Index. A. C. Humko (Tennessee), xii Acid conditioning method of degumming,

Transcription

1 Index A A. C. Humko (Tennessee), xii Acid conditioning method of degumming, Acid de-gumming method, Acid pre-treatment, oil quality management and Activated carbon, bleaching and, 142 Active oxygen method (AOM), as oil analysis method, 14 Adiabatic reaction process, 152 Adsorbents (agents) activated carbon, 142 bleaching clay, and degree of mixing with oil, silica hydrogel, silicates, 142 Agitation agitators, chemical interesterification and, 382 dry fractionation method and, 300 hydrogenation and, 170 pourable liquid shortening and, 271 storage tanks and, 232 and winterization of sunflower seed oil, 280 Agitators, Air blow and line cleaning crude oil, Air dryers, Alcohol, deodorization and, 194 Aldehydes deodorization and, 194 as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 48 seed crushing/crude oil handling and, 319 Alfa Laval gasket-less plate and frame heat exchanger, spiral heat exchanger, 416 Alfa Laval de-gumming and acid conditioning method of de-gumming, 39 and acid de-gumming, 41 and special de-gumming/ neutralization method, 45 and water de-gumming method, 35 Alpha crystals, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 453 Anisidine Value (PV) deodorization and, 194 freshly bleached oil and, 110 recommended/maximum, 321 Antioxidants autoxidation reaction of tocopherals and, 9 deodorization and, 194

2 472 M. Gupta as minor non-triglyceride impurity, AOCS method of analysis, APW extinguishers, Archer Daniels& Midland Co., xi Atmospheric vent, 402 Autoxidation reaction, 9, B BASF Catalysts LLC, Batch deodorizers, 204, , Batch hydrogenation reactor, Beta crystals, Beta prime crystals, 242, 268 Bleaching adsorbents (agents) activated carbon, 142 bleaching clay, silica hydrogel, silicates, 142 chemical interesterification and, critical control points in dry addition of phosphoric acid/ citric acid, 112 amount of bleaching clay, bleaching temperature, 110 contact time between oil/clay, degree of mixing, filter pre-coat, filter screen spacing, 116 filtering area/oil flow rate, 116 incoming water washed oil quality, type of bleaching clay, critical control points in wet, deodorization and, dry versus wet, filters for bleached oil horizontal tank vertical pressure leaf filter, plate/frame filters, pressure leaf filters (horizontal/ vertical tanks), 132 vertical tank vertical pressure leaf filter, general overview, high phosphorus and, 326 oil quality management and, oil quality standards and, packed bed filtration critical control points, process, sampling frequency and, 117 troubleshooting dry process, two step process of critical control points, using silica hydrogel, wet process overview, 117, 120 Blowers, 438 Bottom tanks, Burchenal, J. J., 145 C Calcium parameter of bleached oil, 110 Canadian trans fat regulation, 363 Canola (LEAR) oil, NIOP/NOPA specifications on, 24 Canola oil, phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 Carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers, 456 Cargill Co., xi Carotene compounds, Red Palm Oil and, 48 Catalysts chemical interesterification and, , enzymatic interesterification and, 387 hydrogenation

3 Index 473 catalyst activity, catalyst concentration, catalyst filtration, catalyst selection, catalyst selectivity, catalyst sources, critical quality parameters, nickel catalysts, platinum/precious-metal, and reaction process of hydrogenation, Caustic lines, 419 Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI), 365 Centrifuges, 406 Chemical Classification and Hazard Ratings, Chemical inesterification. See Interesterification Chemical refining process (batch) critical control points, oil suitability and, 53 procedure/schematic, 53, Chemical refining process (continuous) back pressure on light phase, caustic addition temperature, 70 caustic strength, caustic treat, condition of primary separator, 71 contact time between crude oil/ caustic, crude oil filtration, crude oil pre-treatment, 65 degreeof mixing between crude oil/ caustic, neutral oil, procedure/schematic, refining temperature (emulsion heater), sampling frequency, 64 segregation of refined oil at start up, 71 uniformity of caustic flow, 66 uniformity of crude oil feed composition, 65 uniformity of crude oil flow, Chemical safety, Chlorophyll as photosensitizer, , bleaching breakdown of, Chlorophyll parameter of bleached oil, 109, 119 Chlorophyll pigments, as oil analysis method, 13 Cis isomers partial hydrogenation of, ix structures of, 4 5 Citric acid bleaching oil and, 111 deodorization and, 202 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Citric acid lines, 419 Clays. See also Bleaching acid activated, , bleacher reactor and addition of, 126 examples/applications of, neutral, 107, sources of, Coaxial heat exchangers, Coconut oil and acid conditioning method of de-gumming, 38 NIOP specifications on, 23 Colloidal nickel, and catalyst poisoning in hydrogenation, 163 Color chemical interesterification and, deodorization and, maintainence in warehouse of, 238 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Color compounds, as minor nontriglyceride impurity, 48 Companies. See also Oil quality management

