Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014) for
|
|
- Beryl Walters
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014) for Moose and White-tailed Deer in WMU 515 (Heart Lake), WMU 651 (Lakeland Provincial Park) and WMU 841(Lakeland Provincial Recreation Area) January 7-11, 2014 Grant Chapman, Jordan Besenski, Hannah McKenzie, and Simon Slater Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Lower Athabasca Region and Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program Suggested Citation: Chapman, G., Besenski, J., McKenzie, H., and Slater, S Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014), Moose and White-tailed deer in WMU 515 (Heart Lake), WMU 651 (Lakeland Provincial Park) and WMU 841 (Lakeland Provincial Recreation Area). Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, Government of Alberta. Lower Athabasca Region
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development and Joint Oil Sands Monitoring staff surveyed moose and white-tailed deer populations in Wildlife Management Units (WMU) 515, 651, and 841 using a stratified encounter rate distance sampling methodology to estimate population size and structure. The survey was conducted from January 7-11, 2014, during which 133 transects totalling 1,042 km of survey effort was flow for moose. After flying 83 transects in the first 3 days totalling 617 km, white-tailed deer distance estimate collection was discontinued as results were adequate to generate a suitable detection function; groups continued to be recorded during day 4 and 5 to improve encounter rate estimates. A total of 95 moose were observed and the bull:cow:calf ratio for was 29:100:44. The moose population for WMU 515 was estimated to be 375 (90% CI , CV 0.186) with a density of moose/km 2 (90% CI ). Limited moose detections in strata s WMUs 651 & 841, prevented confident estimate of populations in these WMU s. A total of 290 white-tailed deer were observed during the survey on the first three days and 406 were observed during the entire survey period. Deer age and sex classification was not possible due to significant antler drop at the time of the survey. The white-tailed deer population for WMU 515 was estimated to be 2,750 (90% CI 2,201-3,436, CV 0.135) with a density of 0.99 deer/km 2 (90% CI ). White-tailed deer and moose population s estimates in these WMU s indicate that moose population trends are declining and below goal while white-tailed deer are increasing. Future management and harvest recommendations will reflect these trends. Key words: Alberta, aerial survey, ungulates, population estimates, density estimates, age/sex ratios, moose, deer, distance sampling. 1
3 INTRODUCTION Background WMU 515 was last surveyed for ungulates in 2004 (population estimate 641 moose Table 1) using a modified Gasaway methodology (ESRD, 2010) and prior to that in 1999 (population estimate 981 moose) using a transect survey with 50% coverage. A transect survey with 50% coverage was completed in WMU 651 and 841 in 1997 which estimated the moose population of WMU 651 and WMU 841 to be 25 and 80 respectively. These prior survey designs prioritized moose population estimation; however some data were collected on deer populations in WMU 515 (population estimate 1093 deer Table 2). Table 1. Historical data for WMU 515 moose population estimates (* Confidence limit of survey in brackets). Year Population Estimate* Ratio to 100 Cows Bulls Calves Density (moose/km 2 ) (18.4%) (22.8%) (18.6%) Table 2. Historical data for WMU 515 white-tailed deer population estimates (* Confidence limit of survey in brackets). Year Population Ratio to 100 Cows Density Estimate* Bucks Fawns (moose/km 2 ) ,093 (11.6%) N.A. N.A N.A N.A ,750 (13.5%) N.A. N.A Locations of both moose and white-tailed deer in 2015 were found to be distributed throughout the survey area (Figure 2 and 3) with higher densities associated with upland deciduous habitat types. Historically mule deer and elk have not been observed in WMU 515. Other species that were documented during the survey woodland caribou, sharp-tailed grouse and wolves. Objective This survey was designed to estimate the population size and density of moose and deer in WMU s 515, 651 and 841. The survey results were also used to determine age and sex ratios and antler classification of moose and to the extent possible for deer. These WMU s lie within the Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program (JOSM) area, and JOSM s objective is to increase the 2
4 sampling frequency to five year intervals to better understand ungulate population trends within the oil sands region. METHODS Study area WMU 515 is located north and east of Lac La Biche and WMU s 651 and 841 are located in Lakeland Provincial Park and Lakeland Provincial Recreation Area respectively (Figure 2). This area is within the central mixed wood sub region of the boreal forest natural region of Alberta (Natural Regions Committee 2006), and is bordered to the south by farmland and settled communities. WMU 515 consists of extensive tracts of boreal mixed-wood forest and open muskeg, much of which has been impacted little by industry or human settlement, although Heart Lake First Nation reserve lies within the center of the WMU. The topography is gently rolling, and there are several large lakes throughout the area. There are many large lakes in the survey area and as frozen lakes are non-habitat, we excluded large lakes from the survey area (Table 3). As a result, the population estimate for the study area is based on the estimate of N obtained from the Distance analysis land area, but the final density estimate is based on calculations using the area of the WMUs including lakes so that density estimates are consistent with previous reported methods. Table 3. Areas of each WMU in the study area with and without large lakes (non-habitat). Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) Area including large lakes (km 2 ) Area excluding large lakes (km 2 )
5 Figure 1. Location of the Heart Lake (515), Lakeland Provincial Park (651) and Lakeland Provincial Recreational Area (841) Wildlife Management Units, north and east of Lac La Biche with transects surveyed. 4
6 Survey methods This moose survey was conducted using distance sampling methods (Buckland et al. 2001). Transects were generated using ESRI ArcMap 10.1 by creating a grid of rectangles 1.2 km wide by 10 km long and oriented north-south throughout the WMUs. A random sample of rectangles were chosen and the centre line of each rectangle was used as the transect line. Transect lines shorter than 2 km were not sampled. Each transect was assigned a sequential integer that represented a random seed order that was used to determine what order transects were to be flown. A grand total of 303 transects were generated with a total distance of 2,261 km. Surveys were conducted in a Bell 206 Jet Ranger with rear bubble windows with a survey crew of 3 observers including Grant Chapman (lead) Justin Gilligan (back right) Jordan Besenski (back left) using Star Helicopters in Lac La Biche, with pilot Colin reed. In this survey, the pilot was not permitted to observe and report wildlife sightings until after they had been missed, where the observation was then collected solely for age sex ratio determination and which were not used for population estimation. Transect lines were flown at approximately 300 ft AGL and at a speed of 80 knots. Surveys conditions were recorded including temperature, percentage cloud cover, precipitation and position of observer in the aircraft. During the survey, the front observer restricted their observations to 50 m on either side of the transect line while the back left and back right observers were responsible for all areas from 50 m to as far as they could see on their side of the aircraft. When an animal was detected a waypoint was taken on the transect line and the transect line was continued until the aircraft was perpendicular to the animal or group of animals. Once perpendicular the aircraft left the transect line and collected another waypoint at the location where the animal was first observed. The animal was then classified by sex, age class and antler class if antlers were still present. All animals within 80 m of the original observation were considered to be a part of the same group. Additional covariate measurements were collected at each observed group included crown closure (0-30%, 31-70%, %), activity (bedded, standing, moving), snow cover (bare ground, low vegetation, complete snowcover), light intensity (flat, bright), terrain slope (flat, moderate, steep). Analysis methods Data were analyzed in the program Distance 6.0 (Release 2.0; Thomas et al., 2010). Based on examination of histograms of the distances, data were truncated to improve model fit if necessary (Buckland et al., 2002). Six candidate models were then fit to the data and model fit was assessed using goodness of fit tests, and model selection based on Akaike s Information Criterion (AIC; Buckland et al., 2001, Burnham and Anderson, 2002). When appropriate, we used size-biased regression to estimate cluster size. We considered the effect of including the stratification in the density estimation by estimating strata specific encounter rates. The detection function and cluster size were estimated at the regional level. 5
