BIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 07 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification. Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX
|
|
|
- Bernadette Boone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 07 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX
2 Metabolism and detoxification Chemicals enter body... mostly via food Pass directly through liver main metabolism organ
3 Detoxification Basic principle of detoxification elimination of hydrophobic compounds from body formation of more polar & soluble products Two principal phases in metabolism (Phase I & II) well studied in vertebrates (mammals) liver: major organ involved in detoxification Plants similar oxidating enzymes as described (cytochrom oxidase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase...) Phase III - elimination - both from cell & body
4 Importance of nutrients and vitamins in detoxification
5 Phase I Key enzymes MFOs = mixed function oxidases / oxygenases Membrane bound to Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane vesicles "microsomes" = S-9 fraction can be extracted from cells S9 microsomes used for in vitro metabolization (e.g.during genotoxicity testing)
6 Detoxification - Phase I Key principle enzymes are cytochromes P450 (CYPs) Haem (porfyrin) - containing enzymes superfamily of more than 150 genes - several classes and subclasses different substrate specificity; structure... Some examples... Diverse functions Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) basic for detoxification of hydrophobic environmental contaminants Cytochrome P450 19A (CYP19) "aromatase" involved in synthesis of estradiol (aromatization of testosterone) DME = Drug Metabolism Enzymes
7 CYPs and their functions
8 Types of reactions catalyzed by CYPs (and Phase II enzymes) Highlighted = will be discussed also later
9 CYPs - example: steroid hormone synthesis Cholesterol CYP11A Pregnenolone 3 -HSD Progesterone CYP21 11-Deoxycorticosterone CYP11B2 Corticosterone CYP11B2 Aldosterone Zona glomerulosa CYP17 CYP OH- Pregnenolone 3 -HSD 17 -OH- Progesterone CYP21 11-Deoxycortisol CYP11B1 Cortisol Zona fasciculata CYP17 CYP17 DHEA 3 -HSD Androstene -dione 17 -HSD Testosterone CYP Estradiol Zona reticularis
10 CYP450 overview
11 Hydroxylation (oxidation) mechanism key in detoxification
12 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
13 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
14 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
15 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION pro-mutagen (procarcinogen) mutagen (carcinogen) Benzo[a]pyrene
16 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION of procarcinogen
17 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION AFLATOXIN-A
18 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION ethanol
19 CYPs and toxicity of drugs Example - PARACETAMOL toxicity
20 Detoxification Phase II Key reactions = conjugations Reactive xenobiotics or metabolites formed in phase I with endogeneous substrates saccharides and their derivatives glucuronic acid, aminoacids (glycine) peptides: glutathione (GSH) Forming water soluble AND nontoxic products (conjugates) Phase II enzymes ( transferases ): glutathion S-transferase (GST) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GTS) epoxid hydrolase (EH) sulfotransferase (ST)
21
22 Glutathione - major donor of SH (thiol) groups in cells (MW ~ 300 g/mol) - concentrations in tissues and blood up to 5 mm (1.5 g/l)
23 Examples of conjugation reactions
24 Xenobiotic conjugations with GSH
25 Phase III elimination / membrane transport Phase III transporters ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) protein superfamily (one of the largest, and most ancient in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans) transmembrane proteins - transport across extra- and intracellular membranes (metabolic products, lipids, sterols, drugs)
26 ABC transporters - examples - MRP (MDR) - multidrug resistance-associated protein family - OATP - Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide - P-glycoprotein
27 ABC one of the resistance mechanisms of tumour cells to anticancer drugs
28 ABC one of the resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antibiotics
29 Constitutive vs Induced detoxification enzymes Detoxification enzymes expression Constitutive low background levels (always present) May be induced - by substrates CYP1A induction via Ah-receptor (AhR) Substrate: hydrophobic organochlorine compounds (PCDDs/Fs, PAHs PCBs...) [see also: lectures on nuclear receptors] Other CYPs Drugs inductions of specific CYP classes Phase II enzymes Substrates = reactive toxicants, metabolites from Phase I ABC transporters Induction by respective chemicals (drugs etc)
30 CYP1A induction role of AhR
31 Summary toxic consequences of detoxification BIOACTIVATION activation of pro-mutagens/pro-carcinogens etc. increasing side adverse effects of certain drugs Increase in oxidative reactions oxidative stress production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (see oxidative damage and stress lectures) Side toxic effects (see nuclear receptor lectures) e.g. increased degradation of endogeneous compounds (retinoids regulatory molecules degraded by CYP1A Crosstalk with other mechanisms & receptors Energy (ATP) depletion chronic inductions of detox enzymes permanent extra energetic demand Development of resistance to toxic compounds Loss of efficiency of anticancer drugs, antibiotics etc.