4 474 M. Gupta alignment of groups in, 312 Compressed air supply lines, 419 Compressors, Condensate return lines, 419 Cone bottom, Confined space entry procedure, Conjugated dienes, as oil analysis method, 13 Consistency of fat crystals, Continuous deodorizers, , Continuous hydrogenation reactor, 155, 157 Converters, Cooling towers, 433, Corn oil (crude), phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Corn oil, and production of transesterified products, Cottonseed oil interesterification issues and, pourable liquid shortening and, 268 and production of transesterified products, Crossfield and Sons, 145 Crown Iron Works, United States, 295 Crude canola (LEAR) oil, NIOP/ NOPA specifications on, 24 Crude coconut oil, NIOP specifications on, 23 Crude corn oil, phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Crude de-gummed (LEAR) oil, NIOP/NOPA specifications on, 24 Crude oil de-gumming. See Degumming of crude oil Crude oil receiving critical control points for, 30 oil receipt by barge, trade quality and, troubleshooting guidelines for, 31 truck/rail car receipt, 22 truck/rail car receipt and, Crude oil storage critical control points for, 30 troubleshooting guidelines for, 31 typical tank for, Crude oil unloading, truck/rail car procedures, Crude palm oil, NIOP specifications on, 23 Crude palm stearin, NIOP specifications on, 23 Crude palmolein, NIOP specifications on, 23 Crude peanut oil, phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Crude safflower oil, phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Crude soybean oil, phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Crude sunflower oil, phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Crude super de-gummed (LEAR) oil, NIOP/NOPA specifications on, 24 Crusher refineries, xi xii Crystal matrix, 254, See also Fat crystallization Crystallization. See Fat crystallization D D&V (degrading and variations), See also Loss management Deadend-type hydrogenation reactor, 154, 156 Degrading Report, 358 De-gummed soybean oil NIOP/NOPA specifications on, 24 phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 De-gumming of crude oil acid conditioning method of, acid de-gumming method of, hydratable/nonhydratable phospholipids and, 34

5 Index 475 oil quality management and, oil refining methods batch acidulation process, chemical process (batch), 48, 53, chemical process (continuous), 48, 58 73, See also Oil refining, chemical process (continuous) cold chemical process for sunflower oil, 93 95, 97 continuous acidulation process, modified caustic refining process (MCR), modified physical refining process (MPR), physical process, refining loss, 80, semi-physical process, 100 short mix process, soap splitting for FA recovery (acidulation), 90 vacuum drying, water washing refined oil, phospholipids/phosphorus contents, 33 purpose of, special de-gumming (super) method of, ultra de-gumming (special) method of, 45 water de-gumming method of, Deodorization. See also Storage/ handling of finished product chemical interesterification and, 384 critical control points batch size/flow rate, citric acid addition, 202 cooling deodorized oil, de-aeration of oil before heating, heating of oil, 199 incoming oil quality, operating pressure (vacuum), operating temperature, stripping steam amount, 201 deodorized oil quality, deodorizer types batch, 204, , comparisons, 218 continuous, , semi-continuous, , 224 vacuum sampler, 208 deodorizers, general overview, 193 manufacturers of, 217 oil quality management and, operating principles of, and periodic cleaning, process overview of, purpose of, tanks and, 402 troubleshooting, vacuum system for, 219, 222 Desmet Ballestra, Belgium, 295 Diaphragm pumps, 430 Differential thermal calorimeter (DSC) and polymorphic phase, 264 Diglycerides chemical interesterification and, 384 content of selected oils, 8 as major non-triglyceride impurity, 47 structure of, 3 Dimer effect on flavor, 321 Direct-contact condensing steam ejector, Dish bottom, 405 Dry bleaching process addition of phosphoric acid/citric acid, 112 amount of bleaching clay, bleaching temperature, 110