7 Figure 1. Map of study area, strata (WMUs), transects surveyed and moose detections. 6
8 Figure 2. Map of study area, strata (WMUs), transects surveyed and white-tailed deer detections. Distances and group size were measured for detections on the first 3 days only. On days 4 and 5, only the detections were noted. 7
9 RESULTS Moose One hundred and thirty three transects were surveyed from January 7-11, 2014 for a total survey effort of 1042 km (Figure 1). In total 94 moose were observed from 67 independent groups of moose. The last day of the survey was ended at 1pm due to unsafe flying conditions with heavy snowfall and high winds (70km/hr) and as such the sample sizes for moose was slightly less than desired. Of the 95 moose that were successfully classified, 16 were bulls, 55 were cows, and 24 were calves. Forty percent of the bulls observed were classified as having medium antlers, 7% small antlers and the remainder had shed their antlers already. There were no obvious outliers in the data and neither right-truncation nor binning improved the shape of the distribution, therefore based on the histograms we used the full data set for analysis (n = 67 groups). We fit six candidate models and based on the QQ-plots, histograms and goodness of fit tests, all models fit the data reasonably well and the density estimates were similar across models ( moose/km 2 ; Table 4). Based on AIC, the most supported model was the uniform + cosine. However, the half-normal + cosine model was also highly supported by the data, and overall the differences in AIC were negligible. We choose to use the half-normal + cosine model as it fit the data slightly better in the tail than the uniform + cosine model and had a larger (i.e. more conservative) coefficient of variation (CV). The estimated moose density for WMUs 515/641/851 was moose/km 2 with a 90% confidence interval of ( ) and a CV of The estimated moose abundance was 392 (90% CI ). Table 4. Model selection statistics for candidate models fit to the WMU 515/651/841 moose data. Model Number of Parameters ΔAIC Density Estimate (90% CI) Population Estimate (90% CI) Uniform + Cosine ( ) 388 ( ) Uniform + Simple Polynomial ( ) 384 ( ) Half-Normal + Cosine ( ) 392 ( ) Hazard-Rate + Cosine ( ) 368 ( ) The half-normal + cosine/hermite and the hazard-rate + cosine/hermite models reduced to their key functions as the addition of adjustments terms was not supported by the data. Following estimation of the detection function, encounter rate, and cluster size for the pooled data, results showed that most of the variability in the density estimate is due to variability in encounter rate between transects (74.4%). The encounter rate across all transects was (90% CI , CV 0.147). CV 8
10 Obtaining an accurate density estimate for WMU 515 was the priority, with white-tailed deer secondary, and then parks WMU s a tertiary priority. After examining the spatial distribution of detections, there appeared to be a difference in encounter rate between WMU 515 and WMUs 651/841. To reduce the variability in encounter rate, we stratified the data and estimated encounter rate by strata. Stratification led to an increased encounter rate in WMU (90% CI , CV 0.150). Therefore, we estimate the density for WMU 515 based on the analysis with encounter rate stratified by WMU. The estimated moose density for WMU 515 was (90% CI , CV 0.186). The estimated moose abundance was 375 (90% CI ). Due to the lack of detections of moose in WMUs 651 and 841, it is not possible to estimate the density with acceptable precision in these units using distance methods. Approximated population estimates, needed for moose harvest and licensing, without confidence were estimated to be 15 and 42 moose for WMU s 651 and 841 respectively, which were calculated using the area of the WMU without lakes times the average density of moose found in WMU 515.This is likely higher than the true population in these 2 WMU s as there was noticeably fewer moose observations in these WMU s relative to WMU 515. White-Tailed Deer A total of 290 white-tailed deer were observed and distances recorded during the first three days of surveying a total of 83 transects and 617 km of effort. A total of 406 white-tailed deer were observed over the entire survey period. Deer classification was not conducted due to timing of antler drop, although differentiation between doe and fawn was made. During days 4 and 5 of the survey, detections of deer groups were recorded, but no were distances taken as survey budget and time were limited. Therefore, the entire dataset was used to estimate encounter rate, and only data from days 1-3 were used to fit the detection function. Based on analysis of the distribution of distances in the histograms containing all observations from days 1-3, the data were right truncated at 350 m to remove outliers. Right-truncating was helpful with the half-normal fitting the overall shape. There was a noticeable gap in observations around m. This may be due to the front and back observers not overlapping their search areas with the front observer. Despite the gap, the distribution of distances has a good shoulder, therefore we used the data set truncated at 350 m (n=145 groups). Assessment of the QQ-plots, histograms, and goodness of fit tests for six candidate models indicated that all models fit the data reasonably well (Table 5). AIC values for all models were below 2.0 and the most supported model was the uniform cosine model. The half-normal cosine model was chosen as the best model as it had a larger, more conservative CV associated with the detection function (6.9% compared to 4.4% for the uniform cosine model). 9
11 Similar to the moose data, most of the variability in the density estimate is due to variability in encounter rate between transects (76.8%). We stratified the data to estimate encounter rate by strata, and then also used the detections collected during days 4 and 5 to improve the encounter rate. Table 5. Model selection statistics for the six candidate models fit to the WMU 515, 651, and 841 white-tailed deer data. Model Number of Parameters Goodness of fit Tests (p-value) CvM CvM KS Chi-sq (unif) (cos) Delta AIC CV (%) Uniform + Cosine Uniform + Simple Polynomial Half-Normal + Cosine Hazard-Rate + Cosine The half-normal + cosine/hermite and the hazard-rate + cosine/hermite models reduced to their key functions as the addition of adjustments terms was not supported by the data. The precision of the encounter rate estimates improved when using data from all 5 days as compared to data from the first 3 days. Therefore, we estimated the density in each WMU using the stratified encounter rate estimated from the data from all 5 days. This required calculating density and the variance of the density estimate outside of Distance, as the detection function and cluster size estimates come from a different analysis than the encounter rate estimate (see Buckland et al. 2001, p. 76). Table 6 shows the final white-tailed deer density and abundance estimates, as well as the density estimates after correction for the area of the large lakes. Table 6. Final white-tailed deer density and abundance estimates for WMU 515, 651, and 841, shown with 90% confidence intervals and CVs. Density (calculated based Density (estimated based on Stratum Abundance on abundance and survey area excluding lakes) including area of lakes) WMU ( , CV=13.5%) 2750 ( ) 0.99 ( ) WMU ( , CV=31.8%) 113 (66-194) 0.64 ( ) WMU ( , CV=27.2%) 334 ( ) 0.52 ( ) 10