Chapter 4. Drug Biotransformation
Chapter 4 Drug Biotransformation Drug Biotransformation 1 Why is drug biotransformation necessary 2 The role of biotransformation in drug disposition 3 Where do drug biotransformation occur 4 The enzymes
B. Incorrect! Compounds are made more polar, to increase their excretion.
Pharmacology - Problem Drill 04: Biotransformation Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. What is biotransformation?
"From field to lab" and "from lab to field
"From field to lab" and "from lab to field chemicals, in vitro, in vivo vs. in situ Luděk Bláha 1, Klára Hilscherová 1, Edita Mazurová 1, John P. Giesy 2, Rita Triebskorn 3, Ivan Holoubek 1 RECETOX Research
Role of metabolism in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):
Role of metabolism in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 A schematic representation of the most relevant
Mechanism of Detoxification
Mechanism of Detoxification Prof.Dr. Hedef Dhafir El-Yassin 1 Objectives: 1. To list the detoxification pathways 2. To describe detoxification pathways and phases in the liver, 2 3 4 o Xenobiotics are
Effects of pharmaceuticals on gene expression and hormone production in H295R cell line using QRT-PCR/ELISA
Effects of pharmaceuticals on gene expression and hormone production in H29R cell line using QRT-PCR/ELISA Tannia Gracia P. D. Jones, K. Hilscherova, M. Hecker, E. Higley, J. L. Newsted and J.P. Giesy
Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International
Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International Ethanol and Glutathione Reduced glutathione plays a critical role in cellular detoxification processes including the metabolism of peroxides,
Chapter 9. Biotransformation
Chapter 9 Biotransformation Biotransformation The term biotransformation is the sum of all chemical processes of the body that modify endogenous or exogenous chemicals. Focus areas of toxicokinetics: Biotransformation
MODULE No.26: Drug Metabolism
SUBJECT Paper No. and Title Module No. and Title Module Tag PAPER No. 9: Drugs of Abuse MODULE No. 26: Drug Metabolism FSC_P9_M26 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Sites of Drug
Toxicant Disposition and Metabolism. Jan Chambers Center for Environmental Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine
Toxicant Disposition and Metabolism Jan Chambers Center for Environmental Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine chambers@cvm.msstate.edu Definitions Disposition Absorption passage across membrane.
Cytochrome P 450 Unique family of heme proteins present in bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, fish, mammals and primates. Universal oxygenases (oxygen-
Cytochrome P 450 Biochemistry Department Cytochrome P 450 Unique family of heme proteins present in bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, fish, mammals and primates. Universal oxygenases (oxygen-utilizing
BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES
BIOSYNTHESIS OF STEROID HORMONES Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI sw/steroidrepro/inter/08 1 STEROID HORMONES Progestins (21 C) Glucocorticoids (21 C) Mineralocorticoids
Lecture 8: Phase 1 Metabolism
Lecture 8: Phase 1 Metabolism The purpose of metabolism is to detoxify a drug, eliminate a drug or activate a drug. In metabolism there are two phases, Phase I and Phase II. Phase I is the introduction
Helping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins
Helping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins Mycotoxin strategies have so far focused on binding compounds or detoxifying the compounds by feed additives. Animals however, can also detoxify mycotoxins themselves
PHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE Vol. II Biotransformation of Xenobiotics and Hormones - Osmo Hanninen BIOTRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND HORMONES
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND HORMONES Osmo Hänninen Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland Keywords: foreign compounds, xenobiotics, bioactivation, detoxification, oxidation, cytochrome
74. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The glucocorticoids: biosynthesis, regulation, effects. Adrenal cortex is vital for life!
74. Hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The glucocorticoids: biosynthesis, regulation, effects. Adrenal cortex is vital for life! 5 g each Zona glomerulosa : Mineralocorticoids ALDOSTERON Zona fasciculata:
Mechanistic Toxicology
SECOND EDITION Mechanistic Toxicology The Molecular Basis of How Chemicals Disrupt Biological Targets URS A. BOELSTERLI CRC Press Tavlor & France Croup CRC Press is an imp^t o* :H Taylor H Francn C'r,,jpi
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 3 Shokhan J. Hamid 2 Metabolism plays a central role in the elimination of drugs and other foreign compounds from
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron
Chemical Classification of Hormones
Steroid Hormones Chemical Classification of Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers that transport signals from one cell to another There are 4 major chemical classes of hormones steroid hormones - i.e.
Topic No. & Title: Topic 4 Biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal, ovarian and testicular hormones-factors influencing secretion
[Academic Script] Biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal, ovarian and testicular hormones-factors influencing secretion Subject: Zoology Course: B.Sc. 2 nd Year Paper No. & Title: Z-203B Vertebrate Endocrinology
dna oestrogen GENOTYPE REPORT Patient Name: Date of Birth: Sample Number: Referring Practitioner: Date Reported:
dna oestrogen GENOTYPE REPORT Patient Name: Date of Birth: Sample Number: Referring Practitioner: Date Reported: BACKGROUND TO THE ANALYSIS The importance of both oestrogen and progesterone in breast cancer
Environmental contaminants and food safety
Environmental contaminants and food safety Agneta Oskarsson Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Sweden 26 th NKVet Symposium
Genetics and Genomics: Influence on Individualization of Medication Regimes
Genetics and Genomics: Influence on Individualization of Medication Regimes Joseph S Bertino Jr., Pharm.D., FCCP Schenectady, NY USA Goals and Objectives To discuss pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
Polar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or
Polar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or inactivation of the drug (i.e. therapeutic effects or toxicity)
Lipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair
Lipid Chemistry Presented By Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair 6 1. By the end of this chapter the student should be able to: define lipids. describe the biological importance of lipids. point out basic
number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 17 Done by Abdulrahman Alhanbali Corrected by Lara Abdallat Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt In this lecture We will talk about the
The importance of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of epilepsy
The importance of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of epilepsy Öner Süzer and Esat Eşkazan İstanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Introduction
Types of Electrophilic Carcinogenic Intermediates
Types of Electrophilic Carcinogenic Intermediates Procarcinogens Reactive intermediates Enzymes involved in control Aromatic hydrocarbons Epoxides Cytochromes P450 Glutathione S-transferases Epoxide hydrolases
GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES. Ralf Morgenstern Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet
GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES Ralf Morgenstern Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet GSTs How many enzymes Structures THREE SUPERFAMILIES SOLUBLE GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASES (25 kda, dimers)
Objectives. Dried Urine Testing for Comprehensive Hormones: Case Examples and Clinical Pearls
Dried Urine Testing for Comprehensive Hormones: Case Examples and Clinical Pearls Carrie Jones, ND, MPH Medical Director Precision Analytical, Inc. 2016 Objectives What is DUTCH and how is this test different?
Cytokrom P450 (CYP) Hepatic Drug Metabolism. Medicines in plasma. Plasma concentration of a medicine. Eva Brittebo Dept Pharmaceutical Biosciences
Hepatic Drug Metabolism Eva Brittebo Dept Pharmaceutical Biosciences Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Liver metabolism Liver toxicity Inhibition and induction Polymorphism 15-05-13 2 Plasma concentration
Metabolism of xenobiotics FM CHE 5-6
Metabolism of xenobiotics FM 3.5-10 CHE 5-6 Metabolism of xenobiotics Also called:! Biotransformation, or detoxification Primary metabolism secondary metabolism Goal: To make use of a compound or to facilitate
Pro-Oxidant Environmental Exposures: Implications of Redox Imbalance in Autism S. Jill James, Ph.D.