6 476 M. Gupta contact time between oil/clay, degree of mixing, filter pre-coat, filter screen spacing, 116 filtering area/oil flow rate, 116 incoming water washed oil quality, sampling frequency and, 117 troubleshooting, type of bleaching clay, Dry chemical extinguishers, 456 Dry fractionation method, fractionation of palm oil, Dry saturated steam, 420 E Economics factors contributing to loss in D&V accounting deficiency, 336 insufficient knowledge of cost elements, impact of high pressure reactors, transesterified shortenings and, 375 Ejectors condensing steam ejectors, direct-contact condensing ejectors, non-condensing steam ejectors, non-contact condensing ejectors, troubleshooting, vacuum ejectors, Electrical safety, Electron microscopic method of polymorphic phase, Englehard, 136 Environmental regulations, and crude oil de-gumming, 34 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 316 Enzymatic inesterification. See Interesterification Enzymatic oxidation, 315 Equipment. See also Plant equipment; Plant safety dry fractionation and, as factor contributing to loss in D&V, oil quality management and, 313 solvent storage, F Fans, 438 Farr, Walter E., 45 Fat crystallization cooling process and, critical process variables for, 253, 255 crystal matrix establishment and, 254, factors determining physical properties, and fat crystal characteristics, fat polymorphism and, general overview, 241 general rules/comments of, interesterification issues and, 266 palm oil in solid shortening and, pourable liquid shortening critical control points, description/properties, 267 fluidity, polymorphic phase, 268 processing steps, primary/secondary crystal bonds and, sequence of events in, tempering and, triglyceride structure and, very high hard stock content and, Fatty acid composition (FAC), oil

7 Index 477 analysis method, 13 Fatty acid ester of methanol (FAME), chemical interesterification and, 384 Fatty acids of composition seed oils, Filters, 409 Filters for bleached oil horizontal tank vertical pressure leaf filter, plate/frame filters, pressure leaf filters (horizontal/ vertical tanks), 132 vertical tank vertical pressure leaf filter, Filtration dry fractionation method and, and problems in hydrogenation process, 189 reheating oil, 183 and winterization of soybean oil, winterization of sunflower seed oil cleaning filter screens, 284 cooling filter after hot oil wash, 285 drying the cake, filter pre-coat/body feed, filtration rate, maintainence of filter screens, periodic hot oil wash, 285 pressure differential across filter screens, Fire extinguishers, Fire/explosion safety, Flat bottom tank, 403 Flavor maintainence in warehouse of, 238 phospholipids and, 322 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Flavor stability deodorization and, 202, oil quality management and, and proper oil processing, 6 Flow, process instruments and, Fluidity, pourable liquid shortening and, Food and Drug Administration trans fat and, Fractionation of palm oil dry fractionation method overview/process, troubleshooting, method comparision, 308 multiple dry fractionation method, solvent fractionation process, and suitability, trans fat reduction and, wet fractionation with detergent (Lanza process), 305 Free fatty acids (FFA) and catalyst poisoning in hydrogenation, chemical interesterification and, content of selected oils, 8 crude oil receiving/storage and, 319 deodorization and, 193, 198, 220 maintainence in warehouse of, 238 as major non-triglyceride impurity, 47 as non-triglycerides components of oils, 7 8 oil analysis method, 12 refining techniques and, 325 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Freeze-condensing vacuum system, 423, 426 Fruit palm seed quality, Fully refined soybean oil, NIOP/ NOPA specifications on, 24 Fuses, 461