12 The white-tailed deer buck to doe to fawn sex ratios observed on the first 3 days of the survey was 1:69:83, with another 119 unclassified adult deer (buck or does), and 18 unclassified deer (buck, does, or fawns) observed. These observations produced an adult to fawn ratio of 100:44. The very low buck observations indicated that the majority of the buck cohort had already shed antlers by this time (Table 7) and could also be indicative of high buck harvest in this WMU as many more bucks were expected to be observed. Table 7. Summary of White-tailed Deer Observations and Sex Ratios observed during days 1-3 of survey. Corrected Adult:Fawn Ratio Observed adult to fawns Buck Doe Fawn Unclassified Adults Unclassified White-tailed Deer 100:44 189: No elk or mule deer were observed during this survey and have not been reported in any prior surveys which indicate that they have not been able to establish in these WMU s. There are however established mule deer in adjacent WMU s and establishing elk herds or random sightings in WMU s 517, 503, and 512. Moose and white-tailed deer basic survey info, distance data sheets, and summary of results are enclosed in the Appendix of this report. DISCUSSION This 2014 density estimate for WMU 515 of 0.14 moose/km 2 (90% CI ) is lower than the estimate from the 2004 survey of 0.24 moose/km 2 (90% CI ). The 90% confidence intervals do not overlap, suggesting moose have declined in the area since It is important to note that the 2014 and 2004 surveys use different methodology which prevents is important to consider when interpreting these results, how future distance surveys will enable more detailed comparisons. This survey produced acceptable confidence in our estimates for both moose and deer in WMU 515. Had survey budget and weather conditions permitted, additional survey effort would have been added to improve ability to estimate deer and moose in WMU s 841 and 651. Since 1997 moose abundance has declined in WMU s 651 and 841. If more accurate information is required for these WMUs, future surveys should increase the number of transects flown to increase the number of groups detected, thus providing improved estimates strata detection function and encounter rates (Buckland et al, 2001). 11
13 Moose populations in adjacent WMU s range from moose/km 2 (Table 8). Comparatively, moose density in WMU 515 is at the mid-range and seems to suggest a gradient of lower densities in the eastern units and higher densities in the units to the west which is likely a function of increased habitat quality habitat reduced predation effects. Data was not pooled with the WMU 726 moose survey which was flown (Feb 1-2, 2014) which estimated moose densities to be much lower at 0.05 moose/km 2. Table 8. Comparison of historical moose population parameters in WMUs near 515. WMU Survey Date Population Density Classification (moose/km 2 ) (bull:cow:calf) N.A. 59:100: :100: :100: :100: :100: :100: :100: * * *Calculated by using population estimate divided by area to obtain density. Survey does not have confidence intervals with estimate. Moose harvest goals and success rates of adjacent WMU s are summarized in Table 9. The averaged success rate of antlered moose harvest in WMU 515 is stable at 30% and 19% in the early and late seasons respectively which are consistent with those reported in the adjacent WMU s. Table 9. Bull Moose Special License, harvest goals, and hunter success in adjacent WMU s WMU PreSeason Population Goal 2014 Pre- Hunting Season Population Estimate 2015 Pre- Hunting Season Population Estimate Bulls Cows Season Archery Only General Harvest Goal % Average Hunter Success (%) Bull Hunter Harvest Success Bull Special Licenses issued in draw draw 20 31% % 25% 36% 32% draw draw 15 37% % 37% 42% 31% draw draw 10 45% 43 60% 36% 44% 54% draw draw 15 30% 78 26% 33% 28% 28% draw draw 20 52% % 52% 51% 52% Early unlimited draw 20 42% % 56% 35% 36% Late unlimited draw 20 24% % 20% 37% 16% Early unlimited draw 20 30% 49 36% 38% 22% 31% Late unlimited draw 20 19% 130 9% 14% 31% 11% Early unlimited draw 25 25% % 31% 16% 28% Late unlimited draw 25 10% 100 2% 10% 17% 5% Early unlimited draw 3 0% 5 0% 0% Late unlimited draw 3 10% 5 25% 20% 0% 12
14 White-tailed deer data has been collected in the past in these WMU s, but has not been the primary focus of the ungulate surveys in the area. The estimate of 0.99 deer/km 2 reported in this survey will serve as a baseline for future deer monitoring in WMU 515 and is higher than the estimate provided in 1999 of 0.41 deer/km 2, indicating that deer populations have increased in the last 15 years (Table 10). Unfortunately the timing of this survey did not coincide with whitetailed deer still carrying 100% of antlers and therefore sex ratios are unavailable to inform preseason population models estimates. Future surveys should be planned for early December to enable age:sex determination on white tailed deer. Table 10. Comparison of historical white tailed deer population parameters in WMU s in the North East region. YEAR WMU SPECIES DATE SURVEY TYPE Population Estimate Density (Deer/km 2 ) Confidece Interval +/- (%) Buck Doe Juvenile WTDE 2/1/1995 CLASSIFIED 1205 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WTDE 12/15/1995 CLASSIFIED WTDE 2/22/1996 CLASSIFIED N/A N/A N/A N/A WTDE Line (50% cvrg) 50 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WTDE Line (50% cvrg) 250 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A WTDE 1/21/1999 Rand block N/A N/A N/A N/A WTDE 19-Jan-00 Random Block % WTDE Dec-00 Random Block % WTDE Feb.-03 Random Block % WTDE Jan.-08 Random Block % WTDE Jan.-08 Random Block % WTDE Jan.-13 Random Block % WTDE 14-Jan Distance % N/A N/A N/A WTDE 14-Jan Distance % N/A N/A N/A WTDE 14-Jan Distance % N/A N/A N/A WTDE Dec.-13 Age Sex Survey Only N/A N/A N/A WTDE Feb.-13 Random Block % WTDE Dec.-13 Age Sex Survey Only N/A N/A N/A WTDE Dec.-13 Age Sex Survey Only N/A N/A N/A WTDE Feb.-15 Distance % N/A N/A N/A WTDE Jan.-15 Distance % WTDE Feb.-15 Distance % N/A N/A N/A MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS The 2015 WMU 515 preseason population estimate is 410 moose, which is only 41% of the goal. Moose management recommendations are to reduce bull special licenses to support moose populations to recover toward the goal of 1000 moose in the WMU. It is likely that the moose population will be slow to recover. Current hunting regulations prohibit the harvesting of antlerless moose in WMU 515 and 841, which will support moose recovery. Anecdotal 13
15 knowledge of First Nations moose harvest indicates that harvest is likely high in this WMU and could be a factor that is contributing to low recruitment. White-tailed deer populations are good and appear to be increasing over the long term and general white-tailed deer license hunting opportunities including 2 supplemental antlerless licences will continue to be offered. WMU 515 contains and is adjacent to Cold Lake woodland caribou critical habitat and therefore maintaining liberal hunting seasons for white-tailed deer will support the reduction of this primary prey species for wolves. This will support caribou recovery goals in the area as wolves are known to be contributing to caribou declines. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding was provided by Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD), Lower Athabasca Region and through the Joint Oil Sands Monitoring Program (JOSM). The survey was conducted by Grant Chapman, Justin Gilligan and Jordan Besenski. Gratitude is extended to Colin Reed from Star Helicopters for his contributions to the survey. Appreciation is also extended to Cody Clark of ESRD for flight-following from the Lac La Biche Fire Centre. LITERATURE CITED Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas Distance sampling: Estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 432pp. Burnham K.P, and D.R. Anderson Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd Edition. Springer, New York Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD) Aerial Ungulate Survey Protocol Manual. 65pp Natural Regions Committee Natural regions and subregions of Alberta. Compiled by D.J. Downing and W.W. Pettapiece. Government of Alberta. Pub. No. T/852. Thomas, L., S.T. Buckland, E.A. Rexstad, J.L. Laake, S. Strindberg, S.L. Hedley, J.R.B. Bishop, T.A. Marques, and K.P. Burnham Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:
16 APPENDICES A) Basic survey data WMU WMU 515, 651 and 841 Dates of survey Moose January 7-11, 2014 White-tailed deer January 7-9, 2014 Observers Jordan Besenski, Grant Chapman, Justin Gilligan Aircraft Bell 206- Star Helicopters Pilot Colin Reed Cost and time breakdown $34, over 26.7 hours Design Distance sampling design with 133 north-south transect lines Comments Due to low visibility, flight conditions, high winds and snow on the last day the survey was ended early. Survey Weather Data: Date Temp. ( C) Wind Wind Direction Cloud Cover January 7, No wind 100% January 8, km/hr S 100% January 9, Reaching 5 km/hr 100% January 10, Reaching 10 km/hr 5% January 11, to -6 Reaching 30 km/hr 100% Data for individual transects (Moose): Strata ID Strata Area (km 2 ) Transect ID Transect Length (km) Perpendicular Distance from transect (m) Number of animals observed in the group WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
17 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
18 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
19 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
20 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU Totals (Moose): Total Survey Area: 3367 km 2 (3141 km 2 without lakes) Total transect length surveyed: 1,045 km Total transects flown: 133 Total number of animals observed: 95 19
21 Data for individual transects (White-Tailed Deer): Strata ID Strata Area (km 2 ) Transect ID Transect Length (km) Perpendicular Distance from transect (m) Number of animals observed in the group WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU Days 20
22 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
23 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
24 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
25 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
26 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU
27 WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU WMU Totals (White-Tailed Deer): Days 1-3 Total Survey Area: 3141 km 2 Total transect length surveyed: 617 km Total transects flown: 83 Total number of animal observed : 290 Day 4-5 Total Survey Area: 3141 km 2 Total transect length surveyed: 425 km Total transects flown: 50 Total number of animal observed :
28 B) Summary of Distance Results Distance Summary For Moose Table1. Areas of each WMU in the study area with and without large water bodies (non-habitat). Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) Area including large lakes (km 2 ) Area excluding large lakes (km 2 ) Data From the survey we have the following data (pooled WMUs 515/651/841): Effort : km # samples : 133 transects # observations : 67 groups Table 2. Number of groups and transects available for estimating the detection function and encounter rate. WMU # Groups # Transects Total Detection Probability Plot (a) All Data (b) Data right-truncated by 5% (c) Data pooled into 75 m bins Figure. Histogram of the WMU 515/641/841 moose data with various choices for right-truncation and cut-points. Neither right-truncation nor binning improved the shape of the distribution over the full data set. 27
29 Expected cluster size Expected cluster size estimated based on regression of: log(s(i)) on g(x(i)) Regression Estimates Slope = E-01 Std error = Intercept = Std error = Correlation= Students-t = E-01 Df = 65 Pr(T < t) = Expected cluster size = Standard error = E-01 Mean cluster size = Standard error = E-01 Estimating encounter rate Following estimation of the detection function, encounter rate, and cluster size for the pooled data, the partitioning of variability in the density estimate was as follows: Component Percentages of Var(D) Detection probability : 17.3 Encounter rate : 74.4 Cluster size : 8.3 Most of the variability in the density estimate is due to variability in encounter rate between transects. The encounter rate across all transects was (90% CI , CV=14.7%). After examining the spatial distribution of detections, there appears to be a difference in encounter rate between WMU 515 and WMUs 651/841. In an effort to reduce the variability in encounter rate, we stratified the data and estimated encounter rate by strata. Stratification led to an increased encounter rate in WMU 515 (Table 4). Unfortunately, due to the low number of observations in WMUs 651 and 841, the encounter rate estimate has very poor precision. Table 3. Estimated encounter rates for the entire study area and by WMU. The parameters are as follows: n=number of groups detected, k=number of transects, L=total transect length, n/l=encounter rate (groups/km). Also shown are 90% confidence intervals and CVs for the encounter rate estimates. Stratum Parameter Estimate Pooled WMU 515 n k L n/l n k L n/l WMU 651 n ( , CV=14.7%) ( , CV=15.0%) 28
30 WMU 841 k L n/l n k L n/l ( , CV=97.5%) ( , CV=68.2%) Density and Abundance Estimate %CV df 90% Confidence Interval Stratum: 1. WMU515 Half-normal/Cosine DS E E D N Stratum: 2. WMU651 Half-normal/Cosine DS E E E-01 D E E N Stratum: 3. WMU841 Half-normal/Cosine DS E E E-01 D E E N Distance Summary For White-Tailed Deer Table 1. Areas of each WMU in the study area with and without large lakes (non-habitat). Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) Area including large lakes (km 2 ) Area excluding large lakes (km 2 ) Data For the entire 5 day survey we have the following data (pooled WMUs 515/651/841): Effort : km # samples : 133 transects # observations : 223 groups During days 4 and 5 of the survey, detections of WTDE groups were recorded, but no distances taken. Therefore, although we use the entire dataset to estimate encounter rate, we only use days 1-3 to fit the detection function. For days 1-3, we have the following data (pooled WMUs 515/651/841). Effort : km # samples : 83 transects 29
31 # observations : 151 groups Detection Probability Plot (a) All Data (b) Data right-truncated at 350 m Figure 1. Histogram of the white-tailed deer data with various choices for right-truncation. Also shown is a half-normal model fitted to these data. Based on the histograms, we proceed using the data truncated at 350 m (n=145 groups). Encounter Rate Component Percentages of Var(D) Detection probability : 16.8 Encounter rate : 76.8 Cluster size : 6.4 Density & Abundance Table 2. Estimates of the various components required to estimate density, showing which components were calculated from which data sets, as well as the calculations of density, its variance, and 90% confidence intervals. Component of Density Estimate Parameter Data and Model Days 1 to 3 f(0) Detection function cv(f(0)) var(f(0)) E-07 Cluster size E(s) All days, stratified by WMU WMU 515 WMU 651 WMU
32 Encounter Rate Density Estimate Confidence Interval Calculation SE(E(s)) var(e(s) cv(e(s)) n L n/l cv(n/l) var(n/l) var(n) cv(n) D var(d) cv(d) df_f(0) 144 df_e(s) 143 df_n/l df tdf(0.05) C D LCL (90%) D UCL (90%) Table 3. Final density and abundance estimates for WMU 515, 651, and 841, shown with 90% confidence intervals and CVs. Stratum Density (calculated based Density (estimated based on abundance and on survey area excluding Abundance including area of lakes) lakes) WMU ( , CV=13.5%) 2750 ( ) 0.99 ( ) WMU ( , CV=31.8%) 113 (66-194) 0.64 ( ) WMU ( , CV=27.2%) 334 ( ) 0.52 ( ) 31
Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014) Moose in WMU 511 (Pelican Mountains)
Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014) Moose in WMU 511 (Pelican Mountains) Hanna Neufeld and Jim Castle Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Upper Athabasca Region Suggested Citation: Neufeld, H. and