Pro-Oxidant Environmental Exposures: Implications of Redox Imbalance in Autism S. Jill James, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Pediatrics Director, Autism Metabolic Genomics Laboratory Arkansas Children
METABOLISM. Ali Alhoshani, B.Pharm, Ph.D. Office: 2B 84
METABOLISM Ali Alhoshani, B.Pharm, Ph.D. ahoshani@ksu.edu.sa Office: 2B 84 Metabolism By the end of this lecture, you should: Recognize the importance of biotransformation Know the different sites for
Introduction to Detoxification Enzymes. Evolutionary Response to Chemicals in the Environment
Evolutionary Response to Chemicals in the Environment Introduction to Detoxification Enzymes 1. Introduction to Detoxification enzymes (focusing on cytochrome P450s) 2. Evolutionary response to toxins
It the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues.
It the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues. Primarily depends on: 1.Regional blood flow. 2.Capillary permeability. 3.Protein
Biochemical Oxidation
iochemical xidation An important part of metabolism is oxidation. An estimated 75% of oxidative reactions are performed by a family of enzymes called cytochrom P-450. ombustion reactions are necessary
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 7 Shokhan J. Hamid 1 Phase II or Conjugation Reactions Phase I or functionalization reactions do not always produce
4. Lysosomes, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Inclusions
4. Lysosomes, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Inclusions Undergraduate Graduate Histology Lecture Series Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University
Chemical Carcinogenesis November
Chemical Carcinogenesis November 17 2016 Cancer Incidence and Death rates by Geography Epidemiological studies of cancer incidence indicate: 1. The incidence rates for specific organ tumors varies among
This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course
77:222 Spring 2003 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2003) offered
Summary of Endomembrane-system
Summary of Endomembrane-system 1. Endomembrane System: The structural and functional relationship organelles including ER,Golgi complex, lysosome, endosomes, secretory vesicles. 2. Membrane-bound structures
2. List routes of exposure in the order of most rapid response.
Practice Test questions: 1. What are the two areas of toxicology that a regulatory toxicologist must integrate in order to determine the "safety" of any chemical? 2. List routes of exposure in the order
Mid Term Test- Template Questions
Mid Term Test- Template Questions Name : ID : Time: Date: Total points: 100 Instructions: 1. Only 20 questions from Section I and II, 10 questions from Section III will be counted for grading. 2. Try to
PHASE I Detoxification: The First Line of Defense
Sex DOB TM DetoxiGenomic Profile PHASE I Detoxification: The First Line of Defense In Phase I detoxification, enzymes, known collectively as the cytochrome P-450 system, use oxygen to modify toxic compounds,
Endomembrane system 11/1/2018. Endomembrane System. Direct physical continuity. Transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Outer Nuclear envelope
Endomembrane system Endomembrane System Outer Nuclear envelope Direct physical continuity Transfer of membrane segments as vesicles Endoplasmic reticulum BUT membranes are not identical in structure and
Lecture #27 Lecturer A. N. Koval
Lecture #27 Lecturer A. N. Koval Hormones Transduce Signals to Affect Homeostatic Mechanisms Koval A. (C), 2011 2 Lipophilic hormones Classifying hormones into hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules indicates
The endocrine system -- a brief overview.