8 478 M. Gupta G Gasket-less plate and frame heat exchanger, Gear pumps, 430 Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 462 Gum. See De-gumming of crude oil H Hardness of fat crystals, Harvest and oil quality management, Head space. See Nitrogen blanketing Heat exchangers cleaning/troubleshooting, fouling, installation, process overview, types, Heat recovery system, hydrogenation and, Hydratable/nonhydratable phospholipids, as non-triglycerides components of oils, 7 Hydrocarbons crude oil quality and, 26 deodorization and, 194 Hydrogen gas supply lines, 419 Hydrogenation adiabatic reaction process and, 152 batch hydrogenation reactor and, catalyst filtration, catalyst selection, catalyst sources, of cis isomers, ix continuous hydrogenation reactor and, 155, 157 critical control points agitation, 170 catalyst activity, catalyst concentration, catalyst selectivity, hydrogen gas dispersion, 166 hydrogen gas quality, hydrogen gas supply, hydrogen gas venting from the reactor, reaction pressure, reaction temperature, refined/bleached oil quality, critical quality parameters, deadend-type hydrogenation reactor and, 154, 156 heat recovery in, 187, high phosphorus and, 326 historical background of, isothermal reaction process and, nickel catalysts, oil quality management and, purpose of, 145 reaction process of, recirculating-type hydrogenation reactor and, tanks and, as technical solution for trans fat reduction, 367 trans FA action in human blood serum, 172 economic impact of high pressure reactors, manipulation of reactor conditions, platinum/precious-metal catalysts, reheating oil for filtration, 183 troubleshooting, Hydrolysis, as modes of oil decomposition, 316 I Impurities. See also Bleaching and catalyst poisoning in hydrogenation,

9 Index 479 enzymatic interesterification and, 389 major/minor non-triglyceride impurity, 47 Instruments and their parameters, Interesterification chemical process agitation during drying/reaction, 382 aqueous/oil phase separation, 383 bleaching, catalyst amount, 382 catalyst neutralization, comparison with enzymatic process, deodorization/storage of final product, 384 drying/de-aeration of oil before reaction, 381 FFA content, general overview, incoming oil quality, 380 moisture, 381 process losses, 385 PV of starting oil, 381 reaction end-point determination, 384 reaction steps, reaction time, 382 stability of product, troubleshooting, enzymatic process batch process, 389 catalyst, 387 comparison with chemical process, deodorization, 391 enzyme activity, 390 general overview, 377, 387 immobilization of enzyme, lipase interesterification, pretreatment, 388 productivity, reaction steps, as technical solution for trans fat reduction, Interesterification issues, fat crystallization and, 266 Intersonicon, Malaysia, 296 Iodine value (IV) and fractionation of palm oil, 293 hydrogenation effect on, as oil analysis method, Iowa State University, xii Iron parameter of bleached oil, 110 Isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids, hydrogenation effect on, Isothermal reaction process, J Jacketed tank, 405. See also Nitrogen blanketing Johnson Mathey catalysts, 187 K Ketones deodorization and, 194 as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 48 seed crushing/crude oil handling and, 319 Krupp, Germany, 296 L L&D (losses and degrading), 333 Labeling regulations, , 453 Lactones, deodorization and, 194 Lanza process, 305 Large sloped bottom, Lecithin, and crude oil de-gumming, 34, Lever (Unilever), 145

10 480 M. Gupta Linoleic acids, hydrogenation and, , Linolenic acids, hydrogenation and, , Lipase interesterification batch process, 389 continuous fixed bed process, Lipico Technologies, Singapore, 296 Lipoxygenase, 315 Lipozyme TLIM, enzymatic interesterification and, Liquid shortenings compared with solid shortenings, 267 fat crystallization critical control points, description/properties, 267 fluidity, polymorphic phase, 268 processing steps, formulation of, 269 Lockout and electrical safety, Loss management Degrading Report, 358 factors contributing to loss in D&V accounting deficiency, 336 equipment limitation, improper operating practices, 337 improper receiving/storage procedure, infrequent factors, insufficient knowledge of cost elements, general overview, 333 good loss control elements, guidelines for D&V management goal definition, 351 improvement activity priority setting, 351 key loss point identification, loss determination at each location, 350 material flow identification at plant, solution definition, target dates/action steps/methods definitions, and loss definition, Loss Point Analysis Worksheet, 354 Mis-Pumping Report, 359 OS&D Report, 336, plant loss management, and selection of loss manager, 354 Spill Report, 357 Loss Point Analysis Worksheet, 354 Lovibond color interesterification and, 392 maintainence in warehouse of, 238 oil analysis method, 13 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Lurgi, 145 M Magnesium parameter of bleached oil, 110 Major non-triglycerides, oil refining and, 47 Manufacturing costs. See Economics Mechanical seals, Melt point (capillary tube method), oil analysis method, 14 Melt point (Mettler drop point method), oil analysis method, 14 Melting point, hydrogenation effect on, 147 Mettler Drop Point, chemical interesterification and, 384 Minor non-triglyceride impurities, oil refining and, Mis-Pumping Report, 359 Mode of receipt of crude oil, 21 Modified chemical refining process, 49 Modified composition oils supplies of, 374

