Monday, September 30 th :
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1 Monday, September 30 th : QUESTION TO PONDER: Differentiate between a pro- and eukaryotic organism. List 4 organelles that each type of organism has in common.
2 The Cell Membrane Modified from Kim Foglia
3 Overview Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving surroundings thin barrier = 8nm thick Controls traffic in & out of the cell selectively permeable allows some substances to cross more easily than others hydrophobic vs hydrophilic Made of phospholipids, proteins & other macromolecules
4 Phospholipids Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Phosphate group head hydrophilic Arranged as a bilayer Phosphate Fatty acid
5 Phospholipid bilayer polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic tails polar hydrophilic heads
6 More than lipids In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed that membrane proteins are inserted into the phospholipid bilayer
7 Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Glycoprotein Extracellular fluid Glycolipid Phospholipids Peripheral protein Cholesterol Cytoplasm Transmembrane proteins Filaments of cytoskeleton
8 Membrane fat composition varies Fat composition affects flexibility membrane must be fluid & flexible about as fluid as thick salad oil % unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids keep membrane less viscous cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat increase % in autumn cholesterol in membrane
9 Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane s specific functions cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins Membrane proteins: peripheral proteins loosely bound to surface of membrane cell surface identity marker (antigens) integral proteins penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane transmembrane protein transport proteins channels, permeases (pumps)
10 Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? nonpolar & hydrophobic
11 Classes of amino acids What do these amino acids have in common? polar & hydrophilic
12 Proteins domains anchor molecule Within membrane nonpolar amino acids hydrophobic anchors protein into membrane On outer surfaces of membrane polar amino acids hydrophilic extend into extracellular fluid & into cytosol Polar areas of protein Nonpolar areas of protein
13 Examples Retinal chromophore H + NH 2 water channel in bacteria Porin monomer b-pleated sheets Bacterial outer membrane Nonpolar (hydrophobic) COOH a-helices in the cell membrane H + Cytoplasm proton pump channel in photosynthetic bacteria function through conformational change = shape change
14 Many Functions of Membrane Proteins Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Enzyme activity Cell surface receptor Cell surface identity marker Cell adhesion Attachment to the cytoskeleton
15 Friday, September 21 st : QUESTION OF THE DAY: DEFINE peroxisome: DEFINE lysosome: **Please be prepared to continue learning about the cell membrane.
16 Membrane carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens important in organ & tissue development basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system
17 Your task: Diagram an Animal Cell Diagram an animal cell, including as many organelles as you can. Include a magnified portion of the cell membrane, including the component parts that we have discussed thus far. Use the space provided on the computer paper. Nice/neat writing and LABEL of each part.
18
19 Movement across the Cell Membrane
20 Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics governs biological systems universe tends towards disorder (entropy) Diffusion movement from high low concentration
21 Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration passive transport no energy needed movement of water diffusion osmosis
22 Diffusion across cell membrane Cell membrane is the boundary between inside & outside separates cell from its environment Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO! IN food carbohydrates sugars, proteins amino acids lipids salts, O 2, H 2 O IN OUT OUT waste ammonia salts CO 2 H 2 O products cell needs materials in & products or waste out
23 Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer What molecules can get through directly? fats & other lipids inside cell NH 3 lipid salt What molecules can NOT get through directly? polar molecules H 2 O ions outside cell sugar aa H 2 O salts, ammonia large molecules starches, proteins
24 Channels through cell membrane Membrane becomes semi-permeable with protein channels specific channels allow specific material across cell membrane inside cell H 2 O aa sugar NH 3 salt outside cell
25 Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion through protein channels channels move specific molecules across cell membrane no energy needed open channel = fast transport high facilitated = with help low The Bouncer
26 Active Transport Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient shape change transports solute from one side of membrane to other protein pump costs energy = ATP low conformational change ATP high The Doorman
27 Active transport Many models & mechanisms ATP ATP antiport symport
28 Getting through cell membrane Passive Transport Simple diffusion diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules lipids high low concentration gradient Facilitated transport diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel high low concentration gradient Active transport diffusion against concentration gradient low high uses a protein pump requires ATP ATP
29 Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport ATP
30 How about large molecules? Moving large molecules into & out of cell through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis phagocytosis = cellular eating pinocytosis = cellular drinking exocytosis exocytosis
31 Endocytosis phagocytosis fuse with lysosome for digestion pinocytosis non-specific process receptor-mediated endocytosis triggered by molecular signal
32 The Special Case of Water Movement of water across the cell membrane
33 Monday, September 24 th : QUESTION OF THE DAY: Differentiate between diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Which class of proteins are used in facilitated diffusion? What is active transport?
34 Osmosis is diffusion of water Water is very important to life, so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water across a semi-permeable membrane
35 Concentration of water Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water water hypotonic hypertonic net movement of water
36 Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss freshwater balanced saltwater
37 Managing water balance Isotonic animal cell immersed in mild salt solution example: blood cells in blood plasma problem: none no net movement of water flows across membrane equally, in both directions volume of cell is stable balanced
38 Managing water balance Hypotonic ATP a cell in fresh water example: Paramecium problem: gains water, swells & can burst water continually enters Paramecium cell solution: contractile vacuole pumps water out of cell ATP plant cells turgid freshwater
39 Water regulation Contractile vacuole in Paramecium ATP
40 Managing water balance Hypertonic a cell in salt water example: shellfish problem: lose water & die solution: take up water or pump out salt plant cells plasmolysis = wilt saltwater
41 Osmosis.05 M.03 M Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow? in or out of cell
42 Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis Take a look at the photos below. Which slide is Elodea in fresh water? Which slide is Elodea in salt water?
43 This is what you should have seen under the microscope
44 Why does this occur?
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