes. This study indicates that winter rapeseed may be a valuable source of germplasm for spring hybrid breeding. The results from the current study showed that all the lines were comparatively better than the checks for oil yield, glucosinolate, erucic acid protein, oleic acid and linolenic acid content. Populations , and were found superior with regards to oil yield, protein content and oleic acid content and lower glucosinolate linolenic acid and erucic acid content. Table I. Analysis of variance for quality traits of checks and f 3:4 interspecific populations of brassica Traits Replication Genotypes Error CV Percentage of oil 5.74 ns 14.02** Protein content 1.4 ns 3.8 ns Glucosinolates content 15.8 ns 817.4** Oleic acid content 0.28 ns 147.9** Linolenic acid content 0.18 ns 2.91** Erucic acid content 9.78 ns 496.1** ns= non-significant *= significant at 0.05% probability levels **= Highly significant at 0.01% probability levels

7 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, Table II. Means for oil content, protein content, glucosinolate content, oleic acid content, linolenic acid content and erucic acid content of nine brassica genotypes (six F 3:4 pop. And three standard checks) evaluated at nwfp agricultural university, Genotypes Oil (%) Protein (%) GSL (µmg -1 ) Oleic acid (%) Linolenic acid (%) A (C 1) (C 2) Rainbow (C 3) LSD (0.05) C 1, C 2, C 3 = Commercial/checks variety Erucic acid (%) Table III. Range, checks mean and lines mean for oil content, protein content, glucosinolate content, oleic acid content, linolenic acid content and erucic acid content of six F 3:4 Pop. and three checks evaluated at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during F 3: 4 lines Checks Traits Range Mean Range Mean Oil content Protein content Glucosinolate content Oleic acid content Linolenic acid content Erucic acid content Table IV. Genetic (Vg), environmental (V e ) and phenotypic (V p ) variances and heritability (h 2 ) fo oil content, protein content, glucosinolate content, oleic acid content, linolenic acid content and erucic acid content of nine Brassica genotypes (six F 3:4 Pop. and three standard checks) evaluated at NWFP Agricultural University, during Traits V g V e V p h 2 Oil content Protein content Glucosinolate content Oleic acid content Linolenic acid content Erucic acid content Table V. Pearson correlation between quality characters calculated from six advanced F 3:4 lines and three check of Brassica evaluated at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during Traits Protein GSL Oleic acid Linolenic Erucic acid Traits acid Protein Oil ** Protein GSL Oleic acid ** Linolenic acid GSL = Glucosinolates * = Significant at 1 % level ** = Highly significant at 5 % level