11 Index 481 as technical solution for trans fat reduction, Modified physical refining process, 48 Moisture, chemical interesterification and, 381 Monoglycerides chemical interesterification and, 384 content of selected oils, 8 as major non-triglyceride impurity, 47 structure of, 3 Monoglycerides/diglycerides, as nontriglycerides components of oils, 8 Motors/starters/switches/fans/blowers, 438 Multiple dry fractionation method, N National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 453 National Institute of Oilseed Products (NIOP), crude oil quality and, National Oil Processors Association (NOPA), crude oil quality and, 22, 24 Neutral oil loss, oil analysis method, 14 Neutralized palm oil, NIOP specifications on, 23 Nickel (colloidal), and catalyst poisoning in hydrogenation, Nitrogen blanketing. See also Plant safety and attributes of nitrogen gas, confined space/tank entry and, head space oxygen and, nitrogen sparger and, 232 pressure sensor and, 230 rupture discs and, 231 signs to be displayed on, 465 and unloading from trucks, vacuum vent valves and, Nitrogen safety, See also Plant safety Nitrogen supply lines, 419 Non-contact condensing steam ejector, 422, 424 Non-positive displacement pumps, Non-triglycerides components of oils free fatty acids (FFA), 7 8 hydratable/nonhydratable phospholipids, 7 monoglycerides/diglycerides, 8 phospholipids, 6 7 sterols/sterol esters, tocopherols/tocotrienols, 7 11 Normann, W., 145 Novozyme (Denmark), Nutritional labeling regulations, O Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 453, 458 Oil analyses, 3 active oxygen method (AOM), 14, 18 chlorophyll pigments, 13, 17 conjugated dienes, 13, 15 fatty acid composition (FAC), 13, 16 free fatty acids (FFA), 12, 14 iodine value (IV), 12, 14 lovibond color, 13, melt point (capillary tube method), 14, 17 melt point (Mettler drop point method), 14, 18

12 482 M. Gupta neutral oil loss, 14, 18 oxidative stability index (OSI), 14, 18 para-anisidine value (pav), 12, 15 peroxide value (PV), 12, 15 phosphorus (graphite furnace), 13, 17 phosphorus (ICP), 13, 17 polar material (TPM), 13, 15 polymerized triglycerides, 13, 15 refined/bleached color test, 13, 16 refining loss, 14, 18 saponification value, 14, 19 smoke point, flash point, fire point, 13, 17 soap in oil, 13, 15 solid fat content (SFC), 13, 16 solid fat index (SFI), 13, 15 trace metals (atomic absorption method), 13, 17 trace metals (ICP), 13, 17 trans fatty acid (TFA), 13, 16 unsaponifiable matter, 14, 19 Oil chemistry distinction between fats/oils, 3 FA in common vegetable oils, 3 5 FA typical behavior, 5 non-triglycerides components of oils free fatty acids (FFA), 7 8 hydratable/nonhydratable phospholipids, 7 monoglycerides/diglycerides, 8 phospholipids, 6 7 sterols/sterol esters, tocopherols/tocotrienols, 7 11 oil analyses methods overview, oil composition, 1 3 oil processing objectives, 5 6 Oil inventory, process instruments and, Oil quality management bleaching, chemical interesterification and, 380 consequences of high temperature/ long storage time, crude oil receiving/storage, de-gumming/acid pre-treatment, deodorization, general overview, hydrogenation, modes of oil decomposition hydrolysis, 316 oxidation, thermal decomposition, 316 quality of seeds (fruit palm), refining techniques, seed crushing/crude oil handling, seed drying/storage, 318 standards summary, Oil refining chemical process (batch) critical control points, oil suitability, 53 procedure/schematic, 53, chemical process (continuous) back pressure on light phase, caustic addition temperature, 70 caustic strength, caustic treat, condition of primary separator, 71 contact time between crude oil/ caustic, crude oil filtration, crude oil pre-treatment, 65 degreeof mixing between crude oil/caustic, neutral oil, procedure/schematic, refining temperature (emulsion heater), sampling frequency, 64

13 Index 483 segregation of refined oil at start up, 71 uniformity of caustic flow, 66 uniformity of crude oil feed composition, 65 uniformity of crude oil flow, physical process bleached oil quality parameters, critical control points, general overview, schematic flow chart, 51 troubleshooting, purpose of, Oil-Dri Corporation, 136 Oilseed sources, vii Oiltek, Malaysia, 296 Olein, winterization/fractionation and, Organic label, and neutral clay for bleaching, 103 Organoleptic attribute, deodorization and, 203 Overage, Shortage, and Damage (OS&D) Report, 336, Oxidation, as modes of oil decomposition, Oxidative stability hydrogenation effect on, 147 importance of, ix and production of transesterified products, and proper oil processing, 5 6 trans fat and, 365 Oxidative stability index (OSI), oil analysis method, 14 Oxygen Meter, 231 Oxygen, nitrogen blanketing and, P Packed bed bleaching, Packed gland seals, 447 Palm oil. See also Winterization and acid conditioning method of de-gumming, 38 crystal matrix establishment and, interesterification and, ix x interesterification issues and, NIOP specifications on, 23 pourable liquid shortening and, 268 Palm oil in solid shortening, fat crystallization and, Palm olein, and production of transesterified products, Palm stearine, interesterification issues and, Para-Anisidine value (pav), oil analysis method, 12 Peanut oil, phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 Penetrometer, , 263 Performance measurement, 313 Periodic cleaning, Peroxide Value (PV) recommended/maximum, 321 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Peroxide Value (PV), chemical interesterification and, 381 Peroxide Value (PV) of bleached oil, 110 deodorization and, 194 Peroxide value (PV), oil analysis method, 12 ph, deodorization and, 222 Pheophorbides, 327 Pheophytins, 327 Phospholipids. See also Phospholipids content of selected oils, 7 and crude oil de-gumming, 33 flavor and, 322 as major non-triglyceride impurity, 47 as non-triglycerides components of oils, 6 7

14 484 M. Gupta and steam blowing crude oil, 28 Phosphoric acid and bleaching oil, 111 Phosphorus (graphite furnace), oil analysis method, 13 Phosphorus (ICP), oil analysis method, 13 Phosphorus, and crude oil degumming, 33 Phosphorus parameter of bleached oil, 109 Photochemical reactions, unsaturated FAs and, 9 Photooxidation, 315 Photosensitizers. See Chlorophyll as photosensitizer Physical refining process bleached oil quality parameters, critical control points, general overview, schematic flow chart, 51 troubleshooting, Piping, 417, 419 Piston pumps, 430 Plant equipment agitators, air dryers, centrifuges, 406 compressors, converters, cooling towers, 433, deodorizers, ejectors condensing steam ejectors, direct-contact condensing ejectors, non-condensing steam ejectors, non-contact condensing ejectors, troubleshooting, filters, 409 freeze-condensing vacuum system, 423, 426 general overview accessories, 399 equipment, instruments, heat exchangers cleaning/troubleshooting, fouling, installation, process overview, types, instruments and their parameters, motors/starters/switches/fans/ blowers, 438 performance/goals and, piping, 417, 419 pumps, seals, steam tracing general overview, steam purifier, 446 steam trap installation/ management, 443, 445 steam traps, types, tanks cone bottom, crude oil storage, deodorized stock, 402 dish bottom, 405 flat bottom, 403 hydrogenated stock, jacketed, 405 large sloped bottom, vacuum bleachers, 409 vacuum dryers, vacuum ejectors, valves, Plant safety general overview, safety agencies, safety training chemical color code/hazardous

15 Index 485 materials, chemical safety, compressed-gas safety, confined space/tank entry, electrical safety, fire extinguisher selection, fire/explosion safety, solvent storage, welding/hot work preparation, 457 Plasticity of fat crystals, 263 Plate and frame heat exchanger, 412 Polar compounds, as minor nontriglyceride impurity, 48 Polar material (TPM), oil analysis method, 13 Polymerized triglycerides, oil analysis method, 13 Polymorphism fat crystallization and, , pourable liquid shortening and, 268 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, hydrogenation effect on, 147 POS Pilot Plant (Canada), xii Positive displacement pumps, Pourability of fat crystals, 263 standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Pourable liquid shortenings fat crystallization critical control points, description/properties, 267 fluidity, polymorphic phase, 268 processing steps, Poymers, as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 48 Pressure deodorization and, , process instruments and, steam traps and, Primary crystal bonds, Process capability, Procter and Gamble Co., 145 Pumps, Purchasing contracts, 340 Pyropheophorbides, 327 Q Quality standards. See also Oil quality management maintainence in warehouse of, refined/bleached/deodorized oil and, 204 significance of deodorized, 205 storage, summary of, R Reactors. See Hydrogenation Receipt of crude oil. See Crude oil receiving Recirculating-type hydrogenation reactor, Red Palm Oil, carotene compounds and, 48 Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) oil deodorization and, 194 oil quality standards and, 330 physical refining process and, 50 Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil, NIOP specifications on, 23 Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm stearin, NIOP specifications on, 23 Refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palmolein, NIOP specifications on, 23 Refined/bleached color test, as oil analysis method, 13

16 486 M. Gupta Refineries, xi xii Refining loss, as oil analysis method, 14 Refining techniques and oil quality management, Research and development, xi xiii S Sabatier, P., 145 Safety. See also Plant safety nitrogen blanketed tanks and, Safflower oil (crude), phospholipids/ phosphorus content of, 33 Saponification value, as oil analysis method, 14 Saturated fatty acids polymorphic properties and, structure of, 4 typical behavior of, 5 Scraped wall heat exchanger, Seals, Secondary crystal bonds, Seeds, oil quality management and, Semi-continuous deodorizers, , 224 Semi-Physical Refining Process, 45 Semi-physical refining process, 49 Shelf life. See also Storage/handling of finished product and maintainence in warehouse, 239 and proper oil processing, 6 transesterified shortenings and, 375 Shell and tube heat exchanger, Shortening, liquid fat crystallization critical control points, description/properties, 267 fluidity, polymorphic phase, 268 processing steps, Silica hydrogel, bleaching and, Silicates, bleaching and, 142 Single-pass heat exchanger, Smoke point, flash point, fire point, oil analysis method and, 13 Soap in oil, oil analysis method and, 13 Soap parameter of bleached oil, 109 Solid content index, standards checked after deodorization/storage, 228 Solid fat content (SFC) oil analysis method, 13 trans fat and, 365 Solid fat index (SFI), 365 as oil analysis method, 13 Solid shortenings compared with liquid shortenings, 267 palm oil crystal matrix and, Solvent fractionation process, Soybean oil and acid conditioning method of de-gumming, 40 chlorophylls in, 109 NIOP/NOPA specifications on, 24 phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 and special de-gumming method, winterization and, Speadability of fat crystals, 263 Special de-gumming (super) method, Spill Report, 357 Spiral heat exchangers, Stability and proper oil processing, 5 6 Standards. See Quality standards Starters, 438 Steam blow and line cleaning crude oil, 28

17 Index 487 Steam purifier, 446 Steam tracing general overview, steam purifier, 446 steam trap installation/ management, 443, 445 steam traps, types, Steam tracings, 419 Steam traps, Stearin, winterization/fractionation and, Sterols/sterol esters as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 47 as non-triglycerides components of oils, Storage of crude oil. See Crude oil storage Storage/handling of finished product. See also Tanks confined space/tank entry and, deodorized oil storage tank agitator, 232 nitrogen blanketing, tank components, tank composition, temperature indicator controller (TIC), 232 as factor contributing to loss in D&V, maintainence of product quality in warehouse, pourable liquid shortening and, 271 shipping of packaged products, 239 stability and proper oil processing, 6 standards checked after deodorization and, trucking loading finished oil, unloading finished oil, warehouse storage, 237 Structure of fat crystals, 263 Sud-Chemie, 136 Sulfuric acid lines, 419 Sunflower oil (crude) phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 Sunflower seed oil winterization agitation, 280 critical control points, 278, filtration, final oil temperature, 280 general overview, holding time, 280 incoming oil quality, 279 incoming oil temperature, 279 oil cooling rate, winterization of, Super-de-gummed canola oil, phospholipids/phosphorus content of, 33 Switches, 438 T Tank entry permit, Tanks. See also Nitrogen blanketing; Storage/handling of finished product cone bottom, confined space/tank entry and, crude oil storage, deodorized stock, 402 dish bottom, 405 flat bottom, 403 hydrogenated stock, jacketed, 405 large sloped bottom, nitrogen blanketing, , oil inventory in, Temperature. See also Cooling towers cooling for fat crystallization and, , 253, 255. See also Fat crystallization

18 488 M. Gupta deodorization and, , dry fractionation method and, , 301 fat polymorphism and, impact on hydrogenated oil attributes, 170 interesterification and, 393 modes of oil decomposition and, 316 nitrogen tank and, 467 oil quality management and, pourable liquid shortening and, process instruments and, and shipping of packaged products, 239 and solubility of hydrogen gas, 169 storage tanks and, 232 tempering and, and winterization of sunflower seed oil, incoming oil temperature, Tempering and fat crystallization benefits of, procedure, , purpose of, 258 time, 258 Texas A&M, xii Texture-meter (TA.XT21), 263 Thermal decomposition, as modes of oil decomposition, 316 Thermal stability, and proper oil processing, 6 Time, chemical interesterification and, 382 Tirtiaux, Belgium, 295 Tocopherols content of selected oils, 10 interesterification and, 392 as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 47 as non-triglycerides components of oils, 7 11 structures of, 10 Tocotrienols autoxidation and, 9 10 content of selected oils, 10 as minor non-triglyceride impurity, 47 as non-triglycerides components of oils, 7 8 structures of, 10 Trace metals (atomic absorption method), 13 Trace metals (ICP), 13 Trade organizations, crude oil quality and, Training. See Plant safety Trans fat challenges, historical background of, 361 interesterification (chemical process) agitation during drying/reaction, 382 aqueous/oil phase separation, 383 bleaching, catalyst amount, 382 catalyst neutralization, comparison with enzymatic process, deodorization/storage of final product, 384 drying/de-aeration of oil before reaction, 381 FFA content, general overview, incoming oil quality, 380 moisture, 381 process losses, 385 PV of starting oil, 381 reaction end-point determination, 384 reaction steps, reaction time, 382 stability of product,

19 Index 489 troubleshooting, interesterification (enzymatic process) batch process, 389 catalyst, 387 comparison with chemical process, deodorization, 391 enzyme activity, 390 general overview, 377, 387 immobilization of enzyme, lipase interesterification, pretreatment, 388 productivity, reaction steps, nutritional labeling regulation, source of, 366 technical alternatives hydrogenation under special conditions, 367 interesterification, modified composition oils, platinum catalyst use, 368 pourable shortening, 373 in United States, Trans fatty acid (TFA) hydrogenation action in human blood serum, 172 economic impact of high pressure reactors, manipulation of reactor conditions, platinum/precious-metal catalysts, reheating oil for filtration, 183 oil analysis method, 13 Trans isomers polymorphic properties and, 246 structures of, 4 5 winterization and, 294 Triglycerides composition in Malaysian palm oil of, 295 fat crystallization and structure of, seed crushing/crude oil handling and, 319 solvent fractionation process and, structure of, 3 Troubleshooting deodorization and, winterization and, Trucks improper/incomplete unloading, inloading finished oil from, loading finished oil into, Two step bleaching process critical control points, using silica hydrogel, U Ultra de-gumming (special) method, 45 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 145 Unsaponifiable matter, oil analysis method and, 14 Unsaturated fatty acids autoxidation of, 315 hydrogenation effect on, 147 polymorphic properties and, structure of, 4 5 typical behavior of, 5 V Vacuum bleachers, 409 Vacuum dryers, Vacuum ejectors, Vacuum sampler for deodorizers, 208

20 490 M. Gupta Vacuum system for deodorizers, 219, 222 Value of product (VOP), 339 Valves, Van der Waal s force of attraction, adsorbents and, 101 Very high hard stock content, fat crystallization and, W Water de-gumming method, Water extinguishers, Water lines, 419 Welding/hot work safety, 457 Wet bleaching process critical control points, process overview, 117, 120 Wet fractionation with detergent (Lanza process), 305 Winterization fractionation of palm oil, dry fractionation method, method comparision, 308 multiple dry fractionation method, solvent fractionation process, trans fat reduction, wet fractionation with detergent (Lanza process), 305 general overview, 275 soybean oil filtration, process overview, sunflower seed oil agitation, 280 critical control points, 278, filtration, final oil temperature, 280 holding time, 280 incoming oil quality, 279 incoming oil temperature, 279 oil cooling rate, process overview, troubleshooting, Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), 454 X X-ray diffraction method of polymorphic phase,