The endocrine system -- a brief overview. I. Introduction - the endocrine system is an integration system that influences the metabolic activities of cells. - acts via hormones, chemical messengers produced
Estrogen Report GENOTYPE REPORT OPTIMAL HEALTH FOR LIFE. John Doe NAME DATE OF BIRTH 7/31/1999 REFFERRING PRACTITIONER. Dr. Exercise/Diet specialist
Estrogen Report OPTIMAL HEALTH FOR LIFE NAME John Doe DATE OF BIRTH 7/31/1999 GENOTYPE REPORT REFFERRING PRACTITIONER DATE REPORTED ACCESSION NUMBER Dr. Exercise/Diet specialist 2/27/2018 8:42:57 AM 000000000001
Chemical Carcinogenesis November
Chemical Carcinogenesis November 18 2014 Cancer Incidence and Death rates by Geography Epidemiological studies of cancer incidence indicate: 1. The incidence rates for specific organ tumors varies among
Chapter 6: Estrogen Metabolism by Conjugation
Chapter 6: Estrogen Metabolism by Conjugation Rebecca Raftogianis, Cyrus Creveling, Richard Weinshilboum, Judith Weisz The involvement of estrogens in carcinogenic processes within estrogen-responsive
JOHN HARGRAVE. Date of Birth : 31-Oct-1973 Sex : M Collected : 24-Aug BENTONS ROAD MOUNT MARTHA VIC Lab id: UR#:
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE URINE, SPOT Result Range Units DETOXIFICATION CAPACITY PROFILE PHASE I (OXIDATION) Caffeine Clearance 0.7 0.5-1.6 ml/min/kg PHASE II (CONJUGATION) Glutathionation 5.2 *L 5.6-11.4 %
Hormone Interconnections
Hormone Interconnections Hormone Interconnections This is very hard to organize without going crazy There is so much back and forth between hormones that it makes it seem more complicated than it is It
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism obilirubin formation otransport of bilirubin in plasma ohepatic bilirubin transport oexcretion through intestine Other substances conjugated by glucuronyl transferase.
Reproductive Endocrinology
Reproductive Endocrinology Reproductive Endocrinology Hypothalamic hormones Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - stimulate release of FSH = follicle stimulating hormone LH = luteinizing hormone from
Lujain Hamdan. Faisal Nimri
20 Lujain Hamdan Faisal Nimri...... Sources of NADPH [ The pentose phosphate pathway is the primary source of the NADPH and is the only source in RBC.] Cytosolic conversion of oxaloacetate to pyruvate
Adrenal Steroid Hormones (Chapter 15) I. glucocorticoids cortisol corticosterone
Adrenal Steroid Hormones (Chapter 15) I. glucocorticoids cortisol corticosterone II. mineralocorticoids i id aldosterone III. androgenic steroids dehydroepiandrosterone testosterone IV. estrogenic steroids
Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting Intracellular Compartments A eukaryotic cell is elaborately subdivided into functionally distinct, membrane-enclosed compartments. Each compartment, or organelle,
CELLS. Cells. Basic unit of life (except virus)
Basic unit of life (except virus) CELLS Prokaryotic, w/o nucleus, bacteria Eukaryotic, w/ nucleus Various cell types specialized for particular function. Differentiation. Over 200 human cell types 56%
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS 1 http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/biol540/4pipeline2css.html 2 PHARMACOKINETICS 1. ABSORPTION 2. DISTRIBUTION 3. METABOLISM 4. EXCRETION ALL THESE PROCESSES ARE
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR: SEX HORMONES PART 1 An Overview What are steroid hormones? Steroid
BIOCATALYTIC CONVERSION OF OTHER LIPIDS
Chapter 6 BIOCATALYTIC CONVERSION OF OTHER LIPIDS In Chapters 4 and 5, lipase-mediated conversion of acylglycerols were presented. The Chapter 6 deals with biocatalytic modification of phospholipids, sphingolipids,
Global gene expression analysis of liver for androstenone and skatole production in young boars
Global gene expression analysis of liver for androstenone and skatole production in young boars Christiane Neuhoff Session 36 Institute of Animal Science Animal Breeding and Husbandry/ Animal Genetics
Hepatic Transporter Proteins involved in Bile Formation
Bile salt synthesis Hepatic Transporter Proteins involved in Bile Formation Basolateral membrane transporter proteins fx: NTCP uptake of bile salts OATP bulky organic anions Canalicular membrane transporter
AP Biology
Tour of the Cell (1) 2007-2008 Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells Eukaryote plant cells Cell Size Why organelles? Specialized structures - specialized
Aldosterone synthase inhibitors. John McMurray BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow
Aldosterone synthase inhibitors John McMurray BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre University of Glasgow Inhibition of aldosterone synthesis is hypothesized to be of benefit to patients with cardiovascular
Il Buono, il Brutto, il Cattivo. The flowering plants. Pesticide Application, transport and effects. Wild and cultivated plants.