8 Sajid Khan, et al. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation for some quality traits 230 REFERENCES Agnihotri, A., and N. Kaushik Genetic enhancement for double low characteristics in India rapeseed mustard. Proc. X Int l. Rapeseed Congress. Canberra, Australia. pp Alemayehu, N., and H. Becker Quantitative genetic analysis of total glucosinolate, oil and protein contents in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Ethiopian J. Sci. 28(2): Bilgili, M. S., A. Uzun and E. Acikgoz The Influence of row spacing and seeding rate on seed Yield and yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.). J. Agron. & Crop Sci. 189: Bradshaw, J.E. and R.N. Wilson Inbred line versus F 1 hybrid breeding in swedes (Brassica napus L. var. Napobrassica Peterm). Plant Breed. 113(3): Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) List of Varieties which are Registered in Canada. Variety Section, Government of Canada Chaudhary, S.K., P.B. Jha, V.K. shah, and V.K. Chaudhary Genetic variability for yield components in lental. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 48(12): Chaudhry, A.D., P.K. Barua and P.K. Duara Siliquas traits for determining seed yield in Indian rapeseed. J. Agric. Sci. Soc. North East India; 12: Chauhan, J.S., P. Tyagi, and M.K. Tyagi Inheritance of erucic acid content in two crosses of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). SABRAO J. 34: Downey, R. K and G. F. Rakow Rapeseed and mustard. In: Principles of Cultivar Developments. W.R. Fehr (Ed.) Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 2: Ecker, R., and Z. Yaniv Genetic control of fatty acid composition in seed oil of Sinapis alba L. Euphytica. 69: FAO, Food outlook no.3 July. p.9 Getinet, A., G. Rakow, J.P. Roney and R.K. Downey Agronomic performance and seed quality of Ethiopian mustard in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci., 76: Ghosh S. K and S. C Gulati Genetic variability and association of yield components in Indian mustard. Crop Res. 21: Kakroo, S.K., L.N. Jindla and D.R. Satija Genetic determination of seed yield through its components in Indian mustard (B. juncea L). Crop Improvement, 27: Kaushik, N Separation and quantification of quality parameters in rapeseed mustard. In Abstract of 3 Int. Symp. and short course on separation sciences. 15 pp Nov Bhopal: Regional Res. Lab. Khan M, E. Bashir, and B. Robyen Plant Breeding and Genetics, National Book Foundation Islamabad. pp Khan, A.H., T. Mahmood and S.A. Shah, Path coefficient analysis of morphological parameters with seed yield in Raya. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 3: Khulbe, R. K., D. P. Pant, and N. Saxena Variability, heritability and genetic advance in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss]. Crop Res. 20: Krishnaswami, S., and M. Rathinam Studies on mutagenic effect on genetic variability in green grams. J. Agri. and Biologiy. 11(1); Miller, R.W., C.H. Van., C.H. Mcgrew., I.A. Wolf and Q. Jones Amino acids composition of seed meals from 41c species of crucifers.j. Agric. Fd. Chem.10: MINFAL, Daily NEWS, Islamabad, Pakistan. pp.10. Panford, J. A., and J. M. D. Man Determination of Oil Content by NIR: influence of fatty acid composition on wavelength selection. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 67: PARC, Oilseed crops of Pakistan. Pak. Agri. Res. Council, Islamabad. Pathak, A.D., R. M. Tripathi. M. K. Sharma., T. Rupam and R. Tripathi Evaluation of genetic components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) through partial diallel crosses in incomplete block design. Annals Agric.Res. 21(2): Ping, S., J. M. Rodney, N. Galwey and W. Deve Influence of genotype and environment on oil and protein concentrations of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown across southern Australia. Austral. J. Agric. Res. 54: Pleines S., Friedt W Breeding for improved C18- fatty acid composition in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Fat Sci. Tech. 90 (5):

9 Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, Rajcan, I., L. A. Kott, W. D. Beversdorf, and K. J. Kasha Performance of doubled haploid populations segregating for linolenic acid levels in spring rapeseed. Crop Sci. 37: Rakow, G Selektion auf Linol- und Linolensauregehalt in Rapssamen nach mutagener Behandlung. Z PflanzenzÜchtg. 69: Razi R Edible oil worth Rs-31 billion imported. The News International Pakistan, 26/07/2004. Business News. pp. 08. Reinhardt, T. C., and G. Röbbelen Quantitative Analysis of Fatty Acids in Intact Rapeseed by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. GCIRC Cong Röbbelen, G. and A. Nitsch Genetical and physiological investigations on mutants for polyenoic fatty acids in rapeseed, Brassica napus L. Z PflanzenzÜchtg. 75: Rücker, B., and G. Röbbelen Impact of low linolenic acid content on seed yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Breed Schierholt, A., B. Rücker, and H. C. Becker Inheritance of High Oleic Acid mutations in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). Sci. 41: Somers, D.J., K. R. D. Friesen, and G. Rakow Identification of molecular markers associated with linoleic acid desaturation in Brassica napus. TAG 96: Steve, S Practical Biostatistical Methods, 1st Edition. School of Public Health, Univ. California, Berkeley. ISBN-10: pp Velsaco, L., C. Mollers, and H. C. Becker Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Euphytica. 106: Zhang G. and W., Zhou Genetic analysis of agronomic and seed quality traits in synthetic oilseed Brassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization of Brassica campestris and Brassica oleracea. J. Genet. 85, Schierholt, A., and H. C. Becker Environmental variability and heritability of high oleic acid content in winter oilseed rape. Plant Breed. 120(1). 63.

10 Sajid Khan, et al. Genetic variability, heritability and correlation for some quality traits 232