More informationAerial Ungulate Survey (2014) Moose in WMU 726 (Cold Lake Air Weapons Range)
Aerial Ungulate Survey (2014) Moose in WMU 726 (Cold Lake Air Weapons Range) Scott Donker and Barb Maile Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Lower Athabasca Region Citation: Donker, S and
More informationDesign of an eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) dolphin survey
Design of an eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) dolphin survey Cornelia S. Oedekoven 1, Stephen T. Buckland 1, Laura Marshall 1 & Cleridy E. Lennert-Cody 2 [MOP-37-02] 1 Centre for Research into Ecological
More informationAppendix 44 Meadowbank and Whale Tail 2018 Noise Monitoring Program
Meadowbank Gold Project 2018 Annual Report Appendix 44 Meadowbank and Whale Tail 2018 Noise Monitoring Program MEADOWBANK GOLD PROJECT 2018 Noise Monitoring Report In Accordance with NIRB Project Certificates
More informationConserving Red Pandas in Western Nepal
Conserving Red Pandas in Western Nepal Progress Report September 2018 Progress Report RPN is committed to the conservation of wild red pandas and their habitat through the education and empowerment of
More informationGround Sampling Standards
Ground Sampling Standards MINISTRY OF FORESTS RESOURCES INVENTORY BRANCH JULY 1997 Table of Contents GROUND SAMPLING STANDARDS...1 INTRODUCTION...1 MEASUREMENT OF ATTRIBUTES...2 Continuous Attributes...2
More informationStudy Design Considerations for Aerial Surveys in the Spring and Fall to Estimate the Abundance of Pacific Walrus
Study Design Considerations for Aerial Surveys in the Spring and Fall to Estimate the Abundance of Pacific Walrus Prepared by Bryan F.J. Manly Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. 2003 Central Avenue, Cheyenne,
More informationSOUTHERN INDIA ELEPHANT CENSUS 2002
SOUTHERN INDIA ELEPHANT CENSUS 2002 SUMMARY REPORT TO THE KARNAKATA FOREST DEPARTMENT Reporting Agency: Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre JULY 2002 Scientists Involved: Prof. R. Sukumar -
More information1. What is the I-T approach, and why would you want to use it? a) Estimated expected relative K-L distance.
Natural Resources Data Analysis Lecture Notes Brian R. Mitchell VI. Week 6: A. As I ve been reading over assignments, it has occurred to me that I may have glossed over some pretty basic but critical issues.
More informationWLF 315 Wildlife Ecology I Lab Fall 2012 Sampling Methods for the Study of Animal Behavioral Ecology
WLF 315 Wildlife Ecology I Lab Fall 2012 Sampling Methods for the Study of Animal Behavioral Ecology Lab objectives: 1. Introduce field methods for sampling animal behavior. 2. Gain an understanding of
More informationUnit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data
Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data Area Principle Bar Chart Boxplot Conditional Distribution Dotplot Empirical Rule Five Number Summary Frequency Distribution Frequency Polygon Histogram Interquartile
More informationSampling Problems in Estimating Small Mammal Population Size1
Sampling Problems in Estimating Small Mammal Population Size1 George E. Menkens, Jr.2 and Stanley H. Anderson3 Abstract. -Estimates of population size are influenced by four sources of error: measurement,
More informationBody Condition Scoring Your Cow Herd
Body Condition Scoring Your Cow Herd 04-Aug-06 Importance of Body Condition Scoring to Cattle Producers Body condition is an expression of the amount of body fat that an animal is carrying. It is a one
More informationWDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics. What is Statistics and how does it relate to you?
WDHS Curriculum Map Probability and Statistics Time Interval/ Unit 1: Introduction to Statistics 1.1-1.3 2 weeks S-IC-1: Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters
More informationFinal Report: Aerial Surveys of Pinniped Haulout Sites in Pacific Northwest Inland Waters
Final Report: Aerial Surveys of Pinniped Haulout Sites in Pacific Northwest Inland Waters Report for Contract No. N62470-10-D-3011 - CTO JP02 June 2013 Prepared by: Prepared for: Steven Jeffries Washington
More informationBulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Volume 110 Issue 3 Article 2 October 2012 Abundance of long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis) in California and western Baja California
More informationBC Boreal Caribou Implementation Plan:
2013 BC Boreal Caribou Implementation Plan: Mortality Investigation Summary Report No. 3: June 28-July 07 Diversified Environmental Services Fort St. John, BC BACKGROUND During the winter of 2012-13, 164
More informationIAPT: Regression. Regression analyses
Regression analyses IAPT: Regression Regression is the rather strange name given to a set of methods for predicting one variable from another. The data shown in Table 1 and come from a student project
More informationExperimental Studies. Statistical techniques for Experimental Data. Experimental Designs can be grouped. Experimental Designs can be grouped
Experimental Studies Statistical techniques for Experimental Data Require appropriate manipulations and controls Many different designs Consider an overview of the designs Examples of some of the analyses
More informationWhat deer eat and why: A look at white-tailed deer nutrition. Mike Miller Technical Guidance Biologist Wildlife Division - District 3
What deer eat and why: A look at white-tailed deer nutrition Mike Miller Technical Guidance Biologist Wildlife Division - District 3 Dietary strategy Nutritional requirements Food habits Influences on
More informationStudent Pages: Group Activity
Student Pages: Group Activity Grizzly Bear Science Team 2 For this activity, your group is the "Grizzly Bear Science Team #2". Your team is responsible for scientifically evaluating whether or not the
More informationLesson 1: Distributions and Their Shapes
Lesson 1 Name Date Lesson 1: Distributions and Their Shapes 1. Sam said that a typical flight delay for the sixty BigAir flights was approximately one hour. Do you agree? Why or why not? 2. Sam said that
More informationChapter 9 Heritability and Repeatability
Chapter 9 Heritability and Repeatability σ 2 BV h 2 = σ 2 P r = σ 2 PA σ 2 P I. Heritability II. Repeatability III. Ways to Improve Heritability and Repeatability Chapter 9 Heritability and Repeatability
More informationPropensity Score Methods for Causal Inference with the PSMATCH Procedure
Paper SAS332-2017 Propensity Score Methods for Causal Inference with the PSMATCH Procedure Yang Yuan, Yiu-Fai Yung, and Maura Stokes, SAS Institute Inc. Abstract In a randomized study, subjects are randomly
More informationLec 02: Estimation & Hypothesis Testing in Animal Ecology
Lec 02: Estimation & Hypothesis Testing in Animal Ecology Parameter Estimation from Samples Samples We typically observe systems incompletely, i.e., we sample according to a designed protocol. We then
More informationBIOSTATISTICAL METHODS
BIOSTATISTICAL METHODS FOR TRANSLATIONAL & CLINICAL RESEARCH PROPENSITY SCORE Confounding Definition: A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure (a predictor or risk factor) and
More informationBangor University Laboratory Exercise 1, June 2008
Laboratory Exercise, June 2008 Classroom Exercise A forest land owner measures the outside bark diameters at.30 m above ground (called diameter at breast height or dbh) and total tree height from ground
More informationEcological Statistics
A Primer of Ecological Statistics Second Edition Nicholas J. Gotelli University of Vermont Aaron M. Ellison Harvard Forest Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Brief Contents
More informationSOUTHERN INDIA ELEPHANT CENSUS 2002
SOUTHERN INDIA ELEPHANT CENSUS 2002 DRAFT SUMMARY REPORT TO THE TAMIL NADU FOREST DEPARTMENT Reporting Agency: Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre JULY 2002 Scientists Involved: Prof. R. Sukumar
More informationPopulation age-sex ratios of elephants in Rajaji-Corbett National. Parks, Uttaranchal
Population age-sex ratios of elephants in Rajaji-Corbett National Parks, Uttaranchal Annual Progress Report on Rajaji NP Elephant age-sex ratios Reporting period July 2001 to August 2002 Submitted by A.
More informationSTAT445 Midterm Project1
STAT445 Midterm Project1 Executive Summary This report works on the dataset of Part of This Nutritious Breakfast! In this dataset, 77 different breakfast cereals were collected. The dataset also explores
More informationAn asterisk (*) in a response category means that less than 0.5% of respondents chose that response category and a dash (-) represents no response.
Wyoming Statewide Survey October 9-13, 2018 N=600 Voters N=360 lands, N=240 cells Margin of Error +4.0% Sample A was asked of 1/2 of the respondents = 306 registered voters. Sample B was asked of 1/2 of
More informationStudent Pages: Group Activity
Student Pages: Group Activity Grizzly Bear Science Team 2 For this activity, your group is the "Grizzly Bear Science Team #2". Your team is responsible for scientifically evaluating whether or not the
More informationPROVINCIAL RISK MAPS FOR HIGHEST TENDENCY RANKING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE DISEASES IN AYUTTHAYA PROVINCE, THAILAND
PROVINCIAL RISK MAPS FOR HIGHEST TENDENCY RANKING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE DISEASES IN AYUTTHAYA PROVINCE, THAILAND Soutthanome KEOLA, Mitsuharu TOKUNAGA Space Technology Applications and Research
More informationDr. Allen Back. Oct. 7, 2016
Dr. Allen Back Oct. 7, 2016 al Was it Fair? The first draft lottery during the Vietnam War: 366 balls labeled by dates. Mixed up and pulled out in a random order. al Was it Fair? Scatterplot al Was it
More informationSTA 291 Lecture 4 Jan 26, 2010
STA 291 Lecture 4 Jan 26, 2010 Methods of Collecting Data Survey Experiment STA 291 - Lecture 4 1 Review: Methods of Collecting Data Observational Study vs. Experiment An observational study (survey) passively
More informationWalkability vs. Several Health Diagnoses for Klamath Falls, OR
Walkability vs. Several Health Diagnoses for Klamath Falls, OR John Ritter, Ph.D. Geomatics Dept, Oregon Tech Stephanie Van Dyke, MD, MPH Medical Director, Sky Lakes Wellness Center Katherine Pope, RN,
More informationConservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey
Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey CLEMENT G. TWEH, MENLADI M. LORMIE, CÉLESTIN Y. KOUAKOU, ANNIKA HILLERS HJALMAR S. KÜHL
More informationWASH.D.C. ZULU 11:48:45 15:48: Oct Oct 2015
Pacific Disaster Center Area Brief: EMOPS Executive Summary Region Selected» HONOLULU WASH.D.C. ZULU NAIROBI KABUL BANGKOK 05:48:45 11:48:45 15:48:45 18:48:45 20:18:45 22:48:45 26 Oct 2015 26 Oct 2015
More informationINTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS
Monitoring density and abundance of cetaceans in the seas around Italy through aerial surveys: a summary contribution to conservation and the future ACCOBAMS survey GIANCARLO LAURIANO 1, SIMONE PANIGADA
More informationRecreational marijuana and collision claim frequencies
Highway Loss Data Institute Bulletin Vol. 35, No. 8 : April 2018 Recreational marijuana and collision claim frequencies Summary Colorado was the first state to legalize recreational marijuana for adults
More informationADDENDUM. Submitted to: CPV Valley, LLC 35 Braintree Hill Office Park Braintree, MA Submitted by:
ADDENDUM ADDITIONAL PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED CPV VALLEY ENERGY CENTER AND TRANSMISSION CORRIDORS TOWN OF WAWAYANDA ORANGE COUNTY, NEW YORK Submitted to: CPV Valley, LLC 35 Braintree
More informationThe Wildland Fire Chemical
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Technology & Development Program Airtanker 57-2866-MTDC October 2 51/57 Drop Guides Ground Pattern n Perfor formance of the Columbia BV-234 Helicopter
More informationMark J. Anderson, Patrick J. Whitcomb Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN USA
Journal of Statistical Science and Application (014) 85-9 D DAV I D PUBLISHING Practical Aspects for Designing Statistically Optimal Experiments Mark J. Anderson, Patrick J. Whitcomb Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis,
More informationJuly Conducted by: Funded by: Dr Richard Shephard B.V.Sc., M.V.S. (Epidemiology), M.A.C.V.Sc. Dairy Herd Improvement Fund.
An observational study investigating the effect of time elapsed from the initiation of semen thaw until insemination of the cow upon 24-day non-return rates July 2 Conducted by: Dr Richard Shephard B.V.Sc.,
More informationHugh Notman 1,2, Kayla Hartwell 2 & Mary S.M. Pavelka 2 1. Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada 2. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Hugh Notman 1,2, Kayla Hartwell 2 & Mary S.M. Pavelka 2 1 Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada 2 University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada The separation of males and females outside of seasonal
More informationSimple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression Assoc. Prof Dr Sarimah Abdullah Unit of Biostatistics & Research Methodology School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Regression Regression analysis
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
1 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Response time and signal detection time distributions SM Fig. 1. Correct response time (thick solid green curve) and error response time densities (dashed red curve), averaged across
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Fig. 1: Map of the ten countries included in the analysis. Showing the first sub-national administrative boundaries in light grey, and DHS survey locations representing
More informationOperational Guidelines for Pacific Salmon Hatcheries Production Planning, Broodstock Collection and Spawning Scope of Guidelines
Operational Guidelines for Pacific Salmon Hatcheries Production Planning, Broodstock Collection and Spawning Scope of Guidelines These guidelines have been developed to guide production planning, broodstock
More informationCounty-Level Analysis of U.S. Licensed Psychologists and Health Indicators
County-Level Analysis of U.S. Licensed Psychologists and Health Indicators American Psychological Association Center for Workforce Studies Luona Lin, Karen Stamm and Peggy Christidis March 2016 Recommended
More informationSouth Australian Research and Development Institute. Positive lot sampling for E. coli O157
final report Project code: Prepared by: A.MFS.0158 Andreas Kiermeier Date submitted: June 2009 South Australian Research and Development Institute PUBLISHED BY Meat & Livestock Australia Limited Locked
More informationWhat s the Score: Bison
What s the Score: Bison BODY CONDITION SCORING (BCS) GUIDE CONTENTS Page 2: Page 3: Page 4: Page 5: Page 6: Page 7: Body condition scoring and Bison. BCS scoring guide. BCS worksheet. Labelled illustration
More informationEstimates of the Prevalence of Opiate Use and/or Crack Cocaine Use, 2008/09: Sweep 5 report
Estimates of the Prevalence of Opiate Use and/or Crack Cocaine Use, 2008/09: Sweep 5 report Project team: Gordon Hay 1 Maria Gannon 1 Jane Casey 1 Tim Millar 2 Produced by 1- The Centre for Drug Misuse
More informationMarine Mammal Surveys at the Klondike and Burger Survey Areas in. the Chukchi Sea during the 2008 Open Water Season
Marine Mammal Surveys at the Klondike and Burger Survey Areas in the Chukchi Sea during the 2008 Open Water Season Prepared by Jay Brueggeman Canyon Creek Consulting LLC 1147 21 st Ave E Seattle, WA 98112
More informationA COMPARISON OF IMPUTATION METHODS FOR MISSING DATA IN A MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL: THE IMPACT STUDY
A COMPARISON OF IMPUTATION METHODS FOR MISSING DATA IN A MULTI-CENTER RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL: THE IMPACT STUDY Lingqi Tang 1, Thomas R. Belin 2, and Juwon Song 2 1 Center for Health Services Research,
More informationPREDICTING DISTRIBUTIONS OF ENDEMIC BIRD SPECIES IN THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS
PREDICTING DISTRIBUTIONS OF ENDEMIC BIRD SPECIES IN THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS BRAD EICHELBERGER DIVISION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS BACKGROUND 12 endemic bird
More informationElmendorf Aero Club May 2007 Rev 1 CESSNA 182 TEST. 2. The engine is a Continental O-470-U and rated at what horsepower?
CESSNA 182 TEST 1. The minimum turn radius is? a. 27 feet b. 32 feet c. 36 feet 2. The engine is a Continental O-470-U and rated at what horsepower? a. 230 hp @ 2400 RPM b. 300 hp @ 2850 RPM (max of 5
More informationEnsemble based probabilistic forecasting of meteorology and air quality in Oslo, Norway
Ensemble based probabilistic forecasting of meteorology and air quality in Oslo, Norway Sam Erik Walker, Bruce Rolstad Denby, Núria Castell NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research 21 August 2014 World
More informationHow important are trees for our planet?
How important are trees for our planet? Trees are one of the most important elements for maintaining the climate and ecology of our planet. They are also enormously important for the well-being of humans.
More informationAppendix H. Appendix H Interpretation of blood results26/08/ :06 1
Appendix H 1. IMPLICATIONS OF STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF NEW ZEALAND SURVEYS OF DIOXINS IN BLOOD FOR DETECTION OF "EXCESS" LEVELS OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD IN PEOPLE POTENTIALLY EXPOSED TO EMISSIONS FROM THE DOW
More informationFigure 1. Location of 43 benchmark sites across Alberta.
1.0 INTRODUCTION This report describes the micronutrient and trace element status of the AESA (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture) Soil Quality Benchmark Sites. Previous reports completed
More information2. Visit at least three lab stations. Use a new sheet of paper at each new station. When finished, give your written observations to the teacher.
Handout 1-A Antlers and Horns: Student Lab Investigation Name Date Your Job In groups, examine antlers and horns at lab stations set up by your teacher. Show how each horn or antler at the station is unique
More informationMedical Statistics 1. Basic Concepts Farhad Pishgar. Defining the data. Alive after 6 months?
Medical Statistics 1 Basic Concepts Farhad Pishgar Defining the data Population and samples Except when a full census is taken, we collect data on a sample from a much larger group called the population.
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION/INVENTORY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS A. Introduction
1.0 INTRODUCTION/INVENTORY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS... 1-1 A. Introduction... 1-1 B. General Information... 1-2 1. Airport Location & Management... 1-2 2 Airport History... 1-5 3. Airport Role... 1-6 C.
More informationAbundance, movements and habitat use of coastal dolphins in the Darwin region
Abundance, movements and habitat use of coastal dolphins in the Darwin region Analysis of the first four primary samples (October 2011 to April 2013) STATPLAN CONSULTING PTY LTD November 4, 2013 Lyndon
More informationStepwise method Modern Model Selection Methods Quantile-Quantile plot and tests for normality
Week 9 Hour 3 Stepwise method Modern Model Selection Methods Quantile-Quantile plot and tests for normality Stat 302 Notes. Week 9, Hour 3, Page 1 / 39 Stepwise Now that we've introduced interactions,
More informationFine-scale Focal Dtag Behavioral Study of Diel Trends in Activity Budgets and Sound Production of Endangered Baleen Whales in the Gulf of Maine
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Fine-scale Focal Dtag Behavioral Study of Diel Trends in Activity Budgets and Sound Production of Endangered Baleen Whales
More informationIAS 3.9 Bivariate Data
Year 13 Mathematics IAS 3.9 Bivariate Data Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent Contents Achievement Standard.................................................. 2 Bivariate Data..........................................................
More informationNovometric Analysis with Ordered Class Variables: The Optimal Alternative to Linear Regression Analysis
Novometric Analysis with Ordered Class Variables: The Optimal Alternative to Linear Regression Analysis Paul R. Yarnold, Ph.D., and Ariel Linden, Dr.P.H. Optimal Data Analysis, LLC Linden Consulting Group,
More informationWelcome to next lecture in the class. During this week we will introduce the concepts of risk and hazard analysis and go over the processes that
Welcome to next lecture in the class. During this week we will introduce the concepts of risk and hazard analysis and go over the processes that these analysts use and how this can relate to fire and fuels
More informationName MATH0021Final Exam REVIEW UPDATED 8/18. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name MATH0021Final Exam REVIEW UPDATED 8/18 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Solve the equation. 1) 6x - (3x - 1) = 2 1) A) - 1 3 B)
More informationEffect of elephants on vegetation in Pongola Game Reserve. Dr Heather Gilbert, Operation Wallacea
Effect of elephants on vegetation in Pongola Game Reserve Dr Heather Gilbert, Operation Wallacea Contents Key Findings... 2 Introduction... 2 Research Site... 3 Results and discussion... 4 Changes over
More informationOBJECTIVES METHODS. Site Characteristics
APPLICATION OF CIVITAS IN LATE FALL IMPROVES TURF QUALITY IN THE SPRING Darrell Michael, Glen Obear, and Bill Kreuser, Ph.D. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska Lincoln OBJECTIVES
More informationEmpirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when.
INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS: Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when. Experimental research: treatments are given for the purpose of research. Experimental group
More informationMulti-Stage Stratified Sampling for the Design of Large Scale Biometric Systems
Multi-Stage Stratified Sampling for the Design of Large Scale Biometric Systems Jad Ramadan, Mark Culp, Ken Ryan, Bojan Cukic West Virginia University 1 Problem How to create a set of biometric samples
More informationDrivers of Infectious Disease: Connections Matter
Drivers of Infectious Disease: Connections Matter Local conservation. Global health. William B. Karesh, DVM Executive Vice President for Health and Policy, EcoHealth Alliance President, OIE Working Group
More informationProtocol for Aerial Censusing of Weddell Seals as an EMM Protocol
Document WG-EMM-07/13 Date submitted 25 June 2007 Language English Agenda Agenda Item No(s): EMM 07 13 Title: Author(s): Affiliations: Protocol for Aerial Censusing of Weddell Seals as an EMM Protocol
More informationAQRP Monthly Technical Report
AQRP Monthly Technical Report PROJECT TITLE PROJECT PARTICIPANTS REPORTING PERIOD Improved Land Cover and Emission Factor Inputs for Estimating Biogenic Isoprene and Monoterpene Emissions for Texas Air
More informationStill important ideas
Readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 & Appendix D & E (online) Plous Chapters 17 & 18 - Chapter 17: Social Influences - Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions Still important ideas Contrast the measurement
More informationBIOST/STAT 578 A Statistical Methods in Infectious Diseases Lecture 16 February 26, Cholera: ecological determinants and vaccination
BIOST/STAT 578 A Statistical Methods in Infectious Diseases Lecture 16 February 26, 2009 Cholera: ecological determinants and vaccination Latest big epidemic in Zimbabwe Support International Vaccine
More informationLINCOLN COUNTY SAGE GROUSE CONSERVATION PLAN
LINCOLN COUNTY SAGE GROUSE CONSERVATION PLAN May 20, 2004 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 3 Introduction 4 Conservation Assessment 4-5 Historical Overview 5-6 Vegetation and Soils 6 Status and Distribution
More informationAdjusted Crash Odds Ratio Estimates of Driver Behavior Errors: A Re-Analysis of the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Driving Assessment Conference 2017 Driving Assessment Conference Jun 28th, 12:00 AM Adjusted Crash Odds Ratio Estimates of Driver Behavior Errors: A Re-Analysis
More informationReadings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F
Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Plous Chapters 17 & 18 Chapter 17: Social Influences Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions
More informationElephant distribution and density within the Associated Private Nature Reserves as derived from GPS-telemetry data
Elephant distribution and density within the Associated Private Nature Reserves as derived from GPS-telemetry data Steve Henley Save the Elephants South Africa December 2009 This brief report was produced
More informationTitle:The self-reported health of U.S. flight attendants compared to the general population
Author's response to reviews Title:The self-reported health of U.S. flight attendants compared to the general population Authors: Eileen McNeely (emcneely@hsph.harvard.edu) Version:4Date:30 January 2014
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, et al. Donepezil and memantine
More informationThe Bigger, The Better
The Bigger, The Better Grades: 1-10 Subject: science Skills: observation, Duration: 60-90 minutes Vocabulary: velvet, dominance, Cervidae, antler, rut, bull, cow Objectives: Students will be able to: 1)
More informationBusiness Statistics Probability
Business Statistics The following was provided by Dr. Suzanne Delaney, and is a comprehensive review of Business Statistics. The workshop instructor will provide relevant examples during the Skills Assessment
More informationSummary Report for Individual Task 805P-COM-1116 Perform the Guerrilla Drill (GD) Status: Approved
Report Date: 12 Aug 2014 Summary Report for Individual Task 805P-COM-1116 Perform the Guerrilla Drill (GD) Status: Approved Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
More informationSasha McFarland Lisanne Aerts Sheyna Wisdom
Sasha McFarland Lisanne Aerts Sheyna Wisdom The Chukchi Sea ~56% is shallower than 50 m Covered by sea ice >8 months of the year, with partial coverage through the summer Pacific Walrus in the Chukchi
More informationDual-Frame Lek Surveys for Estimating Greater Sage-Grouse Populations
The Journal of Wildlife Management 82(8):1689 1700; 2018; DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21540 Research Article Dual-Frame Lek Surveys for Estimating Greater Sage-Grouse Populations JESSICA E. SHYVERS, 1 Department
More informationTHE USE OF NIGHT LANDFILLING TO REDUCE BIRD HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT SAFETY
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 1999 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada, First Joint Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC Bird Strike Committee Proceedings 5-1-1999
More informationEstimating HIV incidence in the United States from HIV/AIDS surveillance data and biomarker HIV test results
STATISTICS IN MEDICINE Statist. Med. 2008; 27:4617 4633 Published online 4 August 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).3144 Estimating HIV incidence in the United States from HIV/AIDS
More informationLake George Asian Clam Post-Treatment Survey
Lake George Asian Clam Post-Treatment Survey Submitted by Sandra Nierzwicki Bauer & Jeremy Farrell, Darrin Fresh Water Institute (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Bolton Landing, NY Steven C. Resler,
More informationA. Wildlife Disease Categories and Definitions. infectious parasitic. physiological nutritional congential
Wildlife Management & Disease A. Wildlife Disease Categories and Definitions infectious parasitic toxic physiological nutritional congential epizootiology The study of disease ecology, addresses how and
More informationCritical to studying caribou antler accumulations is the capacity to confidently identify
Electronic Supplementary Material ESM Text 1.0: Differentiating female and male caribou antlers. Critical to studying caribou antler accumulations is the capacity to confidently identify their gender (thus,
More informationOK TEDI MINING LIMITED ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT
OK TEDI MINING LIMITED ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT LOWER OK TEDI AND MIDDLE FLY VEGETATION DIEBACK MONITORING 2003-2004 A.R.MARSHALL August 2004 Andrew Marshall Pty Ltd, Geomatic and Environment Consultants
More informationCatherine A. Welch 1*, Séverine Sabia 1,2, Eric Brunner 1, Mika Kivimäki 1 and Martin J. Shipley 1
Welch et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018) 18:89 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0548-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Does pattern mixture modelling reduce bias due to informative attrition
More informationDescribe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo
Business Statistics The following was provided by Dr. Suzanne Delaney, and is a comprehensive review of Business Statistics. The workshop instructor will provide relevant examples during the Skills Assessment
More information