Il Buono, il Brutto, il Cattivo Pesticide Application, transport and effects Jens C. Streibig Lars Schrübbers Jens C. Streibig Plants The flowering plants Good Bad Ugly Wild and cultivated plants Weeds
Drug Metabolism Phase 2 conjugation reactions. Medicinal chemistry 3 rd stage
Drug Metabolism Phase 2 conjugation reactions Medicinal chemistry 3 rd stage 1 Phase II or Conjugation reactions 1. Glucuronic acid conjugation 2. Sulfate conjugation 3. Glycine and Glutamine conjugation
optimal health for life genotype report Name: Date of Birth: Sample Number: Referring Practitioner: Date Reported:
optimal health for life genotype report Name: Date of Birth: Sample Number: Referring Practitioner: Date Reported: DNA Oestrogen - Genotype Report Page No. 2 of 9 Welcome to your dna oestrogen report From
ALCOHOL & PERIMENOPAUSE
ALCOHOL & PERIMENOPAUSE Do They Mix? A Guide to the Benefits and Risks of Drinking over 40. by Jessica Drummond MPT, CCN, CHC How Does Alcohol Impact Hormonal Health for Women over 40? During perimenopause,
X/04/$20.00/0 Endocrine Reviews 25(6): Copyright 2004 by The Endocrine Society doi: /er
0163-769X/04/$20.00/0 Endocrine Reviews 25(6):947 970 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2004 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/er.2003-0030 Overview of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Pathway from Cholesterol
Essential Components of Food
Essential Components of Food The elements of life living things are mostly (98%) made of 6 elements: C carbon H hydrogen O oxygen P phosphorus N nitrogen S sulphur -each element makes a specific number
Steroid Hormones Synthesis
*I ll try my best to incorporate the Slides in this Sheet; you don t need to study the slides if you study this sheet. Steroid Hormones Synthesis - The figure to the right is the Steroid nucleus, it has
~PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY~ DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU
~PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY~ DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU OVERVIEW The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the hexose monophosphate shunt, or 6- phosphogluconate pathway) occurs in the cytosol
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE URINE, SPOT Result Range Units
P: 1300 688 522 E: info@nutripath.com.au A: PO Box 442 Ashburton VIC 3142 TEST PATIENT TEST PHYSICIAN DR JOHN DOE Sex : 111 CLINIC ST D Collected : 00-00-0000 111 ROADTEST SUBURB AB : 00000000 UR#:0000000
Unit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins
Unit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins - Cholesterol: It is a sterol which is found in all eukaryotic cells and contains an oxygen (as a hydroxyl group OH) on Carbon number
number Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 19 Done by حسام ابو عوض Corrected by وسيم ابو عبيدة Doctor د.نايف 1 P a g e GAGs and Glycoproteins: GAGs: long, unbranched heteropolysaccharides, made from زunits repeating disaccharide [Acidic
Steroid and Thyroid Hormones. Srbová Martina
Steroid and Thyroid Hormones Srbová Martina Chemical Classification of Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers that transport signals from one cell to another There are 3 major chemical classes of hormones
CELLS and TRANSPORT Student Packet SUMMARY CELL MEMBRANES ARE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE DUE TO THEIR STRUCTURE Hydrophilic head
CELLS and TRANSPORT Student Packet SUMMARY CELL MEMBRANES ARE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE DUE TO THEIR STRUCTURE Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail Hydrophobic regions of protein Hydrophilic regions of protein
LIVING SYSTEMS APPEAR COMPLEX BUT THERE IS AN UNDERLYING SIMPLICITY AND ELEGANCE:
CHM333 LECTURE 1: 8/26/09 FALL 2009 Professor Christine Hrycyna What is Biochemistry? Simplest definition: Chemistry of the living cell Uses basic laws of chemistry, biology and physics to explain processes
Overview: The Influence of Nutrition on Xenobiotic Metabolism
1 Overview: The Influence of Nutrition on Xenobiotic Metabolism Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on October 8, 2018 at 21:26:26 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately
INTERACTION DRUG BODY
INTERACTION DRUG BODY What the drug does to the body What the body does to the drug Receptors - intracellular receptors - membrane receptors - Channel receptors - G protein-coupled receptors - Tyrosine-kinase
Vitamins. Nafith Abu Tarboush, DDS, MSc, PhD
Vitamins Nafith Abu Tarboush, DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Vitamins Organic compounds required by an organism in tiny amounts as a vital nutrient Cannot be synthesized
Lipids are used to store and excess energy from extra carbohydrates in animals
Lipids Lipids are a major source of energy used by cells, however lipids are more difficult for your body to break down. They produce nearly twice the amount of energy than proteins or carbohydrates. Lipids
Control. Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Weak Androgens. Progesterone, Estrogens. Androgens. Scheme
Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones Lipid hormones with intracellular receptors, ell-specific enzyme sortiment, N storage : acutely synthesized when needed Scheme ontrol Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
Basic properties and molecular mechanisms of exogenous chemical carcinogens
Carcinogenesis vol.31 no.2 pp.135 148, 2010 doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp252 Advance Access publication October 25, 2009 REVIEW Basic properties and molecular mechanisms of exogenous chemical carcinogens Philippe
The Cell. Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62)
The Cell Biology 105 Lecture 4 Reading: Chapter 3 (pages 47 62) Outline I. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic II. Eukaryotic A. Plasma membrane transport across B. Main features of animal cells and their functions
Detoxification and biotransformation of xenobiotics in marine organisms
Detoxification and biotransformation of xenobiotics in marine organisms Francesco Regoli Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche-Ancona f.regoli@univpm.it Chemical
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The lectures and reading assignments of BIS 2A are designed to convey a large number of facts and concepts that have evolved from modern studies of living organisms. In order to
Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternate route for the oxidation of glucose where ATP (energy) is neither produced
Octanol / Water Partitioning Coefficient logp and ClogP
Lipid solubility and the brain uptake of compounds Higher the Kow, the greater the brain uptake Specific carriers can facilitate brain uptake (glucose, lucine, dopa) Binding to plasma proteins can reduce
CONVERSION OF AMINO ACIDS TO SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU
CONVERSION OF AMINO ACIDS TO SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS DR. A. TARAB DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTRY HKMU In addition to serving as building blocks for proteins, amino acids are precursors of many nitrogen-containing
EH1008 Biomolecules. Inorganic & Organic Chemistry. Water. Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry.
EH1008 Biomolecules Lecture 2: Inorganic and organic chemistry limian.zheng@ucc.ie 1 Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry: generally, substances that do not contain carbon Inorganic molecules:
1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C
I. Carbon atoms form an enormous variety of structures A. Carbon has 4 valence electrons in the outer shell and therefore may form up to 4 covalent bonds B. Carbon tends to bond to C, H, O, N, S, and P
Introduction. Biochemistry: It is the chemistry of living things (matters).
Introduction Biochemistry: It is the chemistry of living things (matters). Biochemistry provides fundamental understanding of the molecular basis for the function and malfunction of living things. Biochemistry
Mercury and The Human Detoxification System
Mercury and The uman Detoxification System Christopher W. Shade, Ph.D. Quicksilver Scientific, LLC Lafayette, CO 80026 (303)263-6903 chris@quicksilverscientific.com Mercury and The uman Detoxification
McCollum et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1922
These experiments clearly demonstrate the existence of a fourth vitamin whose specific property, as far as we can tell at present, is to regulate the metabolism of the bones. McCollum et al., Journal of
CELL MEMBRANES (MAS)
CELL MEMBRANES (MAS) 1 CELL MEMBRANE area of the cell immediately surrounding the cytoplasm the most conserved structure in living cells. Every living thing on this planet has some type of membrane 2 Anatomy
Regulation of P450. b. competitive-inhibitor but not substrate. c. non-competitive inhibition. 2. Covalent binding to heme or protein
10. Inhibition of P450 Regulation of P450 a. competitive-2 chemicals metabolized by same isoform b. competitive-inhibitor but not substrate c. non-competitive inhibition 11. Induction of P450 1. Non-